SAMMANFATTNING - Posttraumatiskt växande och psykisk ohälsa bland svenska Afghanistanveteraner

Den här studien har visat på att utlandstjänstgöring är förknippat med positiva effekter så som posttraumatiskt växande, vilket innebär att bilden av hemvändande soldater bör revideras. Den har även visat på att psykisk ohälsa inte är större hos de soldater och officerare som tjänstgjort utomlands än de som inte har gjort det. Trots flera metodologiska brister, utgör studien därför ett betydelsefullt bidrag i debatten huruvida tjänstgöring i internationell miljö är förknippad med ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa. Den är även betydelsefull då den visar på att många veteraner som är i behov av hjälp inte söker det.

Kommande studier bör fokusera på hur posttraumatiskt växande kan faciliteras ytterligare samt om det finns fler faktorer förutom stridsbelastning och psykisk ohälsa som kan predicera växande. Kommande studier bör även fokusera på att undersöka vilka personliga,

demografiska samt operationella faktorer som kan predicera psykisk ohälsa.

Referenser

Adler, A. B., Britt, T. W., Castro, C. A., McGurk, D., & Bliese, P. D. (2011). Effect of transition home from combat on risk-taking and health-related behaviors. [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.]. J Trauma Stress, 24(4), 381-389. doi:

10.1002/jts.20665

Adler, A. B., & Dolan, C. A. (2006). Military hardiness as a buffer of psychological health on return from deployment. Military Medicine, 171(2), 93-98.

American Psychiatric Association [DSM IV]. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of

mental disorders : DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Amy, I., van Staden Lauren, H. J., Neil, G., Roberto, R., Graham, T., Simon, W., & Nicola, F. (2011). The stigma of mental health problems and other barriers to care in the UK Armed Forces. BMC Health Services Research, 11.

Barakat, L. P., Alderfer, M. A., & Kazak, A. E. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors of cancer and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology,

31(4), 413.

Bartone, P. T. (1999). Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army Reserve forces.

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 51(2), 72.

Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Picano, J. J., & Williams, T. J. (2008). Psychological hardiness predicts success in US Army Special Forces candidates. International Journal of

Bergman, H., & Källmén, H. (2002). Alcohol use among swedes and a psychometric

evaluation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Alcohol and Alcoholism,

37(3), 245-251. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/37.3.245

Bergman, H., & Källmén, H. (2006). The alcohol use disorders identification test AUDIT: MANUAL. Stockholm: Magnus Huss klinik, Karolinska sjukhuset.

Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale:: An updated literature review. Journal of

psychosomatic research, 52(2), 69-77.

Black, D. W., Carney, C. P., Peloso, P. M., Woolson, R. F., Schwartz, D. A., Voelker, M. D., . . . Doebbeling, B. N. (2004). Gulf War veterans with anxiety: prevalence,

comorbidity, and risk factors. Epidemiology, 15(2), 135.

Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., Cabrera, O., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2008). Validating the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen and the

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist with soldiers returning from combat. Journal

of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 272-272-281. doi: 10.1037/0022-

006x.76.2.272

Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., Thomas, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2007). Timing of postcombat mental health assessments. Psychological Services, 4(3), 141-148. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2

10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x2005-09663-00510.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x 10.1037/1541-1559.4.3.141

Brenner, L. A., Gutierrez, P. M., Cornette, M. M., Betthauser, L. M., Bahraini, N., & Staves, P. J. (2008). A qualitative study of potential suicide risk factors in returning combat veterans. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30(3), 211-225.

Browne, T., Hull, L., Horn, O., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Fear, N. T., . . . Wessely, S. (2007). Explanations for the increase in mental health problems in UK reserve forces who have served in Iraq. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(6), 484.

Buckman, J. E. J., Sundin, J., Greene, T., Fear, N. T., Dandeker, C., Greenberg, N., &

Wessely, S. (2011). The impact of deployment length on the health and well-being of military personnel: A systematic review of the literature. Occupational and

environmental medicine, 68(1), 69-76.

Butor, P. (2010a). Resultat av screening och uppföljning av soldater ur Afghanistanstyrkan,

17:e rotationen (FS17). Försvarsmakten.

Butor, P. (2010b). Resultat av screening och uppföljning av soldater ur Afghanistanstyrkan, 19:e rotationen (FS19).

Butor, P. (2010c). Uppföljning av psykiskt välbefinnade hos ME01 – från utresan till återträffen) (Arbetsmiljöavdelningen, Trans.): HR C.

Butor, P. (2010d). Resultat av screening och uppföljning av soldater ur Afghanistanstyrkan,

18:e rotationen (FS18). FM HR C. Arbetsmiljöavdelningen.

Cabrera, O. A., Hoge, C. W., Bliese, P. D., Castro, C. A., & Messer, S. C. (2007). Childhood adversity and combat as predictors of depression and post-traumatic stress in deployed troops. American journal of preventive medicine, 33(2), 77-82.

Davey, J. D., Obst, P. L., & Sheehan, M. C. (2000). Work demographics and officers’ perceptions of the work environment which add to the prediction of at risk alcohol consumption within an Australian police sample. Policing: An International Journal

of Police Strategies & Management, 23(1), 69-81.

Dedert, E. A., Green, K. T., Calhoun, P. S., Yoash-Gantz, R., Taber, K. H., Mumford, M. M., . . . Morey, R. A. (2009). Association of trauma exposure with psychiatric morbidity in military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. Journal of psychiatric

Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T., & Solomon, Z. (2011). Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Distress: A Longitudinal Study. [Article]. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research,

Practice, & Policy.

Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34.

Diener, E., & Diener, M. (2009). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem.

Culture and Well-Being, 71-91.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75.

Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81.

Edström, J. (2009). Skelleftebo soldat i Afghanistan Retrieved 25.12, 2011, from http://norran.se/2009/07/skelleftea/skelleftebosoldatiafghanistan/

Fear, N. T., Iversen, A., Meltzer, H., Workman, L., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., . . . Wessely, S. (2007). Patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces. Addiction, 102(11), 1749-1759. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01978.x

Fear, N. T., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Hull, L., Iversen, A. C., Coker, B., . . . Jones, N. (2010). What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. The Lancet, 375(9728), 1783-1797. Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1998). Psychological benefits and liabilities of traumatic

exposure in the war zone. J Trauma Stress, 11(3), 485-503.

Foran, H. M., Smith Slep, A. M., & Heyman, R. E. (2011). Hazardous alcohol use among active duty Air Force personnel: Identifying unique risk and promotive factors.

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 28-40. doi:

10.1300/J020v24n01_0710.1300/J020v24n01_072007-01994-007 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01841.x. 10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.20610.1037/0012-1649.29.2.2061993-28995-001 10.1037/a0015125 10.2307/35130210.2307/3513021983-27053-001 10.1177/01466216770010030610.1177/0146621677001003061979-10129-001 10.1146/ annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144107 10.1037/a0020748

Forsvarsakademiet. (2010). Undersøgelse af psykiske efterreaktioner hos soldater udsendt til Afghanistan i perioden februar – august 2009.

Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. A., Åberg, L., & Fredrikson, M. (2005). Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta psychiatrica

scandinavica, 111(4), 291-290.

Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 1048. Försvarsmakten. (2011a) Retrieved 12.18, 2011, from

http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/Internationella-insatser/Avslutadeinsatser/ Försvarsmakten. (2011b). Samtalsledarinformation: Försvarsmakten.

Garmezy, N. (1987). STRESS, COMPETENCE, AND DEVELOPMENT: Continuities in the Study of Schizophrenic Adults, Children Vulnerable to Psychopathology, and the Search for Stress-Resistant Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(2), 159-174.

Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Silverman, A. B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., & Cohen, E. (1995). Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,

Gillum, T. L., Sullivan, C. M., & Bybee, D. I. (2006). The importance of spirituality in the lives of domestic violence survivors. Violence Against Women, 12(3), 240-250. Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based

studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires.

American Psychologist, 59(2), 93.

Hawkins, E. J., Lapham, G. T., Kivlahan, D. R., & Bradley, K. A. (2010). Recognition and management of alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF and other veterans in the VA: a cross- sectional study. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Drug Alcohol Depend, 109(1-3), 147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.025

Hoge, C., Terhakopian, A., Castro, C., Messer, S., & Engel, C. (2007). Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and

absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 150- 153.

Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13-22.

Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Fear, N. T., Browne, T., Horn, O., Iversen, A., . . . Earnshaw, M. (2006). The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: a cohort study. The Lancet, 367(9524), 1731-1741.

Hystad, S. W. Evaluation of Psychological Hardiness and Coping Style as Risk/Resilience Factors for Health Risk Behaviour.

Ismail, K., Kent, K., Brugha, T., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Seed, P., . . . David, A. S. (2002). The mental health of UK Gulf war veterans: phase 2 of a two phase cohort study. bmj,

325(7364), 576.

Iversen, A., Fear, N., Ehlers, A., Hacker Hughes, J., Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., . . . Hotopf, M. (2008). Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychological medicine, 38(04), 511-522.

Iversen, A., Van Staden, L., Hughes, J., Browne, T., Hull, L., Hall, J., . . . Wessely, S. (2009). The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC psychiatry, 9(1), 68.

Jacobson, I. G., Ryan, M. A. K., Hooper, T. I., Smith, T. C., Amoroso, P. J., Boyko, E. J., . . . Bell, N. S. (2008). Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat deployment. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 300(6), 663.

Joiner, T. (2007). Why people die by suicide: Harvard Univ Pr.

Kang, H. K., & Hyams, K. C. (2005). Mental health care needs among recent war veterans.

New England Journal of Medicine, 352(13), 1289-1289.

Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological

Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 53.

Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048.

Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness.

J Pers Soc Psychol, 37(1), 1.

Kukreja, S. (2010). Posttraumatic growth among OEF/OIF era military personnel. (Psychology Ph.D.), Psychology, United States -- California. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/822193544?accountid=11162 ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Lapierre, C. B., Schwegler, A. F., & LaBauve, B. J. (2007). Posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in soldiers returning from combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. J Trauma Stress, 20(6), 933-943. doi: 10.1002/jts.20278

Lee, G. R., Seccombe, K., & Shehan, C. L. (1991). Marital status and personal happiness: An analysis of trend data. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 839-844.

Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review.

J Trauma Stress, 17(1), 11-21.

Lunney, C. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2007). Domains of quality of life and symptoms in male veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress, 20(6), 955-964. Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., & Rodgers, B.

(1999). A short form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: evaluation of factorial validity and invariance across demographic variables in a community sample.

Personality and Individual differences, 27(3), 405-416.

Maercker, A., Michael, T., Fehm, L., Becker, E. S., & Margraf, J. (2004). Age of

traumatisation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder or major depression in young women. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(6), 482-487.

Maguen, S., Turcotte, D. M., Peterson, A. L., Dremsa, T. L., Garb, H. N., McNally, R. J., & Litz, B. T. (2008). Description of risk and resilience factors among military medical personnel before deployment to Iraq. Military Medicine, 173(1), 1-9.

Maguen, S., Vogt, D. S., King, L. A., King, D. W., & Litz, B. T. (2006). Posttraumatic growth among Gulf War I veterans: The predictive role of deployment-related experiences and background characteristics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11(5), 373- 388.

McFarlane, A. C. (1998). Epidemiological evidence about the relationship between ptsd and alcohol abuse:: The nature of the association. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 813-825. McLean, C. P., Handa, S., Dickstein, B. D., Benson, T. A., Baker, M. T., Isler, W. C., . . .

Litz, B. T. (2011). Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Stress Among Military Medical Personnel. [Article]. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, &

Policy.

Mehlum, L., & Weisaeth, L. (2002). Predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in Norwegian UN peacekeepers 7 years after service. J Trauma Stress, 15(1), 17-26.

Milliken, C. S., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 298(18), 2141. Mulligan, K., Jones, N., Woodhead, C., Davies, M., Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2010).

Mental health of UK military personnel while on deployment in Iraq. The British

Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 405.

Murphy, S. A., Beaton, R. D., Pike, K. C., & Johnson, L. (1999). Occupational stressors, stress responses, and alcohol consumption among professional firefighters: A

prospective, longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Stress Management, 6(3), 179-196.

Nash, W. P. (2007). Combat stress injury: Theory, research, and management. New York: Routledge.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Abnormal psychology: McGraw-Hill.

Ouimette, P., Wade, M., Prins, A., & Schohn, M. (2008). Identifying PTSD in primary care: comparison of the Primary Care-PTSD screen (PC-PTSD) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ). J Anxiety Disord, 22(2), 337-343.

Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and Prediction of Stress-Related Growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71-105.

Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological

Assessment, 5(2), 164-164-172. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164

Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., Morgan III, C. A., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Posttraumatic growth in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Journal of affective disorders, 126(1-2), 230- 235.

Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butollo, W., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo.

Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 71-83.

Prins, A., Ouimette, P., Kimerling, R., Camerond, R. P., Hugelshofer, D. S., Shaw-Hegwer, J., . . . Sheikh, J. I. (2004). The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice,

9(1), 9-14.

Rona, R. J., Fear, N. T., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., Earnshaw, M., Hotopf, M., & Wessely, S. (2007). Mental health consequences of overstretch in the UK armed forces: first phase of a cohort study. bmj, 335(7620), 603.

Rona, R. J., Hooper, R., Jones, M., Iversen, A. C., Hull, L., Murphy, D., . . . Wessely, S. (2009). The contribution of prior psychological symptoms and combat exposure to post Iraq deployment mental health in the UK military. J Trauma Stress, 22(1), 11-19. Roth, P. L. (1994). Missing data: A conceptual review for applied psychologists. Personnel

Psychology, 47(3), 537-560.

Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. [Article]. Addiction, 88(6), 791-804.

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4(3), 219. Schnurr, P. P., Rosenberg, S. D., & Friedman, M. J. (1993). Change in MMPI scores from

college to adulthood as a function of military service. Journal of Abnormal

Psychology, 102(2), 288.

Seal, K. H., Bertenthal, D., Miner, C. R., Sen, S., & Marmar, C. (2007). Bringing the war back home: Mental health disorders among 103 788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veterans Affairs Facilities. Archives of

Internal Medicine, 167(5), 476.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Building human strength: Psychology’s forgotten mission. APA

monitor, 29(1), 2.

Selin, K. H. (2006). Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT): what does it screen? Performance of the AUDIT against four different criteria in a Swedish population sample. Substance use & misuse, 41(14), 1881-1899.

Siegel, K., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2002). The perceived benefits of religious and spiritual coping among older adults living with HIV/AIDS. Journal for the scientific study of

religion, 41(1), 91-102.

Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2007). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical

explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Socialstyrelsen. (2009). Folkhälsorapport 2009.

Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex-pows. J Trauma Stress, 20(3), 303-312.

Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. J Pers Soc

Sundin, J., Fear, N., Iversen, A., Rona, R., & Wessely, S. (2010). PTSD after deployment to Iraq: conflicting rates, conflicting claims. Psychological medicine, 40(03), 367-382. Sundin, J., Forbes, H., Fear, N. T., Dandeker, C., & Wessely, S. (2011). The impact of the

conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan: A UK perspective. International Review of

Psychiatry, 23(2), 153-159.

Sundin, J., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Rona, R., Hotopf, M., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. (2010). Mental health among commando, airborne and other UK infantry personnel.

Occupational Medicine, 60(7), 552.

Svetlicky, V., Solomon, Z., Benbenishty, R., Levi, O., & Lubin, G. (2010). Combat exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms and risk-taking behavior in veterans of the second Lebanon war. The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 47(4), 276. Swendsen, J. D., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). The comorbidity of depression and substance

use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(2), 173-189.

Swendsen, J. D., Merikangas, K. R., Canino, G. J., Kessler, R. C., Rubio-Stipec, M., & Angst, J. (1998). The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. [Meta-Analysis

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Compr Psychiatry, 39(4), 176-184.

Tedeschi, R. G. (1999). Violence transformed:: Posttraumatic growth in survivors and their societies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4(3), 319-341.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the

aftermath of suffering: Sage Publications, Inc.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress, 9(3), 455-471.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.

Vetenskapsrådet. (2002). Forskningsetiska principer inom humanistisk-samhällsvetenskaplig forskning: Vetenskapsrådet Stockholm.

Walker, S. (2010). Assessing the mental health consequences of military combat in Iraq and Afghanistan: a literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,

17(9), 790-796.

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegan, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol,

54(6), 1063-1070.

Wilk, J. E., Bliese, P. D., Kim, P. Y., Thomas, J. L., McGurk, D., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Relationship of combat experiences to alcohol misuse among US soldiers returning from the Iraq war. Drug Alcohol Depend, 108(1-2), 115-121.

Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta

psychiatrica scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.

Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology--A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review,

Ordlista och förkortningar Ordlista

Agorafobi: Oproportionerlig rädsla inför folksamlingar eller att inte kunna få hjälp vid behov. Civil: En soldat som normalt inte tjänstgör i Försvarsmakten men som genomfört värnplikt eller grundläggande militär utbildning.

Cooping: Strategier för att bemästra svårigheter

Flashback: Återupplevelse av en händelse, vanligt förekommande vid posttrauamtiskt stress syndrom

Fortsättningsstyrka: Svenska militära bidraget till Afghanistan

Gränsvärde: Det värde som anges för att avgöra huruvida en diagnos uppfylls eller annat tillstånd kan anses föreligga

Habituering: Tillvänjning till en situation eller tillstånd

Inomgruppsdesign: En studie vars design innebär att deltagare med samma grupptillhörighet jämförs med varandra.

Kontraktsanställd: Soldat som är anställd av Försvarsmakten under tidsbegränsad period. Kontrollgrupp: Den grupps vars resultat jämförs med undersökningsgruppen för att identifiera skillnader. Kontroll gruppen har inte varit exponerade för den oberoende variabeln.

Medelvärde: En grupps sammanslagna värde delat på antal deltagare.

Median: ”Mittvärde”, det observationstal i en rangordnad serie som delar denna i två likstora delar.

Mellangruppsdesign: En studie mellan två grupper.

P värde: det värde som används för att avgöra huruvida en signifikant skillnad föreligger Reservofficer: Officer som genomgått reservofficersutbildning och normalt inte tjänstgör i Försvarsmakten men som kan vara tidvis anställd

Riskfaktor en egenskap eller ett förhållande som indikerar ökad risk för att en person skall få en eller flera sjukdomar

Samsjuklighet: När två eller flera kliniska tillstånd presenteras samtidigt och har ett samband mellan varandra

Sensitivitet: Egenskap hos diagnostiskt test, den andelen av de med viss sjukdom som korrekt identifieras av testet

Social fobi: Oproportionerlig rädsla inför att bli bedömd och granskad av andra.

Specialist officer: Försvarsmakts anställd som har genomgått Specialistofficers utbildning. Specificitet egenskap hos diagnostiskt test, andelen av friska som metoden identifierar korrekt Specifik Fobi: Oproportionerlig rädsla inför ett objekt eller djur

Urvalsgrupp: Den population deltagarna rekryteras ifrån

Förkortningar i bokstavsordning AUDIT 10: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test 10

CES: Combat Exposure Scale

DSM IV: Diagnostic Statistical Manual version 4 GAD: Generaliserat ångestsyndrom

HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

F: Fishers´s exakta test fg: frihetsgrader

H: Kruskal Wallis test

FS: Fortsättningsstyrka NA: Negativ affekt PA: Positiv affekt

PANAS short form: Positive and Negative Affect Scale short form PC PTSD: Primary Care PTSD

PTG: Posttraumatiskt växande

PTSD: Posttrauamtiskt stress syndrom SWLS: Satisfaction with life scale

U: Mann Whitney U test

Bilagor Bilaga 1 Hur mår du?

Tack för att du valt att medverka!

Enkäten tar inte mer än ca fem minuter att fylla i.

Sjukvårdsgrupp

!

Underhåll

!

Skytte, MOT, PO

!

OMLT

!

Övriga specialister

6. Har du sökt hjälp för psykiska problem (Ange endast ett svar)

!

Nej

7. Får du professionell psykologisk hjälp i dagsläget? (Ange endast ett svar)

!

8. Har du sökt hjälp utanför Försvarsmakten? (Ange endast ett svar)

!

Nej

5. Över 20 ggr

!

1. Nej

!

2. 1 ggr

!

3. 2-3 ggr

!

4. 4-5 ggr

!

5. Över 5 ggr

!

1. Aldrig

!

2. 1 ggr

!

3. 2-5 ggr

!

4. 6-10 ggr

!

5. Över 10 ggr

In document Posttraumatiskt växande och psykisk ohälsa bland svenska Afghanistanveteraner (Page 54-86)