Glaucoma is a chronic disease that requires life-long care, generating numerous visits within the healthcare system. In Sweden, 26% of visits to eye specialists concern glaucoma [104]. As a
population ages and eye specialists become fewer, glaucoma care becomes very challenging. More effective care routines must be developed in order to follow up with patients safely despite limited resources and to avoid overloading the healthcare system [91]. Involving glaucoma patients in their own care should benefit patients, healthcare providers, and society. Self-tonometry has a part to play in that field.
As recommended by Quigley, at least three IOP measurements made on different occasions are required to obtain a baseline IOP value on which target IOP can be calculated [105]. Self-tonometry could help to reduce the number of visits to the eye clinic for IOP measurements only. Patients or their relatives could borrow a self-tonometer from their local general practitioner or healthcare center. Patients could then monitor their IOP during a few days and send their results to the eye specialist. With an IOP curve, the ophthalmologist has a more reliable basis to estimate the target IOP, evaluate the effect of treatment, and adjust it if necessary. A recent study showed that patients were very satisfied with remote tuition for using iCare Home [106]. More research needs to be conducted to evaluate the feasibility of self-tonometry without previous training at the eye clinic.
Access to an eye specialist can be limited by several reasons (geographical, physical, etc.).
Telemedicine offers the possibility to ensure equitable access to an eye specialist for all glaucoma patients. New technologies are being developed to allow remote follow-up of patients, and more research projects should evaluate the reliability of assessment in virtual clinics, as well as new devices for visual field exams and self-tonometry [107-110].
Recently, the Covid-19 pandemic has shown that physical access to an eye specialist can be limited because of contamination risks. Worldwide, patients aged over 70 years with no acute symptoms had limited access to the eye clinic during the peak of the pandemic. Preventive isolation when contagion was suspected, or isolation until full recovery was observed, limited not only patients but also healthcare personnel’s access to the eye clinic. Follow-up of glaucoma patients was often postponed for several months, with a risk of lower compliance to treatment and eventually disease progression [111, 112]. At the same time, more than 80% of glaucoma specialists who already used a virtual glaucoma clinic to monitor their patients experienced an increase in the number of
consultations during the pandemic [113]. Self-tonometry has a part to play in teleophthalmology, and further research is required on this topic [114].
In addition to enabling equitable access to an eye specialist, self-tonometry could be a tool to improve cost-effectiveness in glaucoma care. Indeed, each visit to the eye clinic represents a cost for the healthcare system as well as for the patients and any accompanying person [115]. This may include a cost in time (i.e., absence from work) and transport (private or collective). Reducing the number of visits to the eye clinic should have a cost-effective impact for both patients and healthcare providers [116]. Research needs to be done to evaluate the cost-effectivity of self-tonometry in glaucoma care. Finally, more research needs to be conducted to integrate self-tonometry in glaucoma telemedicine in order to meet future challenges.
24
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to the Swedish educational system for giving me the opportunity to start all over again and become an optician when I was 40.
I want to thank Associate Professor Enping Chen, my main supervisor, for offering me the possibility to do a PhD. Your dedication to glaucoma and glaucoma patients is endless. You bubble with new projects and ideas. Your knowledge, support, and guidance have been so valuable all through these years. Your calm, wisdom, patience, and kindness have been comforting when I had doubts during this long bumpy journey.
Thanks to my co-supervisor, Professor Maria Kugelberg, for your efficacy and your good advice.
Thanks to Associate Professor Leif Tallstedt for your encouragement and for acting as my mentor.
Thanks to all the patients and colleagues from St Erik’s Eye Hospital who participated in our studies.
Without you, there would be no publications. Especially thanks to the glaucoma department for taking such good care of the patients and your participation in Paper III.
Thanks to the IT department for their support throughout this project. A special thanks to Johan Nygrén for always being helpful, particularly in recovering my reference library when it mysteriously disappeared.
Thanks to Maria Persson for all your support with administration and practical matters around this PhD.
Thanks to Eva Tov and Oscar Hagelberg for the photographs that illustrate this project.
Thanks to Amelie Botling Taube for helping me preparing my half-time presentation. Your comments were greatly appreciated. Thanks to Sara de Lima and Laura Armonaite for sharing and
understanding this journey.
Thanks to Johan Hamberg for your lecture on statistics.
Thanks to my optometrist colleagues Oscar Hagelberg, Ulrika Birkeldh, Kristina Isaksson, Anna Lindskoog Pettersson, Sara de Lima, Tony Pansell, and Christina Åkerstedt. Your encouragement, good advice, and laughs have always been very welcome.
Thanks to my colleagues at the electroretinography department for being such a wonderful team to work with.
Thanks to Christiane and Marketta for your friendship outside the optometrist world and your support.
Thanks to Johanna Alwert, my dear colleague and friend, for your positive energy, your sense of humor, for being a patient photo model, and for the beautiful illustration you have done for this thesis.
25 Thanks to my longtime friend Ulrika Hamberg. We have walked hundreds of kilometers together through the years, in all kinds of weather, and have had passionate discussions about everything, from politics to gardening. You have always been there, patiently listening when I had doubts, and encouraging me when it felt hopeless. You are such a strong character and a model for all women.
Thanks to my beautiful sons, Emil, Gaston, and Theo. You are three marvelous young men and what I am most proud of in my whole life.
26
REFERENCES
Only abstracts and original articles are included. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were consulted using the following search terms: (“intraocular pressure” OR “IOP”) AND (“central corneal thickness” OR “CCT”) AND ("intraocular pressure fluctuation*" OR "IOP
fluctuation*" OR "short-term fluctuation*" OR "long-term fluctuation*" OR "IOP variation*") AND ("self-tonometry" OR "iCare Home" OR "rebound tonometry").
1 Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, Hussein M, et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol.
2002;120(10):1268-79.
2. Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, Johnson CA, Keltner JL, Miller JP, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):701-13; discussion 829-30.
3. Leske MC, Heijl A, Hussein M, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Komaroff E, et al. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(1):48-56.
4. AGIS. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration.The AGIS Investigators. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(4):429-40.
5. Group CN-TGS. The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(4):498-505.
6. Chauhan BC, Mikelberg FS, Balaszi AG, LeBlanc RP, Lesk MR, Trope GE. Canadian Glaucoma Study:
2. risk factors for the progression of open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(8):1030-6.
7. Whitacre MM, Stein R. Sources of error with use of Goldmann-type tonometers. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;38(1):1-30.
8. Thorburn W. The accuracy of clinical applanation tonometry. Acta ophthalmologica.
1978;56(1):1-5.
9. Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN. Evaluation of the influence of corneal biomechanical properties on intraocular pressure measurements using the ocular response analyzer. J Glaucoma. 2006;15(5):364-70.
10. Johannesson G, Hallberg P, Eklund A, Linden C. Pascal, ICare and Goldmann applanation tonometry--a comparative study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008;86(6):614-21.
11. Costin BR, Fleming GP, Weber PA, Mahmoud AM, Roberts CJ. Corneal biomechanical properties affect Goldmann applanation tonometry in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2014;23(2):69-74.
12. Brown L, Foulsham W, Pronin S, Tatham AJ. The Influence of Corneal Biomechanical Properties on Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using a Rebound Self-tonometer. J Glaucoma. 2018;27(6):511-8.
13. Recep OF, Hasiripi H, Vayisoglu E, Kalayci D, Sarikatipoglu H. Accurate time interval in repeated tonometry. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76(5):603-5.
14. Johannesson G, Hallberg P, Eklund A, Behndig A, Linden C. Effects of topical anaesthetics and repeated tonometry on intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(2):111-5.
15. Gaton DD, Ehrenberg M, Lusky M, Wussuki-Lior O, Dotan G, Weinberger D, et al. Effect of repeated applanation tonometry on the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurements. Curr Eye Res.
2010;35(6):475-9.
27 16. Kotecha A, White E, Schlottmann PG, Garway-Heath DF. Intraocular pressure measurement precision with the Goldmann applanation, dynamic contour, and ocular response analyzer tonometers.
Ophthalmology. 2010;117(4):730-7.
17. Phelps CD, Phelps GK. Measurement of intraocular pressure: a study of its reproducibility.
Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie Albrecht von Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 1976;198(1):39-43.
18. Tonnu PA, Ho T, Sharma K, White E, Bunce C, Garway-Heath D. A comparison of four methods of tonometry: method agreement and interobserver variability. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(7):847-50.
19. Mihailovic A, Varadaraj V, Ramulu PY, Friedman DS. Evaluating Goldmann Applanation Tonometry Intraocular Pressure Measurement Agreement Between Ophthalmic Technicians and Physicians. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;219:170-6.
20. Sit AJ. Intraocular pressure variations: causes and clinical significance. Canadian journal of ophthalmology Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie. 2014;49(6):484-8.
21. Kontiola AI. A new induction-based impact method for measuring intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000;78(2):142-5.
22. Iliev ME, Goldblum D, Katsoulis K, Amstutz C, Frueh B. Comparison of rebound tonometry with Goldmann applanation tonometry and correlation with central corneal thickness. Br J Ophthalmol.
2006;90(7):833-5.
23. Brusini P, Salvetat ML, Zeppieri M, Tosoni C, Parisi L. Comparison of ICare tonometer with Goldmann applanation tonometer in glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 2006;15(3):213-7.
24. Moreno-Montanes J, Garcia N, Fernandez-Hortelano A, Garcia-Layana A. Rebound tonometer compared with goldmann tonometer in normal and pathologic corneas. Cornea. 2007;26(4):427-30.
25. Realini T, McMillan B, Gross RL, Devience E, Balasubramani GK. Assessing the Reliability of Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using Rebound Tonometry. J Glaucoma. 2021;30(8):629-33.
26. Martinez-de-la-Casa JM, Garcia-Feijoo J, Vico E, Fernandez-Vidal A, Benitez del Castillo JM, Wasfi M, et al. Effect of corneal thickness on dynamic contour, rebound, and goldmann tonometry. Ophthalmology.
2006;113(12):2156-62.
27. Chui WS, Lam A, Chen D, Chiu R. The influence of corneal properties on rebound tonometry.
Ophthalmology. 2008;115(1):80-4.
28. Shin J, Lee JW, Kim EA, Caprioli J. The effect of corneal biomechanical properties on rebound tonometer in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(1):144-54.
29. Stoor K, Karvonen E, Ohtonen P, Liinamaa MJ, Saarela V. Icare versus Goldmann in a randomised middle-aged population : The influence of central corneal thickness and refractive errors. European journal of ophthalmology. 2021;31(3):1231-9.
30. Liinamaa MJ, Stoor K, Leiviskä I, Saarela V. Correlation of iCare ic100 tonometry with iCare TA01i in screening of unselected population in Northern Finland Birth Cohort Eye study. European journal of ophthalmology. 2021:11206721211014387.
31. Li Y, Tang L, Xiao M, Jia S, Liu P, Zhou Y, et al. Comparison of the Icare tonometer and the hand-held goldmann applanation tonometer in pediatric aphakia. J Glaucoma. 2013;22(7):550-4.
32. Ting SL, Lim LT, Ooi CY, Rahman MM. Comparison of Icare Rebound Tonometer and Perkins Applanation Tonometer in Community Eye Screening. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2019;8(3):229-32.
33. Sakamoto M, Kanamori A, Fujihara M, Yamada Y, Nakamura M, Negi A. Assessment of IcareONE rebound tonometer for self-measuring intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(3):243-8.
28 34. Dabasia PL, Lawrenson JG, Murdoch IE. Evaluation of a new rebound tonometer for self-measurement of intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(8):1139-43.
35. Mudie LI, LaBarre S, Varadaraj V, Karakus S, Onnela J, Munoz B, et al. The Icare HOME (TA022) Study: Performance of an Intraocular Pressure Measuring Device for Self-Tonometry by Glaucoma Patients.
Ophthalmology. 2016;123(8):1675-84.
36. Takagi D, Sawada A, Yamamoto T. Evaluation of a New Rebound Self-tonometer, Icare HOME:
Comparison With Goldmann Applanation Tonometer. J Glaucoma. 2017;26(7):613-8.
37. Termuhlen J, Mihailovic N, Alnawaiseh M, Dietlein TS, Rosentreter A. Accuracy of Measurements With the iCare HOME Rebound Tonometer. J Glaucoma. 2016;25(6):533-8.
38. Muttuvelu DV, Baggesen K, Ehlers N. Precision and accuracy of the ICare tonometer - Peripheral and central IOP measurements by rebound tonometry. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(4):322-6.
39. Beasley IG, Laughton DS, Coldrick BJ, Drew TE, Sallah M, Davies LN. Does rebound tonometry probe misalignment modify intraocular pressure measurements in human eyes? J Ophthalmol.
2013;2013:791084.
40. Jonas JB, Budde W, Stroux A, Oberacher-Velten IM, Junemann A. Single intraocular pressure measurements and diurnal intraocular pressure profiles. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(6):1136-7.
41. Barkana Y, Anis S, Liebmann J, Tello C, Ritch R. Clinical utility of intraocular pressure monitoring outside of normal office hours in patients with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(6):793-7.
42. Asrani S, Zeimer R, Wilensky J, Gieser D, Vitale S, Lindenmuth K. Large diurnal fluctuations in intraocular pressure are an independent risk factor in patients with glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2000;9:134-42.
43. Sihota R, Saxena R, Gogoi M, Sood A, Gulati V, Pandey RM. A comparison of the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in primary phronic angle closure glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma and normal eyes. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2005;53(4):243-7.
44. David R, Zangwill L, Briscoe D, Dagan M, Yagev R, Yassur Y. Diurnal intraocular pressure variations: an analysis of 690 diurnal curves. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(5):280-3.
45. Hughes E, Spry P, Diamond J. 24-hour monitoring of intraocular pressure in glaucoma management: a retrospective review. J Glaucoma. 2003;12(3):232-6.
46. Burr J, Botello Pinzon P, Takwoingi Y, Hernandez R, Vazquez-Montes M. Surveillance for ocular hypertension: an evidence synthesis and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment. 2012;16(29):271.
47. Bergea B, Bodin L, Svedbergh B. Impact of intraocular pressure regulation on visual fields in open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(5):997-1004; discussion -5.
48. Bengtsson B, Heijl A. Diurnal IOP fluctuation: not an independent risk factor for glaucomatous visual field loss in high-risk ocular hypertension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243(6):513-8.
49. Hong S, Seong GJ, Hong YJ. Long-term intraocular pressure fluctuation and progressive visual field deterioration in patients with glaucoma and low intraocular pressures after a triple procedure. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(8):1010-3.
50. Musch DC, Gillespie BW, Niziol LM, Lichter PR, Varma R, Group CS. Intraocular pressure control and long-term visual field loss in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Ophthalmology.
2011;118(9):1766-73.
51. Lee PP, Walt JW, Rosenblatt LC, Siegartel LR, Stern LS. Association between intraocular pressure variation and glaucoma progression: data from a United States chart review. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(6):901-7.
29 52. Caprioli J, Coleman AL. Intraocular pressure fluctuation a risk factor for visual field progression at low intraocular pressures in the advanced glaucoma intervention study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(7):1123-9 e3.
53. Fogagnolo P, Orzalesi N, Centofanti M, Oddone F, Manni G, Rossetti L. Short- and long-term phasing of intraocular pressure in stable and progressive glaucoma. Ophthalmologica. 2013;230(2):87-92.
54. Bengtsson B, Leske MC, Hyman L, Heijl A. Fluctuation of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression in the early manifest glaucoma trial. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(2):205-9.
55. De Moraes CG, Juthani VJ, Liebmann JM, Teng CC, Tello C, Susanna R, Jr., et al. Risk factors for visual field progression in treated glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(5):562-8.
56. Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Zangwill LM, Alencar LM, Sample PA, Vasile C, et al. Long-term intraocular pressure fluctuations and risk of conversion from ocular hypertension to glaucoma. Ophthalmology.
2008;115(6):934-40.
57. Kim SH, Lee EJ, Han JC, Sohn SW, Rhee T, Kee C. The Effect of Diurnal Fluctuation in Intraocular Pressure on the Evaluation of Risk Factors of Progression in Normal Tension Glaucoma. PLoS One.
2016;11(10):e0164876.
58. Baek SU, Ha A, Kim DW, Jeoung JW, Park KH, Kim YK. Risk factors for disease progression in low-teens normal-tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(1):81-6.
59. Baskaran M, Kumar RS, Govindasamy CV, Htoon HM, Wong CY, Perera SA, et al. Diurnal intraocular pressure fluctuation and associated risk factors in eyes with angle closure. Ophthalmology.
2009;116(12):2300-4.
60. Jonas JB, Budde WM, Stroux A, Oberacher-Velten IM, Junemann A. Diurnal intraocular pressure profiles and progression of chronic open-angle glaucoma. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(7):948-51.
61. Wang NL, Friedman DS, Zhou Q, Guo L, Zhu D, Peng Y, et al. A population-based assessment of 24-hour intraocular pressure among subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma: the handan eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(11):7817-21.
62. Mosaed S, Liu JH, Weinreb RN. Correlation between office and peak nocturnal intraocular pressures in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(2):320-4.
63. Liu JH, Zhang X, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN. Twenty-four-hour intraocular pressure pattern associated with early glaucomatous changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(4):1586-90.
64. Yang C, Huang X, Li X, Yang C, Zhang T, Wu Q, et al. Wearable and Implantable Intraocular Pressure Biosensors: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). 2021;8(6):2002971.
65. Mansouri K, Medeiros FA, Tafreshi A, Weinreb RN. Continuous 24-hour monitoring of intraocular pressure patterns with a contact lens sensor: safety, tolerability, and reproducibility in patients with glaucoma.
Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(12):1534-9.
66. Lorenz K, Korb C, Herzog N, Vetter JM, Elflein H, Keilani MM, et al. Tolerability of 24-hour intraocular pressure monitoring of a pressure-sensitive contact lens. J Glaucoma. 2013;22(4):311-6.
67. Otsuka M, Hayashi A, Tojo N. Questionnaire survey on complications during 24-h measurement of intraocular pressure-related patterns with a contact lens sensor. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40(8):1963-8.
68. Mottet B, Aptel F, Romanet JP, Hubanova R, Pepin JL, Chiquet C. 24-hour intraocular pressure rhythm in young healthy subjects evaluated with continuous monitoring using a contact lens sensor. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(12):1507-16.
30 69. Koutsonas A, Walter P, Roessler G, Plange N. Long-term follow-up after implantation of a telemetric intraocular pressure sensor in patients with glaucoma: a safety report. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology. 2018;46(5):473-9.
70. Sanchez I, Martin R. Advances in diagnostic applications for monitoring intraocular pressure in Glaucoma: A review. Journal of optometry. 2019;12(4):211-21.
71. Machry RV, Rados DV, Gregório GR, Rodrigues TC. Self-monitoring blood glucose improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes without intensive treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;142:173-87.
72. Margolis KL, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Dehmer SP, Groen SE, Kadrmas HM, et al. Effect of home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist management on blood pressure control: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2013;310(1):46-56.
73. Tucker KL, Sheppard JP, Stevens R, Bosworth HB, Bove A, Bray EP, et al. Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS medicine.
2017;14(9):e1002389.
74. Cappon G, Vettoretti M, Sparacino G, Facchinetti A. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Diabetes Management: A Review of Technologies and Applications. Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):383-97.
75. Beck D, Tatham AJ. Self-monitoring of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 2019;14(4-5):219-25.
76. Kothy P, Nagymihaly A, Hollo G. The evaluation of tonometry and self-tonometry with Ocuton tonometers. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.
2003;9(1):Pi1-4.
77. Sacu S, Vass C, Schemper M, Rainer G. Self-tonometry with the Ocuton S: evaluation of accuracy in glaucoma patients. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004;82(4):405-9.
78. Chew GS, Sanderson GF, Molteno AC. The pressure phosphene tonometer--a clinical evaluation.
Eye (Lond). 2005;19(6):683-5.
79. Rai S, Moster MR, Kesen M, Fontanarosa J, Spaeth GL, Steinmann WC, et al. Level of disagreement between Proview phosphene tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer intraocular pressure readings. J Glaucoma. 2005;14(2):120-3.
80. Naruse S, Mori K, Kinoshita S. Evaluation of the pressure phosphene tonometer as a self-tonometer. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25(5):421-8.
81. Rosenfeld E, Rabina G, Barequet D, Mimouni M, Fischer N, Kurtz S. Role of home monitoring with iCare ONE rebound tonometer in glaucoma patients management. Int J Ophthalmol. 2021;14(3):405-8.
82. Noguchi A, Nakakura S, Fujio Y, Fukuma Y, Mori E, Tabuchi H, et al. A Pilot Evaluation Assessing the Ease of Use and Accuracy of the New Self/Home-Tonometer IcareHOME in Healthy Young Subjects. J Glaucoma. 2016;25(10):835-41.
83. Sood V, Ramanathan US. Self-Monitoring of Intraocular Pressure Outside of Normal Office Hours Using Rebound Tonometry: Initial Clinical Experience in Patients With Normal Tension Glaucoma. J Glaucoma.
2016;25(10):807-11.
84. Pronin S, Brown L, Megaw R, Tatham AJ. Measurement of Intraocular Pressure by Patients With Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(10):1-7.
85. Cvenkel B, Velkovska MA, Jordanova VD. Self-measurement with Icare HOME tonometer, patients' feasibility and acceptability. European journal of ophthalmology. 2019:1120672118823124.
31 86. Cvenkel B, Atanasovska Velkovska M. Self-monitoring of intraocular pressure using Icare HOME tonometry in clinical practice. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:841-7.
87. Gonzalez-Meijome JM, Jorge J, Queiros A, Fernandes P, Montes-Mico R, Almeida JB, et al. Age differences in central and peripheral intraocular pressure using a rebound tonometer. Br J Ophthalmol.
2006;90(12):1495-500.
88. Takenaka J, Mochizuki H, Kunihara E, Tanaka J, Kiuchi Y. Intraocular pressure measurement using rebound tonometer for deviated angles and positions in human eyes. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37(2):109-14.
89. Tarkkanen A, Puska P, Kivela T. Home- or self-tonometry to the follow-up of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016.
90. Tarkkanen A, Kivela T. Weekly fluctuation of intraocular pressure in exfoliation glaucoma: long-term follow-up with self-tonometry. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(8):e1035-e7.
91. Tuulonen A. Challenges of glaucoma care -- high volume, high quality, low cost. Acta Ophthalmol.
2013;91(1):3-5.
92. Huang J, Phu J, Kalloniatis M, Zangerl B. Determining Significant Elevation of Intraocular Pressure Using Self-tonometry. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.
2020;97(2):86-93.
93. Huang J, Katalinic P, Kalloniatis M, Hennessy MP, Zangerl B. Diurnal Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations with Self-tonometry in Glaucoma Patients and Suspects: A Clinical Trial. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2018;95(2):88-95.
94. Jonas JB, Budde WM, Stroux A, Oberacher-Velten IM, Junemann A. Diurnal Intraocular Pressure Profiles in Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2012;1(2):84-7.
95. Liu JH, Sit AJ, Weinreb RN. Variation of 24-hour intraocular pressure in healthy individuals: right eye versus left eye. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(10):1670-5.
96. Realini T, Weinreb RN, Wisniewski SR. Diurnal intraocular pressure patterns are not repeatable in the short term in healthy individuals. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(9):1700-4.
97. Xu S, Jiao Q, Cheng Y, Sun J, Lu Q, Zhong Y. Short-Term Reproducibility of Twenty-Four-Hour Intraocular Pressure Curves in Untreated Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension.
PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140206.
98. Tong J, Huang J, Kalloniatis M, Coroneo M, Zangerl B. Clinical Trial: Diurnal IOP Fluctuations in Glaucoma Using Latanoprost and Timolol with Self-Tonometry. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2021;98(8):901-13.
99. Scott AT, Kanaster K, Kaizer AM, Young CC, Pantcheva MB, Ertel MK, et al. The Utility of iCare HOME Tonometry for Detection of Therapy-Related Intraocular Pressure Changes in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension. Ophthalmology Glaucoma. 2022;5(1):85-93.
100. Dielemans I, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, de Jong PT. Reliability of intraocular pressure measurement with the Goldmann applanation tonometer in epidemiological studies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994;232(3):141-4.
101. Salim S, Du H, Wan J. Comparison of intraocular pressure measurements and assessment of intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility with the portable ICare rebound tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer in glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 2013;22(4):325-9.
102. Moodie J, Wilde C, Rotchford AP, Vernon SA, King AJ. 24-Hour versus daytime intraocular pressure phasing in the management of patients with treated glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(8):999-1002.