In the last paper we present a comparative study of low frequency electric field spectral densities and temperatures observed by the Cluster spacecraft in the high altitude cusp/mantle region. There is a clear correlation between O+ tem-perature and wave intensity at the oxygen gyrofrequency at each measurement point. This correlation agrees with the predictions by both an asymptotic mean-particle theory and a test-mean-particle approach. The perpendicular-to-parallel tem-perature ratio is also consistent with the predictions of the asymptotic mean-particle theory. The correlation is not perfect, and is not expected to be. At times the perpendicular temperature is significantly higher than predicted by the models and the simultaneously observed wave activity. Similarly there is a significant amount of data points where the temperature is higher than predicted by the models and the observed spectral density. Both are expected effects of sporadic heating. The models assume that the ions have experienced the same wave activity throughout their flight along the field line. If heating has ceased at the time of observation we observe cases with low wave activity as compared to observed temperatures. If heating has just started at the time of observation, observed temperatures will be lower than predicted by the models and observed wave activity. We observed waves of sufficient amplitude to explain the highest temperatures observed.
30 7. SUMMARY OF INCLUDED PAPERS
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Hans Nilsson, who introduced me to space physics during my diploma work in 2004. Since then he has been a very good teacher, has patiently tryed to answer all my questions although I have asked some of the questions over and over again. Together we have struggled through ups and downs towards the goal, my PhD degree. Without your help this thesis would not have existed. Many, many thanks!
I would also want to thank the co-authors of my papers for fruitful collab-orations. I would especially like to thank Professor Mats Andr´e and Gabriella Stenberg for the time they have spent on helping me with my papers.
This research work has been financed by the Swedish National Graduate School of Space Technology and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Insti-tutet f¨or rymdfysik, IRF). It has been a pleasure and a great experience to have had the possibility to do research in space physics.
I also wish to thank my neighbors on the fourth floor: Csilla Szasz, Johan Kero, Daria Mikhaylova, Ella Carlsson, Andreas Ekenb¨ack, Alla Belova, Maria Smirnova, Alexander Grigoriev, Katarina Axelsson, Rikard Slapak, Shahab Fatemi, Maria Mihalikova and Catherine Dieval. Jonas Ekeberg deserves a special thanks for the many hours we have spent sharing ups and downs and for helping me finish this thesis. Also Tony Giang deserves a special thanks for all the help and the good advice I have got from you. You have been a great support during the work with my thesis. I hope to see you all again!
Rick McGregor did a very careful proof-reading of my English which im-proved the readability and correctness throughout this thesis.
Also the rest of the staff at IRF deserve my gratitude for all their help and for creating a nice and friendly working environment during these years.
I would like to thank my parents and sisters for always showing an interest in what I am doing and for all their help. You have been a great support although never given the deserved gratitude.
Kajsa, the most important person, you are a fantastic mother and life part-ner. This thesis would not have been done without your support. Gustav, your appearance in our family made it a perfect moment to finish this thesis.
32 7. SUMMARY OF INCLUDED PAPERS
Andr´e, M.: Dispersion surfaces, Journal of Plasma Physics, 33, 1–19, doi:
10.1017/S0022377800002270, 1985.
Andr´e, M. and Yau, A. W.: Theories and observations of ion energization and outflow in the high latitude magnetosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 80, 27 – 48, 1997.
Andr´e, M., Norqvist, P., Andersson, L., Eliasson, L., Eriksson, A. I., Blomberg, L., Erlandson, R. E., and Waldemark, J.: Ion energization mechanisms at 1700 km in the auroral region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 4199–4222, doi:
10.1029/97JA00855, 1998.
Arvelius, S., Yamauchi, M., Nilsson, H., Lundin, R., Hobara, Y., R`eme, H., Bavassano-Cattaneo, M. B., Paschmann, G., Korth, A., Kistler, L., and Parks, G. K.: Statistics of high-altitude and high-latitude O+ ion outflows observed by Cluster/CIS, Ann. Geophys., 23, 1909 – 1916, 2005.
Balogh, A., Carr, C. M., Acuna, M. H., Dunlop, M. W., Beek, T. J., Brown, P., Fornaon, K.-H., Georgescu, E., Glassmeier, K.-H., Harris, J., Musmann, G., Oddy, T., and Schwingenschuh, K.: The Cluster Magnetic Field Investigation:
overview of in-flight performance and initial results, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1207 – 1217, 2001.
Barghouthi, I. A.: Effects of wave-particle interactions on H+ and O+ outflow at high latitude: A comparative study, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22 065–22 076, doi:10.1029/96JA03293, 1997.
Barghouthi, I. A.: A Monte Carlo study for ion outflows at high altitude and high latitude: Barghouthi model, Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 113, 8209, doi:10.1029/2008JA013274, 2008.
Barghouthi, I. A., Barakat, A. R., and Persoon, A. M.: The Effects of Altitude-Dependent Wave Particle Interactions on the Polar Wind Plasma, Astro-physics and Space Science, 259, 117–140, doi:10.1023/A:1001569207346, 1998.
Barghouthi, I. A., Doudin, N. M., Saleh, A. A., and Pierrard, V.: High-altitude and high-latitude O+ and H+ outflows: the effect of finite electro-magnetic turbulence wavelength, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 2195–2202, doi:
10.5194/angeo-25-2195-2007, 2007.
33
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Retterer, J. M., Chang, T., Crew, G. B., Jasperse, J. R., and Winningham, J. D.: Monte Carlo modeling of ionospheric oxygen acceleration by cyclotron
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