• No results found

 För att utföra en säker palliativ vård i hemmet är det viktigt med kontinuitet bland personalen vilket också skapar en trygghet hos familjen.

 Vid planering av palliativ vård i hemmet med endast en närstående vårdare är det viktigt att övertyga familjen att acceptera hjälp från hemtjänst annars är risken att vården i hemmet avbryts.

 Då familjer bor långt borta får de inte känna sig tvingade att hjälpa till med medicintekniken, utan delaktigheten i vården måste vara på deras egna villkor.

 Om distriktssköterskor ska klara av att hantera medicinteknik i hemmet utan att känna osäkerhet, behövs regelbunden träning på befintlig teknik samt att de specialiserar sig mer inom palliativ vård.  Det är viktigt att utveckla stödgrupper för närståendevårdare med

speciellt utformade program som behandlar deras behov.

 Mer forskning behövs om distriktssköterskornas utsatthet inom palliativ vård i hemmet

 Med begreppet palliativ hemsjukvård som en trygghetsbas behövs mer forskning om vilka förbättringar som är viktiga när medicinteknik förekommer i palliativ hemsjukvård.

68

Acknowledgements

This thesis was made possible by financial support from Futurum- the Academy for Healthcare, County Council, Jönköping - The Research Council of Southeastern Sweden (FORSS) - Association of Cancer, County Council, Jönköping, - Ulrica Cronér Fund - Association of District Nurses in Sweden.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all who have contributed to this thesis by sharing experiences and knowledge and in a variety of ways supported me throughout this work. In particular, I would like to give a special thanks to the following:

Thanks to all patients, next-of-kin and district nurses who have participated in the studies. Thank you for so willingly sharing your experiences and thoughts, thereby making this thesis possible.

Professor Jan Mårtensson, my main supervisor. Thank you for always believing in my ability to do this thesis. Thanks for excellent scientific guidance, encouragement, engagement and constructive criticism of my manuscripts, for being so accessible and for your always quick feedback. Professor Bengt Fridlund, my assistant supervisor and co-author. Thanks for your encouraging and optimistic attitude. Thanks for your excellent

scientific guidance, constructive criticism, all your good advice and your ability to always find solutions when obstacles arise.

PhD Anna Sandgren, my assistant supervisor and co-author. Thank you for sharing your expertise in the field and for all invaluable comments and critical reviews of my manuscripts regarding grammar.

Jan and Pearl Ohlsson. Thanks for your skilful revision of the English language

69

All colleagues who helped me to get into contact with potential participants. My colleagues at the Department of Nursing Science, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University for all your encouragement.

PhD students and staff at the School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University for valuable criticism and discussions during the seminars.

All colleagues and friends at Skillingaryd’s Health Care Center and Vaggeryd’s Home Healthcare for managing the daily work when I, as your manager, studied palliative care in San Francisco.

Anne Hughes. Thanks for the unforgettable days when you took the time and showed me palliative care in San Francisco. Hope to see you again. I still owe you a lunch.

Ann-Sofie Scheel. Thanks for your interest and for our fruitful discussions about phenomenography on our trips to Halmstad University.

Thanks to my loving husband Jonas, for all the support and understanding you have given me throughout these years. Thank you for having patience with a distracted wife.

Thanks to my dear son Pontus for computer support when I needed it. Thank you for always being helpful and driving me and your father to the airport when I travelled away for analysis of the interviews.

Thanks to my dear daughter Karolina for help with illustrating the figures and for all the pleasant lunches we had together discussing my work.

My dear sister Kerstin thanks for your support and your pride in me. My uncle Erik thanks for your interest and encouragement.

My friends Kristina, Majsan, Pia, Agneta, Gunnel and Eva for getting me to think about other things than my research.

70

71

References

1. World Health Organization. Palliative care for older people: better

practice. 2011. Accessed Aug. 2011.

http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/143153/e95052 .pdf

2. SOU. Döden angår oss alla – värdig vård vid livets slut (in Swedish).

Death concern us all- care with dignity at the end of life. Stockholm:

SOU 2001:6. 2001.

3. Council of Europe. Recommendation 24 of the ministerial committee to

Member States on the organization of palliative care. 2003.

Accessed Aug. 2011.

http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/health/Source/Rec(2003)24_en.pdf.

4. World Health Organization Europe. What are the palliative care needs of

older people and how might they be met? WHO Regional Office for Europe’s Health Evidence Network (HEN). 2004.

Accessed Aug 2011 http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83747.pdf

5. Vassal P., Le Coz P., Hervé C., Matillon Y., Chapuis F. Return home at the end of life: Patients’ vulnerability and risk factors. Palliative

Medicine 2011; 25(2): 139-147.

6. Brazil K., Bedard M., Willison K., Hode M. Caregiving and its impact on families of the terminally ill. Aging & Mental Health 2003; 7(5): 376-382.

7. Given B., Wyatt G., Given C., Sherwood P., Gift A., De Voss D., Rahbar M. Burden and depression among caregivers of patients with cancer at the end of life. Oncology Nursing Forum 2004; 31(6): 1105-1117. 8. Andershed B. Relatives in end-of-life care - part 1:a systematic review of

the literature the five last years, January 1999-February 2004.

Journal of Clinical Nursing 2006; 15: 1158-1169.

9. Bee P., Barnes P., Luker K. A systematic review of informal caregivers’ needs in providing home-based end-of-life care to people with cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2009; 18(10): 1379-1393.

10. Klatzky R., Kober N., Mavor A. A safe, comfortable, attractive and easy

72

on Human factors National Research Council (U.S) National Academic Press Washington D.C.1996. Accessed Jan. 2011. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9058&page=R7 11. Bitterman N. Design of medical devices a home perspective. European

Journal of International Medicine 2011; 22: 39-42.

12. National Consensus Project for Palliative Care. Clinical practice

guidelines for quality palliative care. 2009. Accessed Sep. 2011. http://www.nationalconsensusproject.org/guideline.pdf

13. Mentro A.M., Steward D.K. Caring for medically fragile children in the home: An alternative theoretical approach. Research for Theory and

Nursing Practice 2002; 16(3): 161-177.

14. Wang K-W.K., Barnard A. Technology-dependent children and their families: A review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2004; 45(1): 36- 46.

15. Lehoux P. Patients´ perspectives on high-tech homecare: a qualitative inquiry into the user-friendliness of four technologies. BMC Health

Services Research 2004; 4(28): 1-9.

16. Lehoux P., Saint-Arnaud J., Richard L. The use of technology at home: What patient manuals say and sell vs. what patients face and fear.

Sociology of Health & Illness 2004; 26(5): 617-644.

17. Kirk S., Glendinning C., Callery P. Parents or nurse? The experience of being the parent of a technology-dependent child. Journal of

Advanced Nursing 2005; 51: 456-464.

18. Floriani C.A. Home-based palliative care: Challenges in the care of technology-dependent children. Journal de Pediatria 2010; 86(1): 15-20.

19. Orrevall Y., Tishelman C., Herrington M. The path from oral nutrition to home parenteral nutrition: a qualitative interview study of the experiences of advanced cancer patients and their families. Clinical

Nutrition 2004; 23: 1280-1287.

20. Orrevall Y., Tishelman C., Permert J. Home parenteral nutrition: A qualitative interview study of the experiences of advanced cancer patients and their families. Clinical Nutrition 2005; 24: 961-970. 21. Brännström M., Ekman I., Norberg A., Boman K., Strandberg G. Living

with severe chronic heart failure in palliative advanced home care.

73

22. Brännström M., Ekman I., Boman K., Strandberg G. Being a close relative of a person with severe, chronic heart failure in palliative advanced home care comfort but also a strain. Scandinavian Journal

of Caring Sciences 2007; 21(3): 338-344.

23. Pastrana T., Junger S., Ostgathe C., Elsner F., Radbruch L. A matter of definition-key elements identified in a discourse analysis of definitions of palliative care. Palliative Medicine 2008; 22: 222-232. 24. Beck-Friis B. Vård i livets slutskede från terminalvård till palliativ vård (in Swedish). End of life care from terminal care to palliative care.

Nordisk Geriatrik 2008; 6: 8-11.

25. Sepúlveda C., Marlin A., Yoshida T., Ullrich A. Palliative care: The World Health Organization´s global perspective. Journal of Pain

and Symptom Management 2002; 24(2), 91-96

.

26. Regionala cancercentrum i samverkan. Nationellt Vårdprogram för

palliativ vård. Underlag för remissförfarande (in Swedish). National clinical guidelines for palliative care 2011. Accessed Oct. 2011.

http://www.ocsyd.se/Aktuellt/NatVpPalliationUtkast110823.pdf 27. Wright M., Wood J., Lynch M.A., Clark D. Mapping levels of palliative

care development: A global view. Journal of Pain and Symptom

Management 2008; 35(5): 469-485.

28. Hansson L., Usher B., Spragens L., Bernard S. Clinical and economic impact of palliative care consultation. Journal of Pain and Symptom

Management 2008; 35(4): 340-346.

29. Cliemins E., Blum L., Nunley M., Lasher A., Newman J. The economic and clinical impact of an inpatient palliative care consultation service: A multifaceted approach. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2007; 10(6): 1347-1355.

30. Casarett D., Pickard A., Bailey A., Ritchie C., Furman C., Rosenfeld K., Shreve S., Chen Z., Shea J. Do palliative consultations improve patient’ outcomes? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008; 56: 593-599.

31. Rabow M., Dibble S., Pantilat S., McPhee S. The comprehensive care team, a controlled trial of outpatient palliative medicine consultation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004; 16: 83-91.

74

32. Socialstyrelsen. Vård i livets slutskede. Socialstyrelsens bedömning av

utvecklingen i landsting och kommuner (in Swedish). End of life care. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 2006.

33. Murray M.A., Fiset V., Young S., Kryworuchko J. Where the dying live: A systematic review of determinants of place of end-of-life cancer care. Oncology Nursing Forum 2009; 36(1): 69-77.

34. Cantwell P., Turco S., Benneis C., Hanson J., Neumann C., Bruera E. Predictors of home death in palliative care cancer patients. Journal

of Palliative Care 2000; 16: 23-28.

35. Gyllenhammar E., Thoren-Todoulus E., Strang P., Ström G., Eriksson E., Kinch M. Predictive factors for home deaths among cancer patients in Swedish palliative home care. Support Care Cancer 2003; 11: 560-567.

36. Neergaard MA., Vedsted P., Plesen F., Sokolowski I., Jensen AB., Söndergaard J. Associations between home death and GP involvement in palliative cancer care. The British Journal of

General Practice 2009; 59(566): 671-677.

37. Fukui S., Fujita J., Tsujimura M., Sumikawa Y., Hayashi Y. Predictors of home death of home palliative cancer care patients: A cross- sectional nationwide survey. International Journal of Nursing

Studies 2011; XXX.

38. Appelin G., Berterö C. Patients’ experiences of palliative care in home: a phenomenological study of a Swedish sample. Cancer Nursing 2004; 27: 65-70.

39. Melin-Johansson C., Axelsson B., Gaston-Johansson F., Danielson E. Significant improvement in quality of life of patients with incurable cancer after designation to a palliative homecare team. European

Journal of Cancer Care 2010; 19: 243-250.

40. Johnson S. Hope in terminal illness: an evolutionary concept analysis.

International Journal of Palliative Nursing 2007; 13(9): 451-459.

41. Sand L., Strang P., Milberg A. Dying cancer patients’ experiences of powerlessness and helplessness. Support Care Cancer 2008; 16: 853–862.

42. Sand L., Olsson M., Strang P. Coping strategies in the presence of one’s own impending death from cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom

75

43. Prince-Paul M. Understanding the meaning of social well-being at the end of life. Oncology Nursing Forum 2008; 35(3): 365-371.

44. Werkander Harstäde C.W., Andershed B. Good palliative care: How and where? The patients’ opinions. Journal of Hospice and Palliative

Nursing 2004; 6(1): 27-35.

45. Milberg A., Wåhlberg R., Jakobsson M., Olsson E-C. Olsson M., Friedrichsen M. What is a ’secure base’ when death is approaching? A study applying attachment theory to adult patients’ and family members’ experiences of palliative home care. Psycho-Oncology 2011. Doi: 10.1002/pon.1982.

46. Milberg A., Strang P. Protection against perceptions of powerlessness and helplessness during palliative care: The family members’ perspective. Palliative and Supportive Care 2011; 9(3): 251–262. 47. Melissa D., Carlsson R., Morrison S., Holford T., Bradley E. Hospice

care: What services do patients and their families receive? Health

Services Research 2007; 42(4): 1672-1690.

48. Meghani S.H. A concept analysis of palliative care in United States.

Journal of Advanced Nursing 2004; 46(2): 152-161.

49. Stajduhar K.I., Davies B. Variations in and factors influencing family members decisions for palliative home care. Palliative Medicine 2005; 19: 21-32.

50. Gomes B., Higginson I. Factors influencing death at home in terminally ill patients with cancer: Systematic review. BMJ 2006; 332(7540):515-521.

51. Wennman-Larsen A., Tishelman C. Advanced home care for cancer patients at the end of life: A qualitative study of hopes and expectations of family caregivers. Scandinavian Journal of Caring

Sciences 2002; 16: 240-247.

52. Stajduhar K.I. Examining the perspectives of family members involved in the delivery of palliative care at home. Journal of Palliative Care 2003; 19: 27-35.

53. Milberg A., Strang P. Exploring comprehensibility and manageability in palliative home care: An interview in palliative study of dying cancer patients’ informal carers. Psycho-Oncology. 2004; 13: 605- 618.

76

54. Boucher J., Bova C., Sullivan-Bolyai S., Theroux R., Klar R., Terrien J., Kaufman D. Next-of-kin’s perspectives of end-of-life care. Journal

of Hospice and Palliative Nursing 2010; 12(1): 41-50.

55. Stajduhar K.I., Funk L., Toye C., Grande G.E., Aoun S., Todd C.J. Part 1: Home-based family caregiving at the end of life: A comprehensive review of published quantitative research (1998- 2008). Palliative Medicine 2010; 24(6): 573-593.

56. Funk L., Stajduhar KI., Toye C., Aoun S., Grande GE., Todd CJ. Part 2: Home-based family caregiving at the end of life: A comprehensive review of published qualitative research (1998-2008). Palliative

Medicine 2010; 24(6): 594-607.

57. Strang V.R., Koop P.M., Peden J. The experience of respite during home-based family care giving for persons with advanced cancer.

Journal of Palliative Care 2002; 18: 97-104.

58. Sandgren A., Thulesius H., Petersson K., Fridlund B. Living on hold in palliative cancer care. The Grounded Theory Review 2010; 9(1): 79- 96.

59. Brobäck G., Berterö C. How next of kin experience palliative care of relatives at home. European Journal of Cancer Care 2003; 12: 339- 346.

60. Andershed B., Werkander Harstäde C. Next of kin’s feelings of guilt and shame in end-of-life care. Contemporary Nurse 2007; 27: 61-72. 61. Carlander I., Sahlberg-Blom E., Hellström I., Ternestedt B-M. The

modified self: Family caregivers’ experiences of caring for a dying family member at home. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010; 20: 1097-1105.

62. Andershed B., Ternestedt B-M. Being a close relative of a dying person. Development of the concepts ‘involvement in the light and in the dark’. Cancer Nursing 2000; 23(2): 151-159.

63. Wright K. Caring for the terminally ill: The district nurse’s perspective.

British Journal of Nursing 2002; 11(18): 1180-1185.

64. Dunne K., Sullivan K., Kernohan G. Palliative care for patients with cancer: district nurses’ experiences. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2005; 50(4): 372-380.

65. Eyre S. Supporting informal carers of dying patients: the district nurse’s role. Nursing Standard 2010; 24(22): 43-48.

77

66. Wallerstedt B., Andershed B. Caring for a dying patient outside special palliative care settings: Experiences from a nursing perspective.

Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2007; 21: 32-40.

67. Hov R., Athlin E., Hedelin B. Being a nurse in nursing home for patients on the edge of life. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2009; 23(4): 651-659.

68. Sandgren A., Thulesius H., Petersson K., Fridlund B. ‘Doing good care’- a study of palliative home nursing care. International Journal of

Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 2007; 2: 227-235.

69. Benzein E., Johansson B., Saveman B-I. Families in home care – a resource or a burden? District nurses’ beliefs. Journal of Clinical

Nursing 2004; 13(7): 867-975.

70. Lang A., Edwards N., Fleiszer A. Safety in home care: A broadened perspective of patient safety. International Journal for Quality in

Health Care 2008; 20(2): 130-135.

71. Haycock Stuart E., Jarvis A., Daniel K. A ward without walls? District nurses´ perceptions of their workload management priorities and job satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2008; 17(22): 3012-3020. 72. Modin S., Törnkvist L., Furhoff A.K., Hylander I. Family physicians’

efforts to stay in charge of the medical treatment when patients have home care by district nurses. A grounded theory study. BMC Family

Practice 2009; 10(45): 1-13.

73. SOSFS. Användning av medicintekniska produkter i hälso- och

sjukvården (in Swedish). The use of medical technology in health care. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsens författningssamling 2008:1. 2008.

74. Council of Europe. Council Directive 93/42/EES of 14 June 1993

concerning medical devices. 1993. Accessed Oct. 2011.

http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG: 1993L0042:20071011:en:PDF

75. World Health Organization. The world health report. Primary health

care. Now more than ever. 2008. Accessed Oct.2011

http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/index.html

76. Orlikowski W., Gash D. Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ASM Transactions on

78

77. Lathan C., Bogner M.S., Hamilton D., Blanarovich A. Human-centered design of home care technologies. Neuro Rehabilitation 1999; 12: 3- 10.

78. Barnard A. Technology and nursing: An anatomy of definition.

International Journal of Nursing Studies 1996; 33(4): 433-441.

79. Barnard A. A critical review of the belief that technology is a neutral object and nurses are its master. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1997; 26: 126-131.

80. Barnard A., Gerber R. Understanding technology in contemporary surgical nursing: A phenomenographic examination. Nursing

Inquiry 1999; 6: 157-166.

81. Almerud S., Alapack R.J., Fridlund B., Ekebergh M. Caught in an artificial split: A phenomenological study of being a caregiver in the technologically intense environment. Intensive and Critical Care

Nursing 2008; 24: 130-136.

82. Wikström A-C., Cederborg A-C., Johanson M. The meaning of technology in an intensive care unit an interview study. Intensive

and Critical Care Nursing 2007; 23: 187-195.

83. Crocker C., Timmons S. The role of technology in critical care nursing.

Journal of Advanced Nursing 2009; 65(1): 52-61.

84. Cohen M. The technology-dependent child and the socially marginalized family: A provisional framework. Qualitative Health Research 1999; 9(5): 654-668.

85. Kirk S., Glendinning C. Developing services to support parents caring for technology-dependent child at home. Child: Care Health &

Development 2004; 30(3): 209-218.

86. Kirk S. How children and young people construct and negotiate living with medical technology. Social Science and Medicine 2010; 71: 1796-1803.

87. Fex A., Ek A-C., Söderhamn O. Self-care among persons using advanced medical technology at home. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2009; 18: 2809-2817.

88. Fex A., Flensner G., Ek A-C., Söderhamn O. Health-illness transition among persons using advanced medical technology at home.

79

89. Lindahl B., Sandman P-O., Rasmussen B.H. Meaning of living at home on a ventilator. Nursing Inquiry 2003; 10: 19-29.

90. Ring L., Danielsson E. Patients’ experiences of long-term oxygen therapy. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1997; 26: 337-344.

91. Kyba F.C. Legal and ethical issues in end-of-life care. Critical Care

Nursing Clinics of North America 2002; 14(2): 141-155.

92. Cooper C. Care: Antidote for nurses´ love-hate relationship with technology. American Journal of Critical Care 1994; 5: 402-403. 93. Svanteson M., Sjökvist P., Thorsén H., Ahlström G. Nurses’ and

physicians’ opinions on aggressiveness of treatment for general ward patients. Nursing Ethics 2006; 13(2): 147-161.

94. Orrevall Y., Tishelman C., Permert J., Cederholm T. The use of artificial among cancer patients enrolled in palliative home care services.

Palliative Medicine 2009; 23: 556-564.

95. Barnard A., Sandelowski M. Technology and humane nursing care: (Ir)reconcilable or invented difference. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2001; 34(3): 367-375.

96. Milberg A., Strang P., Carlsson M., Börjesson S. Advanced palliative home care: Next of kin’s perspective. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2003; 6: 749-756.

97. Goldschmidt D., Schmidt L. Krasnik A., Christenson U., Groenvold M. Expectations to and evaluation of a palliative home-care team as seen by patients and carers. Support Care Cancer 2006; 14: 1232– 1240.

98. Funk LM., Allan DE., Stajduhar KI. Palliative family caregivers’ accounts of health care experiences; the importance of ’security’.

Palliative Support Care 2009; 7: 435-447.

99. Stajduhar K.I., Funk L., Jakobsson E., Öhlén J. A critical analysis of health promotion and ’empowerment’ in the context of palliative family care-giving. Nursing Inquiry 2009; 17: 221-230.

100. Merriam-Webster. Dictionary. Accessed Sept. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

101. Petersen Y., Koehler L. Application of attachment theory for psychological support in palliative medicine during the terminal phase. Gerontology 2006; 52: 111-123.

80

102. Rodin G., Walsh A., Zimmerman C., Gagliese L., Jones J., Shepard F., Moore M., Braun M., Mikulincer M. The contribution of attachment security and social support to depressive symptoms in patients with metastatic cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2007; 16: 1080-1091.

103. Lo C., Walsh A., Mikulincer M., Gagliese L., Zimmerman C., Rodin G. Measuring attachment security in patients with advanced cancer: Psychometric properties of a modified and brief Experiences in Close Relations scale. Psycho-Oncology 2009; 18: 490-499.

104. McLean L. Walton T., Matthew A., Jones J.M. Examination of couples’ attachment security in relation to depression and hopelessness in martially distressed patients facing end-stage cancer and their spouse caregivers: A buffer or facilitator of psychosocial distress? Support

Care Cancer 2010; 19(10): 1539-1548.

105. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Volume 1: Attachment. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis. 1969.

106. Mikulincer M., Shaver P.R. Attachment in adulthood; Structure,

dynamics and change. New York. Guildford press. 2007.

107. Adshead G. Psychiatric staff as attachment figures. Understanding management problems in psychiatric services in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: 64-69. 108. Gerretsen P., Myers J. The physician: A secure base. Journal of

Clinical Oncology 2008; 26(32): 5294-5296.

109. Van den Eynden B., Herman I., Schrijvers D., Van Royen P., Maes R., Vermeulen L., Herweyers K., Smits W., Verhoeven A., Clara R. Denekens J. Factors determining the place of palliative care and death of cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer 2000; 8: 59-64. 110. Flanagan J.C. The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin

1954; 51: 327-358.

111. Dahlgren L-O., Fallsberg M. Phenomenography as a qualitative approach in social pharmacy research. Journal of Social and

Administrative Pharmacy 1991; 8: 150-156.

112. Larsson J., Holmström. Phenomenographic or phenomenological analysis: Does it matter? Examples from a study on anaesthesiologist’ work. International Journal of Qualitative Studies

81

113. Andersson B-E., Nilsson S-G. Studies in the reliability and validity of the critical incident technique. Journal of Applied Psychology 1964; 48 (6): 398-403.

114. Kemppainen J.K. The critical incident technique and nursing care quality research. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2000; 32: 1264-1271. 115. Sharoff L. Critical incident technique utilization in research on holistic

nursing. Holistic Nursing Practice 2007; 21(5): 254-262.

116. Schluter J., Seaton P., Chaboyer W. Critical incident technique: A user’s guide for nurse researchers. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2008; 61(1): 107-114.

117. Rademacher R., Simpson D., Marcdante K. Critical incidents as a technique for teaching professionalism. Medical Teacher 2010; 32:

Related documents