Skelleftefältet i norra Sverige har tolkats som en paleoproterozoisk vul-kanbåge. Det är ett av de viktigaste malmdistrikten i Sverige och malmkropparna är av typen Vulkaniska Massiva Sulfider (VMS) och pro-ducerar i huvudsak basmetaller, men även guld och silver. Prospektering och brytning av mineralresurser flyttas mot större djup på grund av svårigheten i att finna ytnära malmkroppar, men också tack vare de höga metallpriserna.
Därför är det viktigt att bättre förstå de tredimensionella geologiska struktur-erna ner till några kilometers djup. En sådan tredimensionell förståelse av berggrunden är viktig för att hitta fler malmkroppar samt för att planera framtida gruvdrift.
Efter ett lyckat pilotprojekt med 3D geologisk modellering i de västra delarna av skelleftefältet (omkring Kristineberg gruvan) lanserades 2008 ett nytt projekt ”VINNOVA 4D modeling of the Skellefte district” i syfte att förbättra existerande geologiska modeller på grunda djup, samt utöka model-len mot de centrala delarna. Mer än 100 km (krokiga) reflektionsseimiska profiler mättes in, bearbetades och tolkades integrerat med geologiska ob-servationer och potentialfältsdata. Resultaten användes för att förbättra ex-isterande 3D geologiska modeller, men gav även ny information om geologi och potentiella malmfyndigheter på större djup.
Två nya (i de närmaste vinkelräta) profiler i Kristineberg området förbät-trade den existerande lokala geologiska modellen jämfört med modellen från pilotprojektet och visade även på förmågan att lokalisera starkt mineral-iserade zoner med reflektionsseismik i området. Den mineralmineral-iserade zonen i Kristineberg samt strukturer associerade med denna stupar mot syd ner till ett djup av ungefär två kilometer. I de centrala delarna av Skelleftefältet visade tre (nästan parallella) profiler en annan seismisk karaktär jämfört med seismiskt data från Kristineberg området. De starkaste reflektionerna och diffraktionerna kunde korreleras med förkastningar och skjuvzoner i om-rådet. Dessa resultat kunde användas för att konstruera en första 3D geolo-gisk modell över de centrala delarna av Skelleftefältet ner till ett djup av ungefär fem kilometer. Tolkning av observerade reflektioner och svårigheter med standard seismisk processering förbättrades och förenklades med hjälp av användandet av Cross-dip analysering, reflektions modellering, pre-stack tidsmigrering, swath 3D processering samt Finit-differens seismisk model-lering. Även om 3D seismiska data är oftast att föredra för att uppnå en pcis lokalisering av potentiella mål för exploatering i gruvdistrikt, visar
re-57 sultaten från denna avhandling att även 2D seismiska profiler kan ge mycket värdefull information i gruvdistrikt, särskilt då resultaten kan verifieras med geologiska observationer och andra geofysiska data.
Acknowledgments
One of the many joys of this completion is to look back at the route and remember all the people who helped and supported me along this long but fulfilling road. I take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to many of those who helped me finish this research project.
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Christopher Juhlin. Chris: I met you in the Oskarshamn seismic fieldwork for the first time (my first practical fieldwork in the seismic group, April 2004) and my motivation to study for a PhD in Geophysics started there. I told myself, if I am going to do a PhD, I would want to have a supervisor like you. Thanks so much for having me accepted in the Geophysics group as your PhD student. I like your socializing and communications with your students, I had a comfortable time during my PhD, and I could express my opinions to you. I would like to thank you for allowing me to follow Alireza to Canada in the beginning of my study. During that time, you were in con-tact with me all the time and answered my questions quickly. I would like to thank you for all the time that you spent guiding me through seismic pro-cessing, modeling, reviewing my papers, and the thesis. Thank you for all your guidance, motivation, patience and support during this time. I also thank you for giving me opportunities to see nice cities and meet seismic experts by sending me to the conferences. I want to also thank you and your family for all your kindness and friendship since we moved to Sweden.
Thank you very much!
Special thanks go to Hans Palm for all the practical lecturing on reflection seismic data acquisition. Hasse: I learned a lot from you during many differ-ent fieldworks not only throughout my PhD time, also before that. Your support made me brave enough to go forward. You guided me not only through seismic surveys, but also my life, cooking, Swedish and driving.
I would like to thank my co-supervisor, Ari Tryggvason, and my earlier co-supervisor Laust B. Pedersen. Ari: thank you for your friendship and help since we moved to Sweden. I never forget your kindness, thank you!
I would like to thank my former colleagues, Artem Kashubin, for teach-ing me how to operate the ‘White House’. Artem: you gave me confidence to operate the ‘White House’ and also drive it. I wish you and your family all the best wherever you are.
I would like to thank my former officemates, Swasdee Yordkayhun and María García. María: we shared lots of time together not only because we
59 were office- or projectmates, but also because you were a nice friend to me.
Thank you for all your kindness and help from Matlab debugging to arrang-ing my home’s curtains!
I would like to thank Emil Lundberg. Emil: I spent a lot of time with you during fieldwork and conferences. Thanks for all your help from seismic processing to Swedish. Thanks also for the nice foods; your cooking in the field was always excellent. I want to especially thank you for taking care of the Swedish summary of this thesis.
VINNOVA, Boliden Mineral AB and Lundin mining are thanked for funding my research project. I would also like to thank all the VINNOVA 4D project members for their great discussion and collaborations, especially Pietari Skyttä and Tobias Bauer. Thank you very much!
I would like to thank Alireza, Chris, Tobias B., Bjarne and Omid for re-viewing this thesis and their comments.
I am grateful to Taher Mazloomian and his family, Faramarz Nil-fouroushan and his wife, Tabasom, Mehrdad Bastani and his wife, Fariba, Elnaz Sherafat and her husband, Hossein, for their friendship, kindness, support and help since we moved to Sweden. Thank you very much!
I would like to thank Reza Younesi and his wife, Sahar (Fatemeh Sharifi) for their friendship and kindness to my family and me. I will never be tired of being with you and I wish you all the best and thank you!
I take the opportunity to thank all my Iranian and International friends that helped my family and me during my PhD time.
At Uppsala University, the academic and support staffs from the Depart-ment of Earth Sciences are acknowledged for their support and help. All my colleagues, former and present PhD students are thanked for a great time during these years. I spent many hours with you during coffee breaks, lunch times, parties, conferences and fieldtrips. I will not try to write down a full list of names, since I do not want to miss anybody. A big ''Thank you'' to all of you.
My families, including my in-laws, have always supported me throughout my PhD time and I really appreciate it. I would like to thank my family for accompanying me during many of my fieldworks and taking care of Armita.
I am so lucky to have your support whenever and wherever needed!
I want to thank my lovely daughters, Armita and Camelia. I am greatly indebted to Armita for company during fieldworks, conferences and be pa-tient during my absence, and the times that I could have spent with her, but I spent on my own work. Thank you my dear Armita!
My deepest gratitude and love belong to Alireza, whose support, patience and guidance were with me in all these years. Your support and encourage-ment were in the end what made this dissertation possible. There are not enough words to thank you and I do not know many, but: Thank you.
Azita (Mahdieh) Dehghannejad, March, 2014
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