Att undersöka hur ett annat vidhäftningsmedel skulle bete sig på läder är av relevans. Tosylamide epoxy resin som är ett ytterligare vidhäftningsmedel i nagellack kan bära liknande egenskaper som PVB då båda ämnar åt att fästa på nageln. Det skulle vara intressant att undersöka om en ökad vidhäftningsförmåga kan ges av två vidhäftningsmedel, kombinerade med varandra. Att granska hur tosylamide epoxy resin beter sig om det får verka ensamt, hade också varit av intresse för att se om den ger ett bättre resultat än PVB.
Då resultaten visade att PU-filmerna hade olika vidhäftningsförmågor beroende på tjocklek och vikt, är det av relevans att utöka studien och se om PVB som primer har optimal vidhäftningsförmåga på samtliga filmer eller enbart PU-filmer av högre tjocklek och vikt.
Tillgång till testmetoder som eliminerar felmarginaler i resultaten hade varit högst relevant att pröva vidhäftningen på, då resultaten inte varit optimalt tillförlitliga. Ett annat nötningsmaterial i vått tillstånd är av intresse att undersöka samt en annan vattenmängd. Ytterligare faktorer att undersöka vidare är kontaktvinkelns storlek och betydelse för att en flikning ska uppstå.
Detta arbete lyfter fram de kemiska faktorerna i kromgarvningen som påverkar vidhäftningsförmågan på läder. Däremot finns det faktorer som försvinner beroende på vilken garvning som används och därmed ligger ett intresse i att se om lädret kan ha en bättre vidhäftningsyta om det är vegetabiliskt garvat.
41
9. Referenser
Artiklar
Ambrósio, J.D., Lucas, A.A., Otaguro, H. & Costa, L.C. (2011), Preparation and characterization of poly (vinyl butyral)-leather fiber composites. Polym Compos, 32: 776–785. doi: 10.1002/pc.21099
Chen-Chi, M., Hung-Chung, H., Der-Shyang, C., Ye-Shiu, L. & Ming-Shiu, L. (1994). Synthesis and Characterization of Cryogenic Adhesives Based on Epoxy-Modidied Polyurethande Resin Systems. Polymer International 35(4), ss. 361-370 Jiang, S., Miao, D. & Zhao, D. (2012). Adhesive properties of S.S to PU and PVC leathers. International Journal of Clothing and Technology. 26(2), ss 108-118. Krishnamoorthy, G., Sadulla, S., Sehgal. P, K., & Mandal, B, A. (2012) Greener approach to leather tanning process: D-Lysine aldehyde as novel tanning agent for chrome-free tanning. Journal of Cleaner Production. 35, ss 277-286.
Liu, K., Tong, Z., Liu L. & Feng, X. (2005) Separation of organic compounds from water by pervaporation in the production of n-butyl acetate via esterification by reactive distillation. Journal of Membrane Science. 256. ss. 193-201
Lofrano, G., Meric, S., Zengin, G. E. & Orhon, D. (2013). Chemical and biological treatment tecnologies for leather tannery chemicals and wastewaters: A review. Science of the Total Environment. ss. 265-281.
Tupý, M., Měřínská, D. & Věra Kašpárková (2012). PVB Sheet Recycling and
Degradation, Material Recycling - Trends and Perspectives. Intechopen http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32564/InTechPvb_sheet_recycling_and_degradati on.pdf [2015-05-15]
Niculescu, O., Leca, M., Coara, G., Macovescu, G & Chelaru, C. (2012). Characterization of Coating Aqueous Disperse Systems Uses in Natural Leather Finishing. REV. CHIM (Bucharest). 63(9), ss 900-905.
Nishad Fathima, N., Baias, M., Blumich, B. & Ramasami, T. (2010). Structure and dynamica of water in native and tanned collagen fibers: effect of crosslinking.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 47(5), ss 590-596.
Nishad Fathima, N., Pradeep Kumar, M., Raghava Rao, J. & Nair, B.U. (2010). A DSC investigation on the changes in pore structure of skin during leather processing. Thermochimica Acta. 501(1-2) ss 98-102.
42 Paiva, R. M. M., Marques, E. A. S., dA Silva, L. F. M. & António, C. A. C. (2015). Effect of the surface treatment in polyurethane and natural leather for the footwear industry. Werkstofftech, 46(1), ss 47-58.
Paiva, R MM., Marques, E AS., dA Silva, L FM. & Vaz, M AP. (2013). Importance of the surface treatment in the peeling strength of joints for the shoes industry. Applied Adhesion Science. ss. 2-15.
Saikumar, C. (2002) Adhesives in the leather industry – perspectives for changing needs. Adhesion Science and Technology. 16(5), ss 543-563
Sasiskala, L., Ganesan, P. & Hariharan, S. (2007). Processing of Leather for Garments – An Overview. Man-Made Textiles in India. ss. 356-360.
Sathiyamoorthy, M., Selvi, V., Mekonnen, D. & Habtamu, S. (2013). Preparation of Eco-Friendly Leather by Process Modifacations to Make Pollution Free Tanneries. Journal of Engineering, Computers & Applied Sciences (JEC&AS), 2(5) ss. 17-22.
Sen, A K. (2007). Coated Textiles : Principles and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Smith, S. (2011). Some definitions of the word Primer. http://www.smithandcompany.org/WhatIsAPrimer.html [2015-05-14]
Stevens, C. (2007). Silicones and Their Impact on the Environment. Inorganic
Polymers. https://www.dowcorning.com/content/publishedlit/Chapter21.pdf
[2015-05-14]
Xu, H., Ning, H., Chen, Y., Fan, H. & Shi, B. (2012). Sulfanilamide-conjugated polyurethane coating with enzymatically-switchable antimicrobial capability for leather finishing. Progress in Organic Coating. 76(5), ss 924-934.
Böcker
Albertsson, A-C., Edlund, U & Odelius, K. (2009). Polymerteknologi: makromolekylär design. Stockholm: KTH.
Ash, M. (2004). Handbook of Green Chemicals. New York: Synapse Information Resources
Carraher Jr, C E. (2007). Introduction to Polymer Chemistry. New York: Taylor & Francis
43 Fan, Q. (2005). Chemocal Testing of Textiles. Canada: Woodhead Publishing [ISBN 9780849334832]
Fried, J. (2003). Polymer Science and Technology. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River.
Gierenz, G. & Karmann, W. (2001). Adhesives and Adhesive Tapes. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH.
Hallensleben, M. L. (2000). Polyvinyl Compounds, Others. Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. DOI: 10.1002/14356007
Johansson-Regen, L. & Rydin, S. (1998). Textil och Läder – Materiallära. LT:s förlag Arlöv.
Terry, B. (2012). Plastic Free: How I kicked the Platic Habit and How You Can
Too. Skyhorse Publishing.
Dokument
3M (2007). Traction Tape 5401 [Produktblad]
Bemis Association (2008). Swefree Adhesive Films for Intimate Apperal [Produktblad]
Environmental Protection Agency (2006). Industrial Stormwater. [Faktablad] Haryana Leather Chemicals LDT. (2014). Syntan S/PT [Faktablad]
Luo, Y. Lu, Y. Ning, L. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Q, S. (2014). Synthesis, structure, and properties of segmented carborane-coating polyurethanes. Journal of Applied
Polymer Science. DOI: 10.1002/app.42227.
Swedish Standards (SIS) (2009). SS-EN 11644:2009 Läder – Provning av
beläggnings vidhäftning (ISO 111644:2009). Stockholm SIS
Swedish Standards (SIS) (2011). SS-EN ISO 17076-2:2011 Läder – Bestämmning
av nöthållfasthet – Del 2: Martindale kuleplattmetod (ISO 17076-2:2011).
44 Internet
Acetyltributylcitrat
http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/700088/ACETYL_TRIBUTYL_CITRA TE/ [2015-05-13]
Adipicacid/Neopentyl Glycol/Trimellitic Anhydride Copolymer
http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/700187/ADIPIC_ACID%3B%3B_NEO PENTYL_GLYCOL%3B%3B_TRIMELLITIC_ANHYDRIDE_COPOLYMER/ [2015-05-13] Benzofenon-3 http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/745803/BENZOPHENONE%2C_3-AMINO-/ [2015-05-13] Butylacetat http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/700847/BUTYL_ACETATE/ [2015-05-13]
Cooperative Patent Classification (2015) Mechanical Treatment or Processing of
skins, hides, or leather in general; pelt-shearing machines; intestine-splitting machines
http://www.cooperativepatentclassification.org/cpc/definition/C/definition-C14B.pdf [2015-05-16]
Coronabehandling. Optimera vidhäftningsförmågan. (2015).
http://www.plasmabehandling.se/coronabehandling [2015-05-14]
Corona Treating for Coating Applicatons. (2015)
http://www.faustel.com/technical-library/corona-treating-for-coating-applications/
[2015-05-17]
DOW. Butyl acetate
http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0924/0901b80380 924ba6.pdf?filepath=productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-00414.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc [2015-05-19] Etylacetat http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/702293/ETHYL_ACETATE/ [2015-05-13]
EWG’s Skin Deep Cosmetic Database (2007-2015). Polyvinyl Butyral. http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/722629/POLYVINYL_BUTYRAL/
45 Fundamentals of Adhesion. (2015). 3M. http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/Adhesives/Tapes/Support/Technic al-News-Articles/?PC_Z7_U00M8B1A00NI60IDFIPS8T3HR2000000_assetId=13192329 51956 [2015-05-13]
Halterna av nonylfenol minskar. (2012).
http://www.naturskyddsforeningen.se/nyheter/halterna-av-nonylfenol-minskar [2015-05-15] Isopropylalkohol http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/703198/ISOPROPYL_ALCOHOL/ [2015-05-13]
Look for Chemicals (2008). Silicon.
http://www.lookchem.com/Periodic-Table/Silicon/ [2015-05-15]
Melander, A. Eberson, L. (2015). Myrsyra.
http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/myrsyra [2015-05-15]
Monument Chemical. Isopropyl alcohol
http://www.monumentchemical.com/documents/IPA_Data_and_Safety_Sheet.pdf
[2015-05-19]
National Pollutant Inventory. Ethyl acetate http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/ethyl-acetate [2015-05-20]
NCBI (2000). Silicone Chemistry.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44788/ [2015-05-14] Nitrocellulosa http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/704142/NITROCELLULOSE/ [2015-05-13] Oxalsyra. (2010). http://apps.kemi.se/flodessok/floden/kemamne/oxalsyra.htm [2015-05-15] Polyurethane. (2015) http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/705149/POLYURETHANE/ [2015-05-14] Trimethylpentandiyl Dibenzoate http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/724679/TRIMETHYLPENTANEDIYL_ DIBENZOATE/[2015-05-13]
46 WIPO (2012) Skins: Hides; Pelets; Leather.
http://www.wipo.int/ipc/itos4ipc/ITSupport_and_download_area/20110101/pdf/sc
heme/full_ipc/en/c14.pdf [2015-05-15]
Östman, A. (2009) Nonylfenol.
https://apps.kemi.se/flodessok/floden/kemamne/nonylfenol.htm [2015-05-15] Patent
David, D. (1991). Sheet of Polyvinyl and Polyurethane. US5028658, 1991-07-02. David, D. (1991). Sheet of Polyvinyl and Polyurethane. US5028658, 1991-07-02. Fernandez, Acevado Claudio. (2010). Polyvinyl butyral recycling method.
WO 2009118426 A8, 2015-05-15
Krupper, G. (1986). Grip tapes based on plasticc-coated supporting materials. US4613537 A [2015-05-15]
Seligsberger, L (1966). Method of Impregnating Leather and Reaultant Article. ADD001072 [2015-05-14]
47