5. DISCUSSION
5.2 S TOCKS
The build-up of stocks in agriculture equivalent to 889 t/y are mostly the increase in soil stocks. In the commercial sector there is a build-up of stock accounting to 3326 t/y, it is unknown what contributes to the stock. Some logical explanations for the build-up are the storage of P in the form of goods or an increase in population, other alternatives are home composting and non-accounted disposal of organics. The build-up of stock in the waste management sector is the result of landfilling sludge and ashes from incineration of municipal waste, this area shows large potential for improvement. In addition, the emissions to the hydrosphere of 1919 t/y are directly contributing to the eutrophication and the dispersion of the element. The emissions to water are of highest priority since they directly affect the environment. Stocks in waste management can be accessed at a later stage when treatment technology has developed to sufficient levels.
6. Conclusions
In this study the phosphorus balance of Sweden is compiled and synthesised from existing data trough methods of MFA and literature review. The results provide the scale and spread of the anthropogenic impact of P consumption in Sweden. Furthermore, the important flows and key issues regarding P management in Sweden are highlighted. The results show the dependence Sweden has on imports of PR for the use as fertilizers. The primary sources for influx of P in Sweden are due to imported fertilizers and food products, where the total imports of P equal to 23 111 t/y. The exports account for a total of 12 881 t/y as well as significant emissions to the hydrosphere of 1919 t/y. In addition, there is major build-up of stocks in the Swedish system resulting the total stock accumulation of 10 230 t/y.
The work elaborates on the particular challenges of P management from a Swedish perspective. The consumption of mineral fertilizers in agriculture is identified together with animal husbandry to have largest turnover of P, and therefore these flows play the major role in the management of P. In Sweden the deposition of P to landfills is significant and identified as a potential area for recovery and recycling of the element. The emissions to the hydrosphere in Sweden have improved significantly over the past decades and the results show how political action against emissions can have dramatic effect on the levels of P emissions. The study also draws parallels between Swedish and international issues. The Swedish consumption of P is bound to the global P systems. The socioeconomic impacts can be observed globally when remaining sources of PR are in risk of depletion within the next century, the economic and social costs of continued exploitation of P as an element are inadmissible.
The study presents current and suggested measures to improve the Swedish system with special focus on the challenges highlighted in the results. The results show that agriculture is the most important sector in society for the implementation of efficiency measures. Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the overall P system in Sweden and the consumption patterns are related to food products. Recovery of phosphorus trough increase of valuable side streams, for example algae could be used to capture P from eutrophied waters and be used as animal feedstock, as direct consumption or as fertilizer for crop production or any other application where biomass can be used. The second most important sector is the consumption of goods, which is directly related to the production of food products as well as the waste management. The overconsumption of meat and milk products should be avoided. Waste management is the third essential part of the system. In Sweden the reduction of imports from fertilizer could be reduced greatly through recycling of fly ash from municipal waste incineration. In waste water streams the efficiency can be increased in on-site treatment plants and continuation of the work on the municipal waste water treatment systems is important. In Sweden the work in reducing emissions has a long tradition and it shows especially in the waste water treatment in the past decades. Another effective way to influence the consumption of P is through policies and regulation. In Sweden there has been several suggestions for the implementation of charge systems for P and on an EU level the suggestions of a water emissions trading has been studied.
I can conclude that the anthropogenic activity in Sweden has large impacts on the natural environment. The largest contributors to the large phosphorus turnover in Sweden are use of P fertilizers, the consumption patterns in society and the waste management. The results shows significant potential for improvement in the management of P. When addressing the challenges of anthropogenic consumption of P it is imperative to avoid the shifting of burdens. It is necessary from environmental, social and economic aspects to acknowledge and address the challenge of closing the loop for P and reducing the anthropogenic impact of P consumption observed in this study to ensure a sustainable future for everyone. More effort needs to be placed on reducing P emissions from to the natural environment, where the most effective ways to do so are to reduce the inputs of P to the Swedish system, increase the recycling and reuse of P resources through technological solutions, political tools and financial incentives.
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Appendix Description
If the value are given directly in literature the source is cited in the table. However, if there are several sources or the values are based on calculations the source can be found in the respective tables. Alternatively there is an x marked under the column calculation in which case the value are based on calculations in the Stan 2 Web software.
Appendix 1, Import and Export
Import, Export Flow Description Source Calculation Import Export Mass P (t)
Mineral Fertilizer F1 Imported mineral fertilizers (SCB, 2018a) - x - 12490
Animal Products F2 Live animals and animal feed
imported to Sweden Table 9 - x - 2473
Food Products F3 Imported food products Table 2 - x - 5448
Other Products & chemicals F4 Detergents imported (KEMI, 2019) - x - 2700
Food Products F9 Food products produced in
Sweden Table 10 - x - 6046
Products F10 Produced Products - x x - 3467
Mineral Fertilizer F5 Mineral fertilizer used in
agriculture (SCB, 2018a) - - x 12490
Animal products F6 Live animals and feed from
imports used in agriculture. - x - x 1130
Food and Other Products F7 Consumed food and
detergents from the import
market - x - x 5772
Products F8 Detergents used in industry (KEMI, 2019) - - x 351
Animal Products F11 Exported live animals and
feedstuff Table 9 - - x 1129
Food Products F12 Exported food products Table 5 - - x 6133
Products F13 Exported products x - x 5619
Appendix 1. List of Flows and values, Import and Export
Appendix 2.0, Agriculture
Agriculture Flow Description Source Calculation Import Export Mass P (t)
Mineral Fertilizer F5 Mineral fertilizer used in
agriculture (SCB, 2018a) - x - 12490
Animal Products F6 Live animals and feed from
imports used in agriculture. - x - x 1130
Fish F14 Total harvested Fish Table 11 - x - 337
Compost, Sludge F21 Recycled manure and
agricultural wastes (SCB, 2018a) - x - 16880
Food Products F15 Total food Products produced Table 10 - - x 10374
Fish Products F16 Total fish harvested and
produced in aquaculture Table 11 - - x 359
Animal Products F17 Total animal products produced - x - x 1129
Water Emissions F18 Leaching from soils Table 12 and
Water Emissions F18 Leaching from soils Table 12 and