Det hade varit intressant att göra liknande forskning på andra världsdelar för att se om resultatet är detsamma eller skiljer sig från Europa. Detta för att andra världsdelar har annorlunda regleringar och redovisningsprinciper, exempelvis USA där man använder US GAAP istället för IFRS. Vidare hade det varit intressant att kontrollera för vilken typ av finansiering företag inom energisektorn har för att se om det finns en korrelation mellan statlig finansiering och god upplysningskvalité på avsättningar.
Det finns studier som tidigare gjort egenkonstruerade indexet för att bedöma upplysningskvalité på olika standarder utgivna av IFRS. Egenkonstruerade index går alltid att kritisera vilket gör att det hade varit av värde att använda sig av ett mer etablerat mätverktyg för upplysningskvalité och på så sätt kunna jämföra mellan redovisningsstandarder.
6 Källförteckning
Armstrong, C., Guay, W., Mehran, H., & Weber, J. (2016). The role of financial reporting and transparency in corporate governance. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 22(1), 107-V.
Barker, R., Barone, E., Birt, J., Gaeremynck, A., Mcgeachin, A., Marton, J. & Moldovan, R.
(2013). Response of the EAA FRSC to the EFRAG/ANC/FRC Discussion Paper: Towards a Disclosure Framework for the Notes. Accounting in Europe, 10 (1): 1-26.
Beretta, Sergio, and Saverio Bozzolan. "A Framework for the Analysis of Firm Risk Communication." The International Journal of Accounting 39.3 (2004): 265-88. Web.
Beretta, Sergio, and Saverio Bozzolan. "Quality versus Quantity: The Case of Forward-Looking Disclosure." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 23.3 (2008): 333-76. Web
Bhattacharya, N., Desai, H., & Venkataraman, K. (2013). Does Earnings Quality Affect Information Asymmetry? Evidence from Trading Costs*. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(2), 482-516.
Bloomfield, R., & Wilks, T. (2000). Disclosure Effects in the Laboratory: Liquidity, Depth, and the Cost of Capital. The Accounting Review, 75(1), 13-41. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.ub.gu.se/stable/248631
Botosan, C. A. (1997). Disclosure level and the cost of equity capital. Accounting review, 323-349.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods (4.th ed.).
Cooke, T.E. 1989, Disclosure in the Corporate Annual Reports of Swedish Companies, Accounting and Business Research 19(74): 113-124.
Copley et.al 2016 → Caroline Copley and Markus Wacket, 2016,
Cormier, D., Magnan, M., & Van Velthoven, B. (2005). Environmental disclosure quality in large German companies: Economic incentives, public pressures or institutional conditions?
European Accounting Review, 14(1), 3-39.
Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., Garcia-Sanchez, I., & Martinez Ferrero, J. (2016). How are corporate disclosures related to the cost of capital? The fundamental role of information asymmetry.
Management Decision, 54(7), 1669-1701.
Ekopolitan.com. (2019). Lag om ansvarsgenombrott – Vattenfalls tyska kärnkraft kan bli ny miljardsmäll för svenska skattebetalare | ekopolitan. Tillgänglig:
http://www.ekopolitan.com/nuclear/tysk-karnkraft-ny-miljardsmall (Hämtad: 2019-04-25).
FAR Online. (2019). IAS 37 Avsättningar, eventualförpliktelser och eventualtillgångar.
https://www.faronline.se/dokument/i/ias0037/?q=ias%2037 (Hämtad: 2019-04-16)
Farvaque, E., Refait-Alexandre, C., & Saidane, D. (2011). Corporate disclosure: A review of its (direct and indirect) benefits and costs. International Economics, 128(C), 5-31.
The Footnotes Analyst. (2019). When investors need to restate liabilities – EDF | The Footnotes Analyst. [online] Available at: https://www.footnotesanalyst.com/when-investors-need-to-restate-liabilities-edf/ Hämtad: 2019-05-13
Francis, J., Nanda, D., & Olsson, P. (2008). Voluntary Disclosure, Earnings Quality, and Cost of Capital. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(1), 53-99. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.ub.gu.se/stable/40058085
Graham, Harvey, & Rajgopal. (2005). The economic implications of corporate financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics,40(1), 3-73.
He, W.P. , Lepone, A. and Leung, H. (2013), “Information asymmetry and the cost of equity capital”, International Review of Economics and Finance , Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 611-620
Healy, P.M. Palepu, K.G. (2001). Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: A review of the empirical disclosure literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics 31(1-3): 405-440.
Hippel, Paul von (2011). International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer. sid. 1340–
1342.
Holme, I., Solvang, B., & Nilsson, B. (1997). Forskningsmetodik: Om kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder (2., [rev. och utök.] uppl. ed.). Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Holt G, 2016, Shortcomings of IAS 37,
https://www.accaglobal.com/ie/en/member/discover/cpd-articles/corporate-reporting/ias367-holt.html (Hämtad: 2019-05-13)
Investopedia. (2019). Cost of Capital: What You Need to Know.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofcapital.asp (Hämtad 2019-05-04)
Jaggi, B., & P. Y. Low. (2000). Impact of culture, market forces, and the legal system on financial disclosures. International Journal of Accounting, 35, 495-519.
Jaggia, S. & Kelly, A., 2016. Business statistics: communicating with numbers 2nd revised., S.l.]: Mcgraw-Hill.
KPMG (2015), Redovisning av miljöförpliktelser, Tillgänglig:
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/miljoarbete-i-samhallet/miljoarbete-i- sverige/regeringsuppdrag/2016/finansieringsformer-efterbehandling/underlagsrapport-kpmg-redovisning-av-miljoforpliktelser-20150930.pdf (Hämtad: 2019-04-16)
Leuz, C., and R. Verrecchia. 2000. “The Economic Consequences of Increased Disclosure. In
“Studies on Accounting Information and the Economics of the Firm,” supplement, Journal of Accounting Research 38: 91-124.
Malone, D., Fries, C. & Jones, T., 1993. An empirical investigation of the extent of corporate financial disclosure in the oil and gas industry. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 8(3), p.249.
Meng, De, Zhang, Qiaoe, Xu, Zixiao, Gao, Siyi, & Zhang, Wei. (2018). Research on the status and problems of information disclosure in the field of nuclear safety in China. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 452, 032100.
Miihkinen, A, (2012), What Drives Quality of Firm Risk Disclosure?: The Impact of a National Disclosure Standard and Reporting Incentives under IFRS, The International Journal of Accounting, Volume 47, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 437-468,
Paananen, Mari, Runesson, Emmeli, Samani, Niuosha (2018) Visibility and Decommissioning Disclosure Quality in Europe. Working paper
Patten, D. M. (2002). The relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: a research note. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 27(8), 763–773.
Patten, D. M. (1991). Exposure, legitimacy and social disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 10(4), 297–308.
PWC (2011) Financial reporting in the power and utilites industry, 2nd edition, https://www.pwc.com/id/en/publications/assets/utilities-ifrs.pdf (Hämtad: 2019-04-18)
Questerre Energy Corporation (2017), Annual report 2016
http://www.annualreports.com/Company/questerre-energy-corporation (Hämtad: 2019-04-30)
RWE (2018), Annual report 2017
https://www.group.rwe/en/investor-relations/financial-reports-presentations-videos/financial-reports (Hämtad: 2019-04-30)
Schipper, K., 1981. Discussion of Voluntary Corporate Disclosure: The Case of Interim Reporting. Journal of Accounting Research, 19, pp.85–88.
Singhvi, S., & Desai, H. (1971). An Empirical Analysis of the Quality of Corporate Financial Disclosure. The Accounting Review, 46(1), 129-138.
Soderstrom, N., & Sun, K. (2007). IFRS Adoption and Accounting Quality: A Review.
European Accounting Review, 16(4), 675-702.
Torp, O., & Klakegg, O. (2016). Challenges in Cost Estimation under Uncertainty-A Case Study of the Decommissioning of Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant. Administrative Sciences, 6(4), 14.
Unipetrol (2017), Annual report 2016
http://www.unipetrol.cz/en/investorrelations/regulatoryannouncements/Pages/Annual-Report-2016.aspx (Hämtad: 2019-04-30)
Verrecchia. R.E. (1983). Discretionary Disclosure. The Journal of Accounting and Economics, 5, 179-194.
7 Bilagor
7.1 Exempel på observationer som fått olika poäng från kvalitetsindex
Källa: Questerre Energy Corporation, 2016
2 Poäng: Ovan ser vi ett exempel på en observation som fått två poäng
Källa: Unipetrol, 2016 4 poäng: Ovan ser vi ett exempel på en observation som fått fyra poäng
Källa: RWE AG, 2017 6 Poäng: Ovan ser vi ett exempel på en observation som fått sex poäng
7.2 Företag i studien
Ovan presenteras alla 72 företag som ingått i studien med årsredovisningar från 2015 till 2017.