• Administering a borderland at war: Bab al-Hawa in Syria, November 2018 ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project)
• Pro-government militia autonomy on the battlefield in Syria, 22 March 2018 Al-Monitor
• Turkish-supported public services flourish in Euphrates Shield area, 17 September 2018
• Is this the end of the Syrian Interim Government?, 15 March 2019 Amnesty International
• Syria: Turkey must stop serious violations by allied groups and its own forces in Afrin, 2 August 2018
Bellingcat
• Syrian Turkmen Groups in Latakia: An Overview, 7 February 2019
• Wrath of the Olives: Tracking the Afrin Insurgency Through Social Media, 1 March 2019
Borgen Project
• Education in Syria Has Continued Despite Civil War, 8 February 2019 Chatham House
• Assad Has Learned That Chemical Attacks Are a Tactic That Works, 13 April 2018
Clingendael Spectator
• Six scenarios for pro-regime militias in ‘post-war’ Syria, March 2019 Danish Refugee Council en Danish Immigration Service
• Syria. Recruitment practices in government-controlled areas and in areas under opposition control, involvement of public servants and civilians in the armed conflict and issues related to exiting Syria, August 2017
• Syria: Security Situation in Damascus Province and Issues Regarding Return to Syria, February 2019
Durable Solutions Platform
• Durable Solutions in North-East Syria, November 2019
• Far from Home - Future Prospects for Syrian Refugees in Iraq, January 2019
• Working towards Self-Reliance: Syrian refugees’ economic participation in Turkey, March 2019
European Institute of Peace
• Refugee return in Syria: dangers, security risks and information scarcity, May 2019
European University Institute
• The Sochi agreement and the interests of guarantor states: examining the aims and challenges of sustaining the deal, 2019
Fafo Institute
• The living conditions of Syrian refugees in Jordan: Results from the 2017-2018 survey of Syrian refugees inside and outside camps, 10 February 2019 Human Rights Watch
• Syria: Thousands of Displaced Confined to Camps, 1 August 2018
• World Report – Syria, 17 January 2019
• Syria: Arrests, Torture by Armed Group, 28 January 2019
• Families of Iraqi IS Suspects Transferred from Syria, 24 February 2019
• Syria: Detention, Harassment in Retaken Areas, 21 May 2019 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
• IDPs & Refugees: Two Sides of the Same Coin, 21 January 2019 International Crisis Group
• Middle East Report N°187 - Keeping the Calm in Southern Syria, 21 June 2018
• Europe Report N°250, Russia and Turkey in the Black Sea and the South Caucasus, 28 June 2018
• Middle East Briefing N°63 - Saving Idlib from Destruction, 3 September 2018
• Middle East Briefing N°66 - Avoiding a Free-for-all in Syria’s North East, 21 December 2018
• Mitigating Risks for Syrian Refugee Youth in Turkey’s Şanlıurfa, 11 February 2019
• Middle East Report N°196 - Lessons from the Syrian State’s Return to the South, 25 February 2019
Jamestown
• The Turkistan Islamic Party in Double-Exile: Geographic and Organizational Divisions in Uighur Jihadism, 7 September 2018
King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic studies
• “Useful Syria” and Demographic Changes in Syria, 2017 Landinfo
• Syria: Marriage legislation and traditions, 22 August 2018 Leiden University
• Civil Documentation Strategies in Light of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, November 2018
Longwarjournal
• Al Qaeda-linked operations room counterattacks as bombs fall in northern Syria, 6 May 2019
Middle East Institute
• The Tiger Forces: Pro-Assad fighters backed by Russia, October 2018 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• COI report on Syria, June 2015
• COI report on compulsory military service in Syria, December 2016
• COI report on documents in Syria, October 2017 OHCHR
• Syria: Bachelet alarmed by upsurge in attacks and civilian casualties in Idlib, 19 February 2019
• UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: Continued hostilities and lawlessness countrywide render safe and sustainable returns impossible, 28 February 2019
Omran for strategic studies
• The Autonomous Administration in Northern Syria: Questions of Legitimacy and Identity, 26 July 2018
REACH Initiative
• Humanitarian Situation Overview in Syria (HSOS): Northeast Syria, October 2018, 31 October 2018
• Humanitarian Situation Overview in Syria (HSOS): Northeast Syria, November 2018, 30 November 2018
• Southern Idleb & Northern Hama Rapid Needs Assessment, December 2018 Syrian American Medical Society
• Impacts of attacks on healthcare in Syria, 19 October 2018 Stockholm Center for Freedom
• UN report details large-scale human rights abuses in Afrin under Turkish military control, 8 July 2018
Syrian Network for Human Rights
• Documenting the Death of 6,964 Civilians in Syria in 2018, 1 February 2019
• 223.161 civilians were killed from March 2011 to March 2019, 13 March 2019
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
• About 522 thousand people were killed in 90 months since the start of the Syrian revolution in March 2011, 13 September 2018
The Institute for the Study of War (ISW)
• Syria Situation Report: August 6-16, 2018
• Syria Situation Report: August 16-28, 2018
• Syria Situation Report: August 28 – September 12, 2018
• Syria Situation Report: September 13 – September 26, 2018
• Syria Situation Report: January 10-23, 2019
• Syria Situation Report: February 7 - 20, 2019 The Syria Institute
• No Return to Homs, 21 February 2017 The Washington Institute for Near East policy
• Fabrice Balanche, Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War, 2018 UN General Assembly
• A/HRC/39/65, 9 August 2018
• A/HRC/40/70, 31 January 2019 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
• Relevant country of origin information to assist with the application of UNHCR’s country guidance on Syria, February 2017
• UNHCR en NRC, Housing, land and property. Displacement, housing, land and property and access to civil documentation in the north west of the Syrian Arab Republic, July 2017
• International protection considerations with regard to people fleeing the Syrian Arab Republic. Update V, November 2017
• Syria - IDP Situation Monitoring Initiative (ISMI): Monthly Overview of IDP Movements in Northern Syria, November 2018, 30 November 2018
• Lebanon: Inter-Agency Coordination End-Year 2018 Statistical Dashboard, 31 December 2018
• Egypt Factsheet, 31 December 2018
• Provision of Life-Saving Assistance and Supporting Communities, 2018
• Syria Factsheet, January 2019
• Syria Refugee Response: Informal Settlements - Flood Risks in the coming 72 hours, 8 January 2019
• Turkey Operational Update, October 2018, 9 January 2019
• Cross-Border Humanitarian Response Fact Sheet - Northwest Syria - January 2019, 31 January 2019
• Jordan Factsheet - January 2019, 31 January 2019
• Jordan: UNHCR Operational Update, January 2019, 31 January 2019
• Lebanon Factsheet, 31 January 2019
• Comprehensive protection and solutions strategy: Protection Thresholds and parameters for refugee return to Syria, February 2018
• Jordan: Livelihood Opportunities for Refugees - February 2019, 6 February 2019
• Syrian Refugee Camps and Provincial Breakdown of Syrian Refugees Registered in South East Turkey as of 07 February 2019, 13 February 2019 UNICEF
• Syria Crisis Situation Report - November 2018, 30 November 2018
• In northern Aleppo’s Fafin camp in Syria, families prepare for winter, 6 January 2019
• Whole of Syria Facts and Figures: Child Protection, 29 January 2019
• Syria Crisis Situation Report - April 2019 Humanitarian Results, 30 April 2019
UN OCHA
• Syrian Arab Republic: Dara’a, Qunaitra, Sweida Flash Update No. 2, 26 June 2018
• Jordan | Syrian Arab Republic: Dara’a, Qunaitra, Sweida Flash Update No. 4, 2 July 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: Dar’a, Quneitra, As-Sweida - Situation Report No. 1, 5 July 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: Dar’a, Quneitra, As-Sweida - Situation Report No. 2, 12 July 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: Dar’a, Quneitra, As-Sweida - Situation Report No. 3, 19 July 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: Dara’a, Quneitra, Sweida - Situation Report No. 4, 29 July 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: Dar’a, Qunaitra, Sweida - Situation Report No. 5, 3 August 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: Humanitarian Situation in Dara’a, Qunaitra and As-Sweida Governorates- Situation Report No. 6, 18 August 2018
• Syria: Recent Developments in North-west Syria, 12 September 2018
• Turkey/Syria: Cross-Border Humanitarian Reach and Activities from Turkey - October 2018, 31 October 2018
• Turkey/Syria: Cross-Border Humanitarian Reach and Activities from Turkey - November 2018, 30 November 2018
• Syrian Arab Republic: IDP Movements (December 2018), 21 January 2019
• Turkey/Syria: Cross-Border Humanitarian Reach and Activities from Turkey - December 2018, 13 February 2019
• Flash Update 2: Displacement from Hajin, Deir-ez-Zor Governorate, 20 February 2019
• Humanitarian Bulletin Lebanon Issue 34, 25 February 2019
• 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview: Syrian Arab Republic, 1 March 2019
• Syrian Arab Republic. Situation report 1: Recent developments in North-western Syria, 9 May 2019
UN Security Council
• S/2018/1104, 11 December 2018
• S/2018/1157, 31 December 2018
• S/2019/42, 15 January 2019
• S/2019/157, 19 February 2019
Violations Documentation Center (VDC) in Syria
• Monthly Statistical Report on Casualties in Syria, June 2018
• Monthly Statistical report on casualties in Syria, July 2018
World Food Programme
• WFP Syria Situation Report #3, March 2019, 30 March 2019
• WFP Syria Situation Report #4, April 2019, 30 April 2019 World Health Organization
• Health Cluster Weekly Situation Report: Whole of Syria, Week 31, 28 July – 3 August 2018, 3 August 2018
• Unexploded mines pose daily risk for people in northern Syria, 6 March 2019
News sources
• AFP
• Al-Jazeera
• BBC News
• CBS News
• Daily Sabah
• De Volkskrant
• France24
• Haaretz
• IRIN News
• Kurdistan24
• La Nouvelle Gazette
• Oxford Analytica
• RFE/RL
• Reuters
• Rudaw
• SANA
• Syria Direct
• The Daily Star
• The Defense Post
• The Economist
• The Guardian
• The Intercept
• The Jerusalem Post
• The Moscow Times
• The National
• The New York Times
• The Syrian Observer
• The Times of Israel
• TRTWorld
• UN News
• WSJ
• Xinhua
Websites
• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Bashar al-Assad.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bashar-al-Assad last updated: 4 June 2019, consulted on 7 June 2019
• Global Security, Kurdish People’s Protection Unit YPG
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ypg.htm (last updated on 18 January 2018, consulted on 7 June 2019)
• List of 1.5 million wanted persons https://leaks.zamanalwsl.net/1.5m.php;
List of wanted conscripts http://leaks.zamanalwsl.net/matlobeen.php (consulted on 7 June 2019)
• Norwegian Refugee Council – Syrië: https://www.nrc.no/countries/middle-east/syria/ consulted on 8 May 2019
• OCHA Syrië: https://www.unocha.org/syria consulted on 8 May 2019
• Website of Operation Inherent Resolve http://www.inherentresolve.mil/
• Red Cross – International humanitarian law https://www.rodekruis.nl/over-ons/humanitair-oorlogsrecht/ consulted on 7 June 2019.
• Stanford University Mapping militant organizations
http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria
• Stanford University, Free Syrian Army:
http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria consulted on 8 May 2019
• Stanford University, Mapping militant organizations. Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (Formerly Jabhat al-Nusra)
• http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/493
• Syrian Arab Red Crescent http://sarc.sy/
• Syrian Nationality Legislation (Decree 276 of 1969) http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d81e7b12.pdf
• Syrian Network for Human Rights, Monthly reports – death toll, to March 2019. http://sn4hr.org/blog/category/report/monthly-reports/victims-death-toll/
• UNHCR, Syria regional refugee response
http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria (consulted on 5 June 2019)
• Unicef, Syrian Arab Republic, https://www.unicef.org/appeals/syria.html (last updated on 9 January 2019, consulted on 8 May 2019)