NAMIBIA ECONOMY

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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NAMIBIA

An annotated, critical bibliography

Tore Linne Eriksen

with

Richard Moorsom

The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies

in cooperatian with

United Nations Institute for Namibia Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

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(Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo)

©Tore Linne Eriksen and the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 1985

ISBN 91-7106-234-3 Printed in Sweden by

Bohusläningens AB, Uddevalla 1985

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The information you have is not what you want The information you want

is not what you need The information you need is not available

Of making many books there ~s no end.

- The Preacher.

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BOTSWANA

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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

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Boundary of the Police zone - - Road

Map from: Namibia - The Last Colony. Edited by Reginald H. Green, Kimmo Kiljunen, Marja-Liisa Kiljunen. Longman 1981.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

1. GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY 2. GEOGRAPHY, WATER AND ENERGY 3. PRE-COLONIAL NAMIBIA

4. UNDER GERMAN RULE (1884-1915) A. The German empire

B. Colonisation and resistance 5. UNDER SOUTH AFRICAN RULE

A. A trust betrayed (1915-1966) B. Illegal occupation (1966-1984) 6. THE NAMIBIAN ECONOMY

A. Conquest and land theft (1884-1915) B. Under the mandate (1915-1966)

C. Under military occupation (1966-1984) D. Planning for an independent Namibia 7. THE PRIMARY SECTORS

A. Agriculture B. Fisheries C. Mining

8. WORKERS AND PEASANTS UNDER COLONIAL RULE A. Anthropology and peasant society

B. Migrant labour, repression, worker resistance 9. WOMEN

10. EDUCATION AND CULTURE 11. HEALTH

7

9 31 55 67 85 85 91 107 107 125 137 137 147 160 178 193 193 212 221 233 233 244 257 261 269

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B. International relations

13. THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL LIBERATlON A. African nationalism, SWAPO and

the liberation movement B. Other political organisations C. The churches

14. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

A. Bibliographies on Namibia B. Current bibliographies 15. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS

A. The German colonial period B. Namibian

C. South African

D. Outside South Africa/Namibia E. Government publications F. Company reports

16. THESES

17. CONFERENCE PAPERS 18. ADDRESSES

19. AUTHOR INDEX 20. ADDENDA

286

301 308 312 317 317 331 335 335 337 343 346 354 357 359 387 404 410 422

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is hardly necessary to stress that preparing an annotated bibliography of this size and scope is not a one-person task, and that I owe a great deal to many friends and colleagues who have helped me with documentation, encouragement and criticism.

The work has been made possible by a generous research grant from the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). I have been employed by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

since January 1982, and special thanks go to Liv _H~ivik and Tore Gustavsson for all their practical assistance to my project. Since June 1983 I have had the great pleasure of working closely with the United Nations Institute for Namibia. I should like to thank the

staff of UNIN's Information and Documentation Division, and Christine Kisiedu in particular, for their encouragement and advice. I also wish to re cord my gratitude to the Scandinavian _Insti~ute of African Studies for taking on the daunting task of turning so bulky a manuscript into a book, and to Tore Gustavsson for preparing the index.

Richard Moorsom (Oxford) has been a great stimulus and a friend, and has written the drafts of a proportion of the manuscript, especially relating to agriculture and fisheries. Neither he nor the Institutes I have been privileged to work with, however, are in any sense responsible for the selection of entries and the views expres- sed in the annotations.

I am also very grateful to Werner Hillebrecht (Bremen) and Henning Melber (Kassel) for guiding me through the vast array of literature and sources in the German language. I have enjoyed the warm hospita- lity of Carl Schlettwein during two visits to his outstanding collection of Namibiana (Bas ler Afrika Bibliographien). I have also greatly benefitted from information and criticism of parts of the bibliography by Brigitte Lau (Windhoek) and Reginald H. Green (Sussex). Peter H.

Katjavivi (Oxford), Susanne Linderos (Uppsala), Paul Spray (London), Peter Manning (London), Bettina Gebhardt (Frankfurt), Margaret Ling

(London), Barbara König (London), David Simon (Leeds), Robert Gordon (Burlington), Andre du Pisani (Pretoria), Wolfgang Werner (London/

Windhoek), Justin Ellis (London), Eckard Strohmeyer (Karben), Sholto Cross (University of East Anglia), Kirsten Aln~s (London), Neville Alexander (Cape Town) , amongst many, many others have supplied me with valuable information.

I have made use of the services of many libraries, research institutes, archives and organisations, especially in Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. A brief presentation of some of the major resource centre s will be found in the introduction, but I should

like to express my special appreciation to the Catholic Institute for International Relations (London) and the research department of the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (London) for their moral as weIl as practical support. Apart from the libraries and institutions already mentioned, the following libraries deservea special thanks for their generous assistance: Institut fur Weltwirt- schaft (Kiel), Institut fur Afrika-Kunde (Hamburg), Stadt- und Univer- sitåtbibliothek (Frankfurt), Royal Commonwealth Society (London), Overseas Development Group (University of East Anglia) and the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London).

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Finally, I must attribute my major source of inspiration to Agnete Eriksen and to friends in SWAPO of Namibia who are struggling for an independent Namibia.

Lusaka, July 1984 Tore Linne Eriksen

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INTRODUCTION

A. AlMS, SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

When I was preparing a Namibia survey for the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs/Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) back in 1981-82, I soon came to appreciate from my own direct experience the need for an up-to-date bibliography on Namibia. Al- though several substantiaI bibliographies were indeed available at the time (see chapter 14), they were, in my view, either too narrowly focused or too outdated to serve as reliable guides. I must also admit that more of ten than not I found the annotations too brief, super-

ficiaI and uncritical to be really useful. 1 Upon later discussing this situation with friends and colleagues I was encouraged to undertake a systernatic collection of material, and to use this as a basis for a select and more analytically annotated bibliography..

During a visit to Lusaka in June 1982 I was also informed that a bibliography of this kind would fit weIl into the research and documentation programrne of the United Nations Institute for Namibia. The final decision to go ahead with the project was taken af ter several meetings with the UNIN Information and Documentation Division and the UNIN Management Comrnittee.

At the time when I agreed to embark upon such a project, and a research grant for this purpose was secured, I had a much more modest and limited work in mind. The original idea was to spend about a year on the bibliography as a first step towards a comprehensive research project on Namibian economic history (1945-1955). As soon as the bibliography started to live its own life, it proved to be a far more time-consuming and demanding task. Its scope was broadened, and much more effort was put into the laborious process of identify- ing, locating and tracing the relevant material. The main reasons for this were that the volume of extant material was far greater than had been anticipated, that a large number of new publications had appeared in recent years and that I wanted the bibliography to be a useful tool both for the academic comrnunity and for a more general audience. When revising the original outline, the imrnediate needs of people involved in planning and preparing for an independent Namibia also came to figure more prominently in my mind. Thanks to the interest which many friends and colleagues have taken in the project, I have also been urged to expand the bibliography to include academic theses and conference papers, as weIl as a list of periodicals and current bibliographies.

Since my aim has been to read, assess and review the literature more critically than usually is the case with bibliographies, the bibliography necessarily had to be a select one. Selection is always

1) It is, for example, not particularly instructive when all that is said about a major book on Namibian history is that it "exarnines the development of the territory", or that one of the most blatant pro-apartheid propaganda pamphlets "gives background information on the territory". Both examples are taken from Elna Schoeman:

The Namibian issue, 1920-1980 (no 906), which is one of the better bibliographies.

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subjective - and sometimes arbitrary.2 It could not be o~~rwise when the decision was made to restrict the number of entries to some 900, exclusive of theses, conference papers and periodicals. There is no overall consensus of agreement on the criteria for what is "useful" or "important", and not even the standard of what is considered to be a "scholarly" work gives any clear-cut set of guidelines.

I was also faced with the difficult task of defining more speci- fically the subjects to be included within the broad framework of

"political economy". Some had necessarily to be excluded, other s more briefly covered than the principal sections. I have, for instance, deliberately been very restrictive where Namibia as an "international issue" is concerned. A large research effort has gone into international law, diplomacy, international relations and re lat- ed disciplines, while history (especially economic and social history), basic economic structures and social formations have remained neglected or under-researched. In addition, voluminous literature on the international status of Namibia has already been covered in Elna Schoeman's recent bibliography: The Namibian Issue, 1920-1980.

A Select and Annotated Bibliography (no. 906).

With the exception of a few standard reference works and studies closely related to ecology and economic geography (especially water and energy), geography and natural sciences have generally been defined as being outside the scope of the present work. For recent publications in these fields, as weIl as in a wide range of other subjects, the reade r will find valuable information in Eckhard Stroh- meyer: Namibische National Bibliographie/Namibian National Biblio- graphy, of which the three volumes published so far cover the period 1971-1979. The same author has also compiled abasic reference bibliography mainly concerned with anthropology and linguistics: Um- fassende Bibliographie der Völker Namibiens und Stidwestangolas (TIo.

912-13). On German colonialism and Namibia under German rule, German Africa. A select annotated bibliography (no. 871) is still a useful guide to literature published before 1963.

Although none of the bibliographies mentioned above are without major flaws, their existence nevertheless justifies my cursory treat- ment of certain disciplines and subjects. The decision to put less emphasis on literature already covered reasonably weIl also makes it possible to focus more attention on areas which have for a variety of reasons been neglected or not given due attention. Furthermore, I have purposely given fuller coverage to publications from the libera-

tion movement (SWAPO of Namibia) or written more or less from the same

2) To give a few examples. The reader interested in ecology will find Hartmut Leser: Landschaftsökologische Studien im Kalahari- sandgebiet (no. 94), but not the many studies which have been published on the South African ostrich, Struthio camelus austra- lis, in the arid veld. (See, inter alia, E.G.F. Sauer: "Aberrent sexual behaviour in the South African ostrich", The Auk, 89, no.

4, (October) 1972: 717-37). Likewise, the reader hunting for information on German colonialism in Namibia will find Helmut Bley:

South West Africa under German rule (no. 179), but not Arthur von Creytz: Der Hund im Dienste des Farmers, der Schutz- und Polizei- truppe in Deutsch-Stid-West Afrika (Berlin: Schoetz, 1913, 80 p.).

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perspective. Some of the existing bibliographies are based mainly on material available in South Africa and Namibia itself, and thus reflect a manifest lack of familiarity with literature arising from liberation movements, solidarity groups and the more progressive sections of the international academic community. Some of them are also heavily biased against the struggle for Namibian independence, a notable example being Richard F. Logan: Bibliography of South West Africa. Geography and related fields (no. 893).3 The decision to try to redress this imbalance also, of course, stems from my own position, which is politically identified with the liberation struggle and academically inspired by materialist historiography and radical political economy.

In order to provide a supplement - as weIl as an alternative - to existing bibliographies, I have also tried to be as up-to-date as possible, even at the risk of including items which may weIl be of no more than passing interest. About two in every five items have been published in the period 1980-1984. This fact is in itself a clear indication of a growing research effort into Namibian history and society, as weIl as of increasing international awareness of the sufferings of the Namibian people under South African occupation and of the issue of Namibia as one of the world's last remaining colonies.

Since some of the more recent publications and studies are not weIl known, and since they of ten provide new insight and fresh interpre- tations, I have in general written lengthier annotations in order to present and discuss the new - and of ten more radical - perspectives of the 1980s. In this respect my hop e has been to provide a modest contribution to a historiographical discussion.

Despite this desire to be as up-to-date as possible, small items published in current affairs periodicals are, with a few rare excep- tions, not included. Most of these publications are readily available in libraries, and a systematic inclusion of news items of this kind, however valuable for an understanding of current developments they might be, would certainly have overwhelmed the bibliography.

The Namibia Abstracts compiled by the UNIN Information and Documenta- tion Division has as one of its tasks to prov ide information of current literature of this kind (see no. 931). As a compensation,

chapter 15 contains an annotated list of relevant magazines, journals, bulletins, newspapers, press digests, yearbooks and annual reports.

Adhering faithfully to the principle of "autopsy", I have strugg- led my way through all the items included in the bibliography. It goes without saying that in a number of cases I have had to rely on the advice and comments of colleagues with expert knowledge in certain fields or languages (especially Afrikaans and Finnish). It is also unavoidable that the quaIity of the annotations should vary according to my own (restricted) familiarity with the different subjects, disciplines and specific works.

Despite these obvious limitations, my hope is that the annotations in all cases give the reade r a fair introduction to the items they present. What I have tried to do is, firstly, to provide a straightforward summary of the con tent and ideas of a publication.

3) The wr1t1ngs by Heinrich Vedder are described as "excellent" and

"thorough", while a book by Ruth First is depicted as "emotionaI anti-South African prejudice" and "distortions of the truth".

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This can been done at varying length, depending on the character of the work in question - in other words, the length of an annotation c anno t in itself be taken as an indication of how significant the item is considered to be.

Secondly, I have want ed to say a few words about what I have perceived to be the purpose of the publication. For instance: is it a scholarly study prepared for a university degree, a polemical piece distributed as a public relations effort on behalf of the occupying regime, an official SWAPO document, a serious discussion of alternative development strategies for an independent Namibia, or personal sett ler reminiscences written with the purpose of attracting immi- grants?

Thirdly, wherever appropriate, I have tried to assess what use researchers can make of the publication, irrespective of the purpose of the author. This applies above all to the quantity, quaIity and presentation of hard data, both statistical and descriptive, which it contains and to the sources on which it relies and the way in which it uses them.

Fourthly, in many cases I have given biographical information on the author, including references to other published or unpublished works. A principal reas on for doing so is the opportunity it will give the reader to approach the author directly.

Fifthly, I have also included in the bibliographical references which head each annotation details on the number of tables and illus- trations, as weIl as on internaI bibliographies and guides to further reading. Hopefully, this information will assist the reade r in asses- sing the character and usefulness of a work. From my own experience, it is of ten a help to know if a work contains statistical information and a substantiaI bibliography before embarking upon the arduous task of trying to acquire it through a library or through direct enquiries to a university or an organisation. This is also one of the reasons for including a certain amount of unpublished theses, the value of which of ten lies more in the bibliography and references to archives than in the amount of original insight.

B. THE ARRANGEMENT

The entries have been listed under broad subject categories, beginning with items which either serve as a general introduction to Nami- bia or which address themselves to issues which are not easily cate- gorised. The subject divisions are followed by an annotated list of bibliographies exclusively or mainly concerned with Namibia. For a list of more general, current bibliographies, see chapter 14 B.

As is always the case with bibliographies of this kind, a considerable number of entries could fit different sections. Readers are, therefore, strongly recommended to hunt for material in the text as a whole. I have also made a number of cross-references at the end of each chapter. To give an example: a book on Walvis Bay (no. 420) is listed under chapter 6 C ("The Namibian economy under military occupation, 1966-1984"), but cross-references are given at the end of chapters concerned with international law, the colonial economy, fisheries and international relations.

Bibliographies (ch. 14) and periodical publications (ch. 15) are also included in the cross-reference system when they are found to be

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particularly relevant to a specific subject, but theses (ch. 16) and conference papers (ch. 17) are not included since these two chapters contain unannotated lists of items which have not necessarily been examined. This means that the reader has to consult these sections of the bibliography in addition to making use of the broad subject division into chapters and the cross-reference system.

One of the most awkward problems has been to dec ide where to place literature whose principal purpose is to discuss development strategies or to provide sectoral reviews of importance to planners and decision-makers in a future, independent Namibia. I have tried to solve this dilemma by filing the items under the appropriate subject where clearly defined chapters already exist, as in the cases of mining, agriculture, fisheries, education and health. More general surveys on the economic future of Namibia are put in a separate chapter 6 D ("Planning for an independent Namibia"), and the readers will find that more specific sectoral studies are also referred to at the end of this chapter. It should also be mentioned that as a rule entries on Ovamboland before 1915 are listed under chapter 3 ("pre- colonial Namibia").

I would also like to admit that some sections reflect the conven- tionaI academic and politico-administrative departmentalisation, but I do hope for an understanding of one of the basic dilemmas of a bib- liographer: simultaneously to reflect and to try to transcend the given literature, the commonly used concepts and the established subject divisions. In one particular case, chapter 9 on women in Namibia, I have chosen to make a separate section although the number of items is extremely limited. This is deliberately done in order to demonstra- te the lack of both popular and scholarly work in this field, and to make it possible to give cross-references to literature which has some

information on the position of women in Namibian society and in the struggle for national liberation.

Although a fair number of academic theses have been incorporated in the main text, chapter 16 presents a more extensive list of theses relating to the study of the political economy of Namibia, including some registered theses in progress. This is, of course, a select list, and those readers interested in a wider range of subjects are referred to Werner Hillebrecht: Hochschulschriften zu Namibiå unter Einbezieh- ung von Arbeiten zur deutschen Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft sowie zum Völkerbundsmandatsrecht (no. 882).

Since the mid-sixties there has been a succession of international conferences concerned with Namibia. Chapter 17 lists the papers sub- mitted to some of these conferences, presenting ~aluablematerial which to a large extent still remains unpublished. Many of these conference papers are also annotated where they merit separate inclusion. The same is the case for theses.

The main entrie! (chapters 1-15), as weIl as the lists of theses and conference papers, are organised alphabetically according to the general Anglo-American cataloguing rules. South African names are listed under their prefix: DE VRIES, DU PISANI, VAN DER WAAL etc.

When filing, the German Umlaute (ä, Ö, il) are treated as 'ae', 'oe', 'ue'. Governmental publications are listed under South Africa (Union or Republic), and under South West Africa (Admin.) if the colonial administration in Windhoek or the local representative of the South African occupying regime is the author or publisher.

In the case of a publication written by two or more authors, it is listed under the name of the author who appears first on the title

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page of the given item, but with cross-references to the other authors where appropriate. If two or more works by separate authors are annotated together, the entry is under the author of the first of the publications, with cross-references to the other(s). An institution like, for instance, The Chamber of Mines is listed under Chamber, which is the first substantive word. Wherever there is reasonable doubt on classification, I have tried to make cross-references. As mentioned above, I also hope that the author index at the end will

be a useful tool.

C. THE SOURCES

It is outside the scope of the present work to provide a comprehensive guide to archives, libraries, documentation centres and organisations which hold material relating to a study of Namibia. One of the rea-

sons for this is that I have - for various reasons - not been in a position to visit South Africa and Namibia itself. What I intend to do in the following is mainly to indicate some of the sources I have used in compiling the bibliography, in the hope that this will provide readers with some ideas on how to go about acquiring material.

It is a striking consequence of the general indifference towards Namibia in the Western academic community that few collections of any substance exist outside the major colonial reference libraries and that the lat ter are usually weak in coverage of the past two decades and on material from within Namibia itself. In this regard the gaps have been partially filled by specific projects (Bas ler Afrika Biblio- graphien), private institutions (International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, Catholic Institute for International Relations) and campaigning organisations (Namibia Support Committee, Informa- tionsstelIe Slidliches Afrika). AIso of significance are the private resources of scholars engaged in serious research on Namibia, not all University-based, who are generally willing to assist and advise on research resources. In many cases it is necessary to approach an aouthor, an organisation or apublisher directly. For this purpose, a list of addresses is given in chapter 18. Addresses to most academic institutions can be found in The World of Learning. The SCOLMA Directory of Libraries and Special Collections on Africa in the United Kingdom and Western Europe and The African Book World &Press. A Directory are also two indispensable reference works which prov ide a wealth of information on libraries and archives, including addresses~

4) The World of Learning. 33rd edition (London: Europa Publica- tions, 1982, 2 vols.); Harry Hannam (ed.): The SCOLMA Direc- tory of Libraries and Special Collections on Africa in the United Kingdom and Western Europe. Fourth revised and expanded edition,

(Oxford: Zell!Munchen, New York, London, Paris: Saur, 1983);

Hans M. Zell &Carol Bundy (eds.): The African Book World &

Press. A Directory. Third ed. (Oxford: Zell!Mlinchen, New York, London, Paris: Saur, 1983).

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Western Europe

To start with England, I

5have made extensive use of several major resource centres in London. The library of the London School of Econo- mics and Political Science (LSE) specialises both in official publications and on the countries of Southern Africa. It has complete runs of parliamentary printed papers (commissions, select committees, departmental annual reports) for South Africa and the pre-Union states stretching back weIl into the 19th century, as weIl as a range of official economic and statistical publications, including censuses.

On the publications of the South African administration in Namibia it is less complete, although more so than most other UK libraries. It has a continuous run of the SWA Administrationsannual Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure from 1945 and incomplete series of the annual reports of state bodies such as the Grain Board and the Promotion of Farming Interests Board. Although under the SCOLMA Area Special isa- tion Scheme the LSE is responsible for South Africa in the fields of economics and politics, its stock of books and documents on Namibia is rather weak. 6

The second major London library, still private ly run, is that of the Royal Commonwealth Society. In terms of books, periodicals and official publications, it is undoubtedly the best for the German period, and is general ly strong on South Africa and Namibia, though rather less so af ter the Second World War. It has an extensive collection of the 19th century travel accounts and a rare complete run of the SWA Official Gazette. The holdings are made readily accessible by a uniquely detailed card index, in which entries are organised by country, sub-divided by subject and arranged in date order of publication. The index includes articles from a wide range of 19th and early 20th century periodicals and is thus a major bibliographic reference in its own right.

Amongst other institutionai libraries, the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, has a broad range of Africanist journals, a substantiai collection of political and historical literature on South Africa and Namibia, primarily post 1945, and one of the best sets of bibliographic resources on Southern Africa in the UK, although few official publications are stocked. Namibia is more sparsely represented in the holdings of the Institute of Commonwealth

5) For an excellent introduction to the major archives and libraries in the UK as weIl as in other Western European countries, see Harry Hannam, note 4. See also T.L. Eriksen: Resources for Namibian studies: repor t from a visit to United Kingdom, May 1982 (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1982, 13 p.) 6) The Standing Conference on Library Materials on Africa (SCOLMA)

and its Area Specialisation Scheme is presented in Harry Hannam (ed.), see note 4. SCOLMA has also published UK library resources for Southern African studies (London: SCOLMA, 1984, 35 p.).

The papers in this publication represent a statement on the current status and collection policies for Southern African materials in several British libraries. See also the SCOLMA Bulletin:

Africa Research and Documentation.

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Studies, but SWAPO and SWANU appear in the s~ecial collection of documents from Commonwealth political parties. The Institute's card index of thesis titles registered at UK Universities provides an up- to-date checklist of research in progress. The central Senate Rouse Library of the University of London is most valuable for its extensive international range of journals. The British Library is not so accessible a research environment for work on Namibia, but together with the Public Records Office stocks official documents, including a number from the SWA Administration. Important for current economic research is the City Business Library, which stocks key business literature and journals, specialised data sources on trades and busi- nesses, trade directories and company reports, including those of a large number of British and South African companies operating in Namibia.

For effective research on contemporary Namibia, two private resource centres are indispensable. The first is the research, information and publications department of the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF), which collects a wide range of books, pamphlets, official reports, UN documents and conference papers on Namibia, many of them difficult or impossible to obtain through the research libraries. Above all, for the last 15 years IDAF has main- tained extensive subject files of cuttings from the South African, Namibian and UK press, building a current affairs data bank unique in its depth of coverage. In the past five years its scope has been considerably broadened to embrace economic as weIl as political affairs. The cuttings files are the chief foundation for IDAF's extensive range of publications of Namibia. More recent in origin, the Namibia collection of the Catholic Institute for International Rela- tions (CIIR), built in part to support its publications series A Fu-

~for Namibia, is at least as comprehensive as IDAF's in _boo~

reports and journals, especially from inside Namibia itself, but much less so in UN documentation and press cuttings. 8 It is also the principal UK source of documents produced under the auspices of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC). In addition to these, both the Namibia Support Committee and SWAPO's Western European Office are significant sources of current documenta-

tion and information.

Outside London, the principal library for research on Namibia is Rhodes Rouse, Oxford. Part of Oxford University's decentralised Bod- leian Library, it specialises on the British Empire/Commonwealth and has extensive holdings of official publications, periodicals, books,

theses and manuscripts on and from South Africa and Namibia, especially up to c 1950. Included are a substantiai unpublished review by Lord Railey of the South African mandate administration and a major private archive, the papers of the late Rev. Michael Scott. The library is wellorganised and possesses a card index arranged by country and sub-divided by subject. Additional material, notably

7) ICS has recent ly decided to pay more attention to Namibia, and for this purpose a symposium on research priorities in Namibian studies took place in London 23-25 July 1984.

8) Five volumes have been published in the outstanding A Future for Namibia series, see nos. 9, 532, 562, 580, 695).

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periodicals, specialised literature and departmental annual reports, is scattered through other libraries in the Bodleian network.

The Centre for Southern African Studies of the University of York is responsible under the SCOLMA scheme for gathering material on Na- mibia, but to date has progressed little further than a collection of political documents from the 1970s and a few microfilms, including a run of the Windhoek Advertiser (1919-45) and the SWA Administrator' s Annual Report to the League of Nations (1918-46).9 A more specific and quite substantiai Namibia collection is housed in the School of Development Studies of the University of East Anglia. It was assem- bled to support the FAO study on food security in post-independence Namibia (see no. 514), which was produced by the School's Overseas Development Group, and contains a wide range of books, articles, reports and theses - mainly but not exclusively on agriculture - some of them not available elsewhere outside Namibia itself. Unfortunately the collection is not integrated with the University library and is accessible only by privately arranged visits. Most of the items are, however, indexed in a bibliography produced by the ODG (see nos. 888- 89).

Reflecting Namibia's history as a German colony, as weIl as the high standard of libraries in general, there are rich Namibia collections to be consulted in the Federal Republic of Germany.l0 The main university library for literature on Africa south of the Sahara is the Stadt- und Universitätbibliothek, Frankfurt, which also holds the extensive library of the former Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft (1890- 1940).11 This collection consists of more than 20 000 books, theses, pamphlets, official reports and works of fiction. The main catalogue of the Frankfurt university library contains ca 1 500 entries on Na- mibia, general literature on German colonialism not included. The library also has a complete run of a large number of colonial journals and magazines (Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, Koloniale Rundschau, Deutsch- es Kolonialblatt etc.), Namibian newspapers and the records of the Legislative Assembly up to 1939. The Deutsche Bibliothek, which also is situated in Frankfurt, has a fine collection of more recent lite-

9) See Jane HeI}ley: "Library provision for Southern African studies at the University of York, p. 26-29 in UK library resources for Southern African studies (see nate 6).

10) The SCOLMA Directory (see note 4) presents the major West German libraries and archives, p. 137-49. Although partly out-of-date, valuable information can still be found in Dokumentationsdienst Afrika. Vol. 1: Institutionen der Afrika-Arbeit in der Bundes- republik und Berlin (West); Vol 2: Afrika - bezogene Literatur- sammlungen in der Bundesrepublik und Berlin (West). (Hamburg:

Deutsches Institut fur Afrika-Forschung, 1971). For an inventory of archives, see also Quellen zur Geschichte Afrikas sudlich der Sahara in den Archiven der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Guide to the Sources of the History of Africa, vol; 1. (Zug!London:

International Council on Archives, 1970).

11) The extensive catalogues of the Frankfurt university library are in the process of being published. So far, the Fathkatalog Afrika/

Subject Catalogue Africa, vols. 1-7 (Munchen: Saur, 1976-82) has appeared, and regional catalogues will follow.

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rature on Namibia, including academic theses from both German states.

Several libraries other than Frankfurt can also be recommended, especially Göttingen (Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbiblio- thek), Berlin (Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz), Hamburg (Stäats- und Universitätsbibliothek), Munchen (Bayerische Staatsbib-

liothek), Bremen (Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, Ubersee-Museum Bre menfBremer Afrika Archiv) and Stuttgart (Landesbibliothek including Bibliothek fur Zeitgeschichte, Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen).12

In the Federal Republic of Germany there are also several research institutes and libraries specialising on literature related to economic development. The library at the Institut fur Weltwirtschaft (In- stitute for World Economy), Kiel, is a case in point. The main focus of this library is on economics, statistics, official publications and the annual reports of companies, and the holdings on South Africa and Namibia are rich in respect of both historical material and current literature. The library is well organised and easy to use. The Namibia catalogue contains ca. 1 200 entries, which includes articles in periodicals and chapters in books.13 The Institut fur Wirtschafts- forschung/Hamburgisches Weltswirtschaft-Archiv (HWWA) is another research institute specialising in documentation. As its origins lie in the old colonial institute before World War I, there is a particularly large collection of literature on Namibia, including theses and articles from colonial journals. HWWA is also famous for its vast collection of ca. 15 million newspaper clippings on raw materials, corporations and the economics of all countries of the world sub-divided by sectors. The collection has been microfilmed up to 1960.

There are also several research institutes devoted to the study of Africa and developing countries, such as the Institut fur Afrika- Kunde (Hamburg) and the Deutsches Institut fUr Entwicklungspolitik/

cerman Development Institute (Berlin). 14 The Institute fur Afrika- Kunde has a special documentation division attached to it (Dokumenta- tfons-Leitstelle Afrika), where books, research publications and ar- tic les concerned with Africa are registered in a subject and country catalogue which is open for consultation. In 1979 the German Develop- ment Institute completed a number of sectoral studies on the Namibian economy (see no. 464), and the library is said to be well stocked in literature and documents, including material collected during study trips to Namibia. There is also a substantial collection at the Uni- versity of Bremen, where a research project, "Politische Landeskunde

12) For the Staatsarchiv Bremen there exists a comprehensive guide:

Fuhrer durch die Quellen zur Geschichte Afrikas im Staatsarchiv Bremen. Bearbeitet von Sabine Birkenstock und Hartmut Muller.

Mit einem Register von Horst Vogel. (Bremen, 1982, 245 p.).

13) See Institut fUr Weltwirtschaft: Regionenkatalog, Band 41 (no. 883).

14) The Institut fur Afrika-Kunde is a180 the publisher of a quarterly bibliographical bulletin: Ausgewählte neuere Literatur, as well as a bi-weekly compilation of clippings from African newspapers: Aktueller Informationsdienst Africa (no. 997).

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Namibias" has been undertaken in cooperation with UNIN and SWAPO. One of the airns of the project has been to prepare social science textbooks on Namibia for West German as weIl as for Namibian schools and refugee settlements (see nos. 53, 64).15 Deutsches Institut flir Tro- pische und Subtropische Landwirtschaft, Witzenhausen, has a lot of agriculturaI literature not available elsewhere in Europe.

Source material from the German colonial period is to be found in several archives in both the Federal Republic of Germany and the Ger- man Democratic Republic. Unfortunately, I have not had the opportunity to consult the Deutsches Zentralarchiv Potsdam, which holds the re cord of the Reichskolonialamt (Ministry of Colonial Affairs). 16 This collection contains a vast quantity of official reports and correspondence, and is invaluable for a study of Namibia under colonial rule. The documents of the Imperial Governor's Office in Windhoek have now been made available on microfilm in the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz, while the originals are kept in the State Archives in Wind- hoek. The Bundesarchiv also contains important collections of former colonialofficials as weIl as a collection of photographs. Material relating to "German South West Africa" is also to be found in Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Bonn, in the Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv in Freiburg and in the Staatsarchiv Bremen. The archives of the Verei- nigte Evangelische Mission (United Evangelical Mission, formerly the Rhenish Missionary Society) in Wuppertal contain a wide range of general literature on Namibia as weIl as a comprehensive collection of source material relating to the activities of the mission since the early 1840s. 17 There is also a set of documents microfilmed from the missionary archives in Windhoek.

In the Federal Republic of Germany I have also benefitted very much from consulting two unique private bibliographical projects.

Eckhard Strohmeyer (Karben) is, as mentioned above, the long-standing compiler of Namibia National Bibliography (nos. 914-16). His remark- able collection of Namibiana, partly based on acquisition of material in Namibia itself, is particularly valuable with regard to anthropology, linguistics and various Namibian publications in the vernacular.

Werner Hillebrecht (Bremen) has for some years been working on a large- scale project, Namibian Bibliographic Data Project, whose ambitious purpose is to register all items related to Namibia to be found in West German libraries. The register, which is approaching completion, now contains some 9000 entries on index cards, of which 6000 have been verified to date, with full bibliographical details and loca- tions.

15) The project is presented in Diskurs, no. 6 (August) 1982, Thema:

Namibia Die Aktualität des kolonialen Verhältnisses (no. 1~o far two textbooks have been published, see nos. 52, 64 .

16) See Ubersicht liber die Bestäride des Deutschen Zentralarchivs Potsdam (Berlin: Rlitten &Loenig, 1957, 232 p.). See also the guide to the Namibia files given in the dissertations of, among others, Drechsler (no. 188), Loth (no. 140) and Wege (no. 346).

17) Two major studies by Lothar Engel (nos. 192, 233) contain a guide to the Namibia holdings.

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The Basler Afrika Bibliogtaphien/Basel Africa Bibliography (BAB) , run by Carl Schlettwein, is also a unique institution which offers a wide range of services for research on Namibia. 18 On Namibia it con-

tains more than 1 000 monographs in addition to xerox-copied material and numerous off-prints. Of special value is a complete run of periodicals, such as SWA Annual, Namib und Meer and Afrikanischer Hei- matkalender, as weIl as publications from the SWA Scientific Society,The State Museum, and several of the bantustan "legislative assemblies".

The collection of material published in Namibia since the early 1950s is probably more extensive than in any other libraries outside Southern Africa. BAB is also the publisher of the Namibia National Bibliography as weIl as other books relating to Namibia. It distributes an informa- tive newsletter (Nachrichten/Newsletter) and is associated with a small antiquarian bookshop specialising on Namibia as weIl as other African countries. 19

Archival sources in Finland are of particular interest for a study of the northern part of Namibia, as the Finnish Missionary Society has worked in Ovamboland since 1870. 20 The sources are in the Archives of the Finnish Missionary Society as weIl as in the possession of several individuals. An inventory of the Finnish material has been made in Martti Eirola et al.: The cultutaI and social change in Ovamboland 1870-1915 (no. 126), which also contains a discussion of sources and literature on the same topic in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The ~issionary archives have now been microfilmed up to 1938, and copies are available at the Finnish Missionary Society, the UN Institute for Namibia and the Department of History at the University of Joensuu. The lat ter institute has obtained on microfilm from the Potsdam archives the documents of the German Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt) dealing with Ovamboland, the Ovambo collections of the Archiv der Vereinigten Mission in Wupper- tal and from Koblenz the source material of the Bundesarchiv concer- ning the northern part of Namibia up to 1915.

Before leaving the Nordic countries, it should be mentioned that in recent years the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies (Upp-

18) For a brief presentation of BAB, see K. Peter Johanson: "An African reference centre in Switzerland: the Basler Afrika Bibliographien", Mitteilungen der Basler Afrika Bibliographien, no. 16, 1976.

19) Antiquariat am Klosterberg, Klosterberg 21, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.

20) I have not yet had the opportunity to visit the University of Joensuu. The information in this section is taken from Martti Eirola et al.: The culturaI and social change in Ovamboland

1870-1915 (no. 126). I have, however, consulted the material which has been microfilmed for the UN Institute for Namibia.

See also Martti Eirola: "Archives and other sources on Namibian history in Finland", Nytt från Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (Upp- sala), no. 11, 1983, and Susanne Linderos: Scandinavian studies on Namibia, paper presented to the International Conference on Namibia, London, 10-13 September 1984.

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) k " 1 1 ' . 1 .b' 21 sala has taken a een ~nterest ~n co ect~ng mater~a on Nam~ ~a.

The library of the Development Research and Action Programme (DERAP) at the Christian Michelsen Institute (Bergen) has a substantiai collection on the economy and development strategy.22 Both institutes also have a wide range of literature on the Southern African region in general. For litterature on Namibia, the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (Oslo) should also be consulted.

The United States

In the United States, I have benefitted from information on current research and available resources supplied by the Africa Studies Asso- ciation (ASA). At the annual ASA Conference in 1983 there was for the first time a special session devoted to Namibian history and anthropology, chaired by Ben Fuller (Boston University). Current information 'may be found in ASA News, African Studies Review and Issue, all published by ASA. The principal reference works which have both been compiled by ASA and are scheduled for publication in

1984/85, are Handbook of American Resources for African Studies and Guide to Non-Federal Archives and Manuscripts related to Africa.

There are valuable Southern Africa and Namibia collections at several US libraries, notably the university libraries of Yale, Northwestern, Boston and California, the Library of Congress, and the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace (Stanford Uni- versity). The Joint Acquisition List of Africana (no. 930) is a bi-monthly publication listing books, journals and microfilm acquisitions from 20 leading African studies libraries.

Namibian publications have been assigned to Yale University Lib- raryas a special collecting responsibility under the Association of Research Libraries Foreign Acquisitions Plan and also under an agreement among members of the Research Libraries Group.23 The Yale libraries' holdings on Southern Africa are among the most extensive in the world outside South Africa, and include most English language publications on Namibia and a high proportion of German language items.

They also have broken runs of official publications of the SWA Admi- nistration and most South African official publications on Namibia, as weIl as German Colonial and Foreign Office reports on the area.

21) The Institute convened a sem~nar on Namibia and the Nordic countries in Helsinki, March 1981, and the bulletin Nytt från Nordiska Afrikainstitutet has carried several articles on Namibia and Namibian studies in Scandinavian languages as weIl as in English.

22) The collection was put together in 1984 as part of a project under the UN Nationhood Programme (no. 489), and a bibliography prepared by Richard Moorsom is due to appear in 1985 as a DERAP Working Paper (no. 896).

23) See the Guide to library resources for the study of Southern Africa, compiled by Beverly Grier for the Yale Southern Africa Research Program, edited by J.M.D. Crossey. (New Haven: African Collection, Yale University Library, 1977). The Yale Southern African Research Program also issues a newsletter.

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For research on the German colonial period. there is an extensive collection of literature and microfilmed primary sources at the Hoover Institution. A select annotated bibliography based on this collection has been published. see Jon Bridgman and David E. Clarke: German Africa (no. 871). Mention should also be made of the unique collection of conference papers at the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies. Northwestern University. indexed in The Africana Conference Paper index (no. 894).

The Cooperative Africana Microform Project (CAMP) was created in 1963 to bring together in microform a collection of research materials related to Africa. 24 Acquisitions are made both through filming rarely held materials (e.g. newspapers. official documents and archival and primary sources) and by purchasing positive copies of material which has already been filmed by some other organisations. The CAMP collection includes a wide range of Southern African materials.

including a complete run of Windhoek Advertiser from 1919.

As one of the main protagonists in the struggle for Namibian independence since 1945. the United Nations (New York) is itself a major repository of documents and information on Namibia. though it is usually more easily found through the national UN deposit libraries.

The Office of the Commissioner for Namibia has a rather patchy collection. which does however include most of the many consultancy reports prepared under the UN Nationhood Programme.

The Southern African region

Not unexpectedly. several major libraries. research centre s and archives in South Africa hold extensive collections on Namibia. 25

The State Library (Pretoria) is one of the two principal national libraries and a clearing house for interlibrary loans. There is a fully computerised national bibliographic system. including period i- cals and theses. to which all university libraries are linked. The State Library is the compiler of the ongoing South African National Bibliography (SANB) (see no. 932). Being the national deposit library. by law it is supposed to receive all material published in Nami- bia. but in practice its collection is far from complete and this is reflected in the SANB. The library contains a number of important documents. such as annual South African administrative reports on the reserves in Namibia. It is also coordinating the systematic microfilming of a complete run of Namibian newspapers. So far the filming of the Allgemeine Zeitung and the Windhoek Advertiser has been comple-

24) See CAMP catalog: 1977 cumulative edition (Chicago: The Co- operative Africana Microform Project and the Center for Research Libraries. 1977. 203 p.) and CAMP catalog: 1981 cumulative supplement (Chicago: The Cooperative Africana Microform Project and the Center for Research Libraries. 1982. 151 p.).

25) The African Book World &Press. A Directory (see note 4) comprises a useful list. including addresses. of South African uni- versityand public libraries as weIl as special libraries and

institutionai publishers (p. 155-81).

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ted, and the idea is to include the other Namibian journals and newspapers. 26 These films will also be available in the Windhoek State Archives.

The other national library, the South African Library (Cape Town) , has a large Namibia collection which comprises the major part of the published literature and periodicals, as weIl as historical manuscripts in the substantiaI Grey Collection. It also holds complete runs of Cape newspapers. The South African Library is also the centre for retrospective bibliography, which so far has been indexed up to 1925f7

Of the municipal libraries, the South AfricanPublic Library (Jo- hannesburg) has a valuable collection. It is noteworthy for its extensive coverage of newspapers and journals from the Cape, which are especially relevant for a study of the links to Narna- and Darnaraland from mid-19th century onwards. This library compiles an index to periodical literature, which also indexes some Namibian periodicals

(see no. 928).

There is no South African research institute or university which specialises on Namibia, but an increasing nurnber of scholars have recent ly been involved in research on various aspects of Namibian history, economy and current affairs. 28 Information on ongoing research in South Africa is provided by the Human Sciences Reserach Council (HSRC), which issues a register of research in the human sciences as weIl as a list of newly registered doctoraI theses in its quarterly journal, Humanities. The annual supplement to the catalogue of theses and dissertations accepted for degrees by South African universities is compiled at the Ferdinand Postma Library, University of Potchefstroom. 29

Of the universities, Cape Town has served as a base for several scholars working on Namibia. At intervals it has organised syrnposia and summer schools on Namibia, the most recent being a series of le c- tures in 1982, which together with supplementary contributions were

26) The microfilming is part ly coordinated with CAMP, see note 24.

27) This retrospective bibliography has so far been brought up to 1925. See A South Africa bibliography to the year 1925. Being a revision of Sidney Mendelssohn's South African Bibliogra~

(1910). Edited at the South African Library, Cape Town. vols.

1-4 (London: ManselI, 1979).

28) For stirnulating historiographical reviews, see Christopher Saun- ders (no. 69) and Brigitte Lau (no. 136).

29) South African theses are recorded in A.M.L. Robinson: Catalogue of theses and dissertations accepted for degrees by the South African Universities, 1918-1941 (Cape Town, 1950), and S.I.

Malan: Union catalogue of theses and dissertations of South African Universities, 1942-1958 (Potchefstroom, 1959). Since 1957 annual supplements have been published by the Potchefstroom University Library. The catalogues and the supplements have been out of print for some time, but in 1978 a curnulative edition, covering the years 1918-1977, was published on microfiche. This catalogue consists of an author catalogue and a subject catalogue.

Annual supplements for the years af ter 1978 are also available on microfiche from the Ferdinand Postma Library, University of Pot- chefstroom.

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published in Perspectives on Namibia: past and present (no. 68).

The J.W. Jagger Library at the University of Cape Town has a sub- stantiaI collection of literature on Namibia, partly indexed in a series of subject bibliographies prepared by students at the School of Librarianship. The Library is amply provided with finding aids.

Its Special Collection Department is particularly strong on periodicals and theses, and also holds official publications from Namibia.

It is complemented by the Parliament Library of Cape Town, which is strong on official publications and serials from Namibia.

Attention should also be drawn to the Institute for Contemporary History at the University of the Orange Free State (Bloemfontein), which has published a three-volume bibliography and register of private document collections on the political history of South Africa, which partly includes Namibia. The Institute itself has aremarkably comprehensive press clipping archive covering the post-1945 period.

The collection has been thoroughly indexed and computerised. The separate index of its holdings on Namibia is also available on microfiche in the Windhoek State Archives. The Institute als o holds a rich collection of primary source material on contemporary history, including the archives of the Namibia branch of the National Party (1939-1966) as weIl as the papers of South Africans prominent in Na- mibian administration and politics. 30

Of the other universities, the Cory Library for Historical Re- search at Rhodes University (Grahamstown) holds the archives of the Wesleyan Missionary Society on micro-film. The University of Stellen- bosch's library contains a wide range of theses and some important items, including a duplicate copy of the 30-volume collection of Heind- richVedders papers and source extracts, which are otherwise only available at the State Archives, Windhoek. In view of their active role in government commissioned consultancy work on Namibia, one may also expect that a considerable quantity of material has been collected by the University's Institute for Planning Research, Transport Research Centre and the Institute for Cartographic Analysis. The archives section of the University of Witwatersrand's library (Johan- nesburg) holds several relevant collections, including the archives of the South African Institute of Race Relations and most importantly of the Anglican Church's Diocese of Damaraland. Mention should also be made of the Documentation Centre for African Studies at the Uni- versity of South Africa (Pretoria), which has a collection of documents and source material mainly concerned with political developments in Namibia in the 1970s (see no. 918).

Of the South African Archives Depots, the Central Archives (Preto- ria) stands out as the most important source for the study of Namibian history. For the period up to 1910, there is also a valuable collection in the Cape Archives, of which a preliminary synopsis is given in Brigitte Lau: "Sources for the study of Namibian history in the Cape Archives".31 A consolidated list of finding aids in the Archives De-

30) The IFHC collection includes the papers of, among others, J.D.

du Basson, J. von S. von Moltke, D.T. du P. Viljoen, W.C. du Plessis and J.P.S. Bruwer.

31) The review will be published in a forthcoming issue of the South African Archives Journal.

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pots was published in 1969, and supplements to this list have since been issued. See also the Bibliography of South African Government Publications (BISAGOB), published by the Department of National Edu- cation. 32

Among private institutions, the South African Institute of Race Relations prepares the annual Survey of Race Relations (see no. 979), which also includes a separate section on Namibia. The Jan Hofmeyr Library at the Institute is general ly strong on legisiation, labour, education, health and social conditions. 33

The Jan Smuts House Library at the South Africa Institute of Inter- national Affairs (Braamfontein) specialises in international relations in Southern Africa, and has an extensive collection of press clippings in additions to books and documents. The Institute is the publisher of several journals and bibliographies, including Elna Schoeman: The Namibian Issue, 1920-1980 (no. 906).

The reference library of the Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) has one of the most comprehensive and specialised collections of books, periodicals, newspaper clippings and microfiches on Southern Africa. The Institute has been involved in Namibian studies, and has, inte r alia, compiled a semi-official survey of the Namibian economy (no. 415).

The State Archives, Windhoek, is wellorganised, easily accessible (for researchers who are allowed to enter South Africa/Namibia) and largely untapped. 34 It holds the substantiai re cords of the German colonial administration as weIl as of the South West African Admini- stration af ter 1915.35 Its List of Archivalia gives a broad indica-

32) 10 volumes have so far been published, covering, inter alia, Department of Statistics, 1910-1977; Department of Agriculture,

1910-1978; Sea Fisheries Branch, 1920-1980, with volumes on Mines and Commerce scheduled for publication in 1984. For a detailed list of these volumes, see Africa Research and Documentation, no. 33, 1983, p. 6.

33) See Records of the South African Institute of Race Relations.

Part I. Compiled by A.M. Cunningham. (Johannesburg: University of the Witswatersrand Library, 1981, 227 p.). This first volume spans the years 1930-1950.

34) For a general survey of libraries and archives in Namibia, see Carl Schlettwein and Lisa Gebhardt: "Libraries and archives in South West Africa", Mitteilungen der Basler Afrika Bibliographien, no. 13, 1975: 3-20. There are also brief sections concerned with Namibian libraries, including addresses in Directory of Southern African Libraries. 1975 (Pretoria: The State Library, 1976) and in The African Book World &Press. A Directory (see note 4 ).

Namibian libraries and the critical bibliographical situation in the 1970s are discussed in the introduction to Eckhard Strohmeyer:

Namibische National Bibliographie/Namibian National Bibliography (nos. 914-16).

35) The Archives are open up to 1950, and in 1985 this period will be extended to 1955. There are, however, certain parts which either have been moved to South Africa or are restricted.

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tion of the range of the records, and there are also numerous, very detailed finding aids. 36 More than two-thirds of the collection have so far been computerised and indexed by key words. The Archives also embraces the C.J. Lemmer collection of more than 1000 books, manyof them rare, as weIl as c 8000 indexed photos and ca 7000 maps and plans.

Of particular value is the collection of all the background documents to the Administrator's reports to the League of Nation (see no. 258), which contain departmental and district reports on an annual basis.

In recent years the Archives has received reports, gazettes and other documents from the second-tier "Representative Authorities", set up by South Africa on a tribal basis in 1980, complementing the material previously acquired on the bantustans and the reserves. The Archives has also been provided with material relevant to Namibia from the Cape Archives Depot, and is in the process of strengthening its holdings by cooperation and exchange agreements with other archives and libraries in South Africa as weIl as in Western Europe. The first volume in a series of source editions appeared in 1984 (no. 135). The compilation of a Central Register of Theses on Namibia has also been completed in conjunction with the Library Services Division.

One of the most urgent tasks in terms of documentation, bibliographical work and the collection of primary source material in an independent Namibia will undoubtedly be to incorporate the holdings of the Administrative Library in Windhoek into a national library and documentation system. Established in 1926 as the library of the Le- gislative Assembly, its collection of books, pamphlets and periodicals is reputed to be outstanding. In the 1960s a serious effort was made to reorganise the Africana Section, to update the library to a national library and to compile a national bibliography. For various reasons these efforts were not followed up in the 1970s, and af ter the administrative reorganisation in 1978 the Library was strictly cont- rolled by the White second-tier administration and was later stored away and made inaccessible. According to press reports the library will reopen in late 1984.

The South West Africa Scientific Society, which published an annual Journal as weIl as several newsletters and other publications, also runs a substantiai library. It is especially strong on botany, zoologyand ecology, b~t also has a certain amount of more general literature. Of special historical interest is the Fritz Jaeger Col- lection, which includes c 2000 photos, manuscripts and material gathe- red during his research visits and travels in Namibia in the early part of this century.

There is also a most valuable library (the Sam Cohen Library) attached to the Society for Scientific Development and Museum, Swa- kopmund, which was established in the early 1950s. The content of the Ferdinand St ich Africana Collection, which forms part of this

36) List of Archivalia in South West African Archives Depots.

(Windhoek: State Archives, rev. ed., 1983, 43 p. See also Guide to accessions in the South West Africa Archives Depot.

(Windhoek: Archives Service, 1983, 136 p.) and the Annual Report of the Director of Archives.

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library, is given in a special issue of Bibliotheka (no. 879). The library is also worth consulting for its collection of newspapers, which is said to be largely complete from the late 1890s, as weIl as for its local periodicals which are now being indexed.

The State Museum, Windhoek, has a library dating from the German colonial period. Apart from science, it has a significant collection on history, ethnology and archaeology.

The Windhoek Public Library is presently the major lending library in Namibia. In addition to the general literature it has a separate Africana collection of books and pamphlets mainly related to Namibian history. The libraryaiso files current clippings from local newspapers by subject. The special Africana section contains a few items which are not found elsewhere in Namibia. 37

The archives of the former Rhenish Missionary Society in Windhoek is only partly organised and catalogued, but researchers working on the archives have found it very rewarding. 38 It comprises missionary reports, conference papers and minutes, as weIl as correspondence bet- ween missionaries and African leaders. There are also a number of unpublished manuscripts by Heinrich Vedder and parts of his library.

Not so well-known is a private museum and a rich archive in Tsumeb, which contains the records of the Otavi Minen- und Eisenbahngesell- schaft (OMEG). The collection offers a wide range of documents, photos and other material relating to early land sales, railway construc- tion, migrant labour and pre-colonial and colonial copper mining. A more substantiai research project on Namibian history has also to take into account numerous other libraries, archives and collections, such as company records, farm records, town libraries, churches, newspapers, economic interest groups, private and official boards and municipal archives.

In the Southern African region, attention should also be focused on the United Nations Institute for Namibia. UNIN was set up in Lusa- ka in 1976, under the aegis of the UN Council for Namibia, to enable Namibians to develop the necessary skills required for manning the public service of an independent Namibia, to carry out research and prepare studies on future policy options, and to serve as an information and documentation centre on Namibia. The Information and Docu- mentation Division of UNIN provides services for the Institute's teaching and research programmes and has a small but growing collection with emphasis on the social sciences, Namibiana and UN material.

The special collection on Namibia comprises a number of rare manuscripts, political documents and consultancy reports. The Informa- tion and Documentation Division also provides various bibliographic services including Namibia Abstracts. Guide to selected literature on Namibia and other Southern African countries (no. 931).

37) An example is the background material to Fragebogen ..• (no. 638).

38) See, among others, Engel (nos. 192, 233) and Diehl (no. 1096).

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SAMPLE ENTRIES

22. FIRST, RUTH. South West Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963, 269 p. BibI.: 255-61. (Penguin African Library AP 10).

Author or editor:

Title of the book:

Place of publication:

Publisher:

Date of publication:

Number of pages:

Page numbers of the bibliography:

Additional information:

Ruth First

South West Africa Harmondsworth Penguin 1963 269 255-261

Penguin Africa Library AP 10

503. BRANDT, HELMUT. "Perspektiven der Agrarentwicklung eines unabhängigen Namibia". Afrika Spectrum, 14, no. 2, 1979:

Author:

Title of article:

Title of periodical:

Volume number:

Part of volume:

Page numbers of article:

Hartmut Brandt

Perspektiven der Agrarentwicklung eines unabhängigen Namibia

Afrika Spectrum 14

No. 2 1979 203-17

248. PEARSON, PATRICK. "The Rehoboth rebellion".

Southern African studies, vol. 2, edited by Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1981.

In Working papers in P. Bonner, p. 31-51.

Author:

Title of article:

Title of the book/anthology in which the article is published:

Editor of the book/anthology:

Page numbers of article:

Publisher:

Patrick Pearson

The Rehoboth rebellion

Working papers in Southern Africa studies, vol. 2

P. Bonner 31-51

Johannesburg Ravan Press

1981

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662. LOFFLER, JOHN. Labour and politics in Namibia in the 1970s. York:

Centre for Southern African Studies, 1979, 68 p. BibI.: 66-8 (MA thesis).

Author:

Title of the thesis:

University/institution:

Degree date:

Number of pages:

Page numbers of the bibliography:

Degree:

John Loffler

Labour and politics ~n Namibia ~n

the 1970s York

Centre for Southern African Studies 1979

68 66-68 MA thesis

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southern Africa.

11 maps, 13

1. GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY

l. ABRAHAMS, KENNETH (ed.). Seminar on Namibian history. Windhoek:

Namibian Review Publications, 1983, 119 p. (Namibian Review Publications, no. 2).

This important contribution to the study of Namibian history consists of six essays and talks presented to a seminar on Namibian history in Windhoek 10-12 December 1982. The seminar was sponsored by the Namibian Review (no. 955), and provided scholars with an opportunity to present their works to a wider audience and to undertake a critical evaluation of recent research. Most of the contributions reflect the efforts of the small group of committed researchers bas ed in Namibia and South Africa to assist in laying the foundations for a radical reinterpretation of Namibian history. For separate annotations, see Lau (no. 134),

Alexander (no. 177), Gottschalk (no. 237), Ngavirue (no. 246), and Werner (no. 550).

Africa Contemporary Record, see no. 985.

2. ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT/UNESCO. Racism and apartheid in South Africa and Namibia. Paris: UNESCO, 1974, 156 p.

photos, 16 tables, bibI.: 153-56.

Based on material prepared by the British Anti-Apartheid Movement, this weIl illustrated popular account of the apartheid system is mainly concerned with South Africa. Although only 25 pages long, the section on Namibia summarises a wide range_ of information on the economic and political situation up to the beginning of the 1970s.

3. AUSTRALIA (THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA/JOINT COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND DEFENCE). Report on Namibia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1982, 170 p. 19 tables, 4 figures.

Prepared by an Australian parliamentary committee, this report is a factual and balanced introduction to the Namibian issue. It is evident ly based on a wide range of books and documents, and deals with the history of the legal dispute, the struggle for independence and current socio- economic conditions. There is a particularly detailed chapter on the 1977-82 period, as weIl as a separate chapter concerned with Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands. The report is supported by documentary appendices and a large number of tables. The Committee concludes that the linking of a withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola with a Namibian settlement only serves further to delay Namibian independence, that South Africa's preferred - but unlikely - solution is "the establishment of a stable, ethnically-based and friendly government which would allow Namibia to remain a buff er against externa l attack by nationalist force s and which would permit continuing South African domination of the Namibian economy",