6.1 Slutord
Uppsatsens syfte var att belysa auktioneringen av AI-konstverket Portrait of Edmond de
Belamy och förklara dess plats i Konstvärlden. Utifrån relevanta teorier och exempel har jag
kunnat fastställa verkets plats inom konstvetenskapen genom analys och diskussion. Fältet om
Portrait of Edmond de Belamy är i många avseenden outforskat för konstvetenskapen vilket
betyder att det finns aspekter och perspektiv för disciplinen att forska vidare på. Jag hoppas på att min forskning har introducerat konstvetenskapen till en genre som kan leda till fortsatt vetenskapligt arbete om den artificiella intelligensens plats i Konstvärlden.
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Käll- och litteraturförteckning
Internetkällor
Bailey, Jason. The AI Art At Christie’s Is Not What You Think. Artnome. 2018-10-14. https://www.artnome.com/news/2018/10/13/the-ai-art-at-christies-is-not-what-you-think. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
Chrisite’s. Is artificial intelligenceset to become art’s next medium? 2018. https://www.christies.com/features/A-collaboration-between-two-artists-one-human-one-a-machine-9332-1.aspx. (hämtad: 2019-03-06).
Elgammal, Ahmed. What the Art World is Failing to Grasp about Christie’s AI Portrait Coup.
Artsy.
2018-10-29.https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-art-failing-grasp-christies-ai-portrait-coup. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
Falcon, William. What Happens Now That An AI-Generated Painting Sold For $432,500?
Forbes. 2018-10-25.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamfalcon/2018/10/25/what-happens-now-that-an-ai-generated-painting-sold-for-432500/#4619a0daa41c. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
Jones, Jonathan. A portrait created by AI just sold for $432,000. But is it really art? The
Guardian, 2018-10-26.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/shortcuts/2018/oct/26/call-that-art-can-a-computer-be-a-painter. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
Luke, Ben. We must not let the art market hoodwink us in the AI debate. The Art Newspaper. 2018-12-17. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/we-must-not-let-the-art-market-hoodwink-us-in-the-ai-debate. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
Vincent, James. How three french students used borrowed code to put the first AI portrait in Christie’s. The Verge. 2018-10-23. https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18013190/ai-art-portrait-auction-christies-belamy-obvious-robbie-barrat-gans. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
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Weston, Phoebe. Who needs artists? Portrait painted (and signed) by artificial intelligence goes up for auction at Christie's in New York and could fetch $10,000. Daily Mail. 2018-10-24. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6310909/First-auction-painting-created-AI-artist-opens-Christies-New-York.html. (hämtad 2019-04-15).
Litteratur
A Boden, Margaret, “Creativity and artificial intelligence”, Artificial Intelligence vol. 103, nr 1-2. (1998), s. 347-356.
Mileaf , Janine, From "Fountain" to Fetish: Duchamp, Man Ray, Breton and objects,
1917-1936, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1999).
Benjamin, Elizabeth, Dada and Existentialism: The Authenticity of Ambiguity, (London Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Danto, Arthur,”The Artworld”, The Journal of Philosophy vol. 61, nr. 19. (1964), s. 571-584. Davies, Stephen, Definitions of Art, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
Dickie, George, What Is Art? An Institutional Analysis, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974).
Elgammal, Ahmed. Liu, Bingchen. Elhoseiny, Mohamed. Mazzone, Marian, CAN: Creative
Adversarial Networks Generating ”Art” by Learning About Styles and Deviating from Style Norms, (New Jersey: Rutgers University, The Art & AI Laboratory, 2017).
Hertzmann, Aaron, “Can Computers Create Art?”, Arts vol. 7, nr. 18 (2018), s. 1-25.
J Erden, Yasemin, “Could a Created Being Ever be Creative? Some Philosophical Remarks on Creativity and AI Development”, Minds and Machine, vol. 20, nr. 3, (2010) s. 349- 362.
Leigh Morbey, Mary, From Canvas to Computer: Harold Cohen’s Artificial Intelligence Paradigm for Art Making, (Ohio: The Ohio State University, 1992).
Luo, Sanbi. Liu, Si. Han, Jizhong. Guo, Tao, Multimodal Fusion for Traditional Chinese Painting Generation. I: Advances in Multimedia Information Processing- PCM 2018, Hong, Richang. Cheng, Wen-Huang. Yamasaki, Toshihiko. Wang, Meng. Ngo, Chong- Wah (red.), s. 24-34, (Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2018).
Mateas, Michael, “Expressive AI: A Hybrid Art and Science Practice”, Leonardo vol. 34, nr. 2 (2001), s. 147-153.
Mateas, Michael, Interactive Drama, Art and Artificial Intelligence, (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University, 2018).
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Miroshnichenko, Andrey, AI to Bypass Creativity: Will Robots Replace Journalists? (The
Answer Is “Yes”) (Toronto: York & Ryerson Joint Graduate Program in Communication & Culture, York University, 2018).
Nath, Rajakishore, “Machine intelligence (MI), competence and creativity”, AI & Society vol. 23, nr. 3 (2009). s. 441-458.
Polson, Nick. Scott, James, AIQ: Hur artificiell intelligens fungerar (Göteborg: Daidalos, 2018).
Rowe, Jon. Partridge, Derek. “Creativity: A survey of AI approaches”, Artificial Intelligence Review vol. 7, nr. 1. (1993). s. 43-70.
Winther Jørgensen, Marianne. Phillips, Louise, Diskursanalys som teori och metod (Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2000).
Wölfflin, Heinrich, Konsthistoriska grundbegrepp, (Stockholm; Svenska Bokförlaget, 1957). Zhu, Lin. Chen, Yushi. Ghamisi, Pedram. Benediktsson Atli Jón,“Generative Adversial Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification”, IEE Transactions on Geosciemce and Remote Sensing vol. 56, nr. 9. (2018) s. 5046-5063.
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Övriga länkar
Artnome. About. https://www.artnome.com/about-artnome. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
CBS News. This AI-generated portrait just sold for a stunning $432,500. 2018.
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ai-generated-portrait-sells-for-stunning-432500-portrait- of-edmond-de-belamy/. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
Christie’s. Prints and Multiples. 2018. https://www.christies.com/prints-and-multiples-27814.aspx?lid=1&dt=061120190749&saletitle=&intsaleid=27814&pg=all&action=paging& sid=cd31be00-86f0-4f97-9265-a97251b08183. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
Forbes. William Falcon. 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamfalcon/#4ad0044673d6. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
The Guardian. Jonathan Jones. 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/profile/jonathanjones. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
Linkedin. Ben Luke. https://uk.linkedin.com/in/ben-luke-703a804a. (hämtad 2020-01-03).
Muck Rack. Phoebe Weston. 2019. https://muckrack.com/phoeb0. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
Nicholson, Chris. A Beginner's Guide to Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Skymind. 2019. https://skymind.ai/wiki/generative-adversarial-network-gan. (hämtad: 2019-03-06).
Obvious Art. About us. 2018. https://obvious-art.com/about-us.html. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
Obvious Art. Gallery. 2018. https://obvious-art.com/gallery.html. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
Rutgers School of Arts and Science. Ahmed Elgammal. 2016. https://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~elgammal/Home.html. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
The Verge. James Vincent. 2020. https://www.theverge.com/authors/james-vincentm. (hämtad 2019-11-13).
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Bilagor
Bild 1
Portrait of Edmond de Belamy (2018). Från La Famille de Belamy. Print på canvas
genom Generative Adversarial Network. Publicerad av Obvious Art. 70x70 cm.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Edmond_de_Belamy.png
Text 1
Christie’s: ”Is artificial intelligence set to become art’s next medium?”
https://www.christies.com/features/A-collaboration-between-two-artists-one-human-one-a-machine-9332-1.aspx
Text 2
Forbes: ”What Happens Now That An AI-Generated Painting Sold For $432,500?” av William Falcon
https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamfalcon/2018/10/25/what-happens-now-that-an-ai-generated-painting-sold-for-432500/#4619a0daa41c
Text 3
Daily Mail: ”Who needs artists? Portrait painted (and signed) by artificial intelligence goes up for auction at Christie's in New York and could fetch $10,000” av Phoebe Weston
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6310909/First-auction-painting-created-AI-artist-opens-Christies-New-York.html
Text 4
The Guardian: ”A portrait created by AI just sold for $432,000. But is it really art?” av Jonathan Jones
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/shortcuts/2018/oct/26/call-that-art-can-a-computer-be-a-painter
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The Art Newspaper: ”We must not let the art market hoodwink us in the AI debate” av Ben Luke
https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/we-must-not-let-the-art-market-hoodwink-us-in-the-ai-debate
Text 6
The Verge: ”How three french students used borrowed code to put the first AI portrait in Christie’s” av James Vincent
https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18013190/ai-art-portrait-auction-christies-belamy-obvious-robbie-barrat-gans
Text 7
Artsy: ”What the Art World is Failing to Grasp about Christie’s AI Portrait Coup” av Ahmed Elgammal
https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-art-failing-grasp-christies-ai-portrait-coup
Text 8
Artnome: ”The AI Art At Christie’s Is Not What You Think” av Jason Bailey