Då många mäniskor tillbringar merparten av sin tid inomhus så har inomhus-luftens kvalitet har stor betydelse för hur vi mår. Dålig luft orsakar vad som brukar kallas ”sick building syndrom” vilket definieras som att mäniskor uppvisar symptom som huvudvärk, trötthet och illamående i en byggnad utan att egentligen vara sjuka. Det finns olika orsaker till ”sick building syndrom” där flyktiga organiska förreningar (VOC) är en av dem. Utöver att orsaka dessa syndrom så kan den här typen av förreningar vara markörer för olika sjukdomar, exempelvis bröstcancer. Därför är det viktigt att forska kring och utveckla nya sensorer som kan detektera dem. I den här avhand-lingen har följande material används för att utveckla sensorer för detektion av VOCs: metaloxider, tiol funktionaliserade guldnanopartiklar samt TiO2 kombinerat med grafen.
En avancerad gasförångare använders för att producera tunnfilms NiO sensorer som kan användas för att detektera formaldehyd. Före värmebe-handling hade NiO filmens krystaliter en diameter på 2.2 nm till 3.7 nm med en snäv storleksdistribution. Filmerna har hög ytarea, ~154.7 m2/g, på grund av sin porositet och är därför optimala för gassensorer.
NiO-sensorerna var selektiva för detektion av formaldehyd och gav lågt utslag för etanol och metan i förhålland till formaldehyd. Testen utfördes vid 200°C och kunde detektera 0.5 ppm av formaldehyd och utfördes med meto-derna resistans och ”fluctation-enhanced sensing” (brus). De två metometo-derna gav liknande resultat.
InSnO tunnfilmer tillverkades med DC magnetron förstoftning (sput-tering) och hade olika In/(In+Sn) sammansättningar, från 3% till 75%. Pro-verna värmebehandlades vid 400°C. Prover med mindre än 20% hade SnO2 kristallstruktur medans prover med mer än 75% hade In2O3 struktur. Dock så visade SEM att kornen är bildade som kluster av kristaller, eftersom korn-storleken var högre än de genomsnittliga kristallitdiameter av proven. Olika analysmetoder, EDX och XPS, gav konsekventa resultat på elementära för-hållanden i små experimentella felprocent.
InSnO filmer användes för att detektera acetaldehyd, som är en biologisk markör för tidigt upptäcka bröstcancer samt en VOC. Svaret från sensorerna varierade med sina I /(I+Sn) förhållanden, prover har mindre än 20 % I/(I+
Sn) hade högre svar, men en lokal maxima inträffade var i och Sn förhållan-dena var nära. Vidare vid 185°C ned till 200 ppb acetaldehyd detektering uppnås.
Spridda Au nanopartiklar producerades via hjälp av avancerad gasförång-are. Au nanopartiklar hade ~10 nm kristallitdiameter och kornstorlek, vilket visar att varje korn är enda kristall. Au nanopartiklar var funktionaliseras med dodekantiol och 2-mercaptobenzaxozale. Efter funktionalisering, Au nanopartiklar hade webbliknande strukturer på Si substrat med egenskaper Schottkydiod.
Dodekantiol funtionaliserade AuNP sensorer användes för att detektera acetaldehyd och formaldehyd. Acetaldehyd detekteras med användning av motståndsförändringar vid olika punkter i sensor förspänning. Resultaten visade att sensorerna selektiv respons på acetaldehyd jämfört med etanol och etylbensen. Svaret på acetaldehyd har ökat i hög relativ fuktighet på 70%, vilket gör sensorn användbar för analys av utandningsluft.
2-mercaptobenzaxozale utjämnade Au NP användes för att övervaka for-maldehyd med fluktuationer förbättrad avkänning. Urskiljbart buller svar på formaldehyd på 1,5 ppm har erhållits jämfört med 50 ppm etanol. Således har en ny sensor tillverkningsmetod i kombination med fluktuationer förbätt-rad avkänning som kan leda till ytterligare diagnostiska tillämpningar.
Förstoftning har använts för att producera VO2 tunnfilmer, vilka även har thermochromics egenskaper. The O2 förhållanden under nedfall har påverkat deras svar på formaldehyd och acetaldehyd. Men det är en stor nackdel att VO2 inte är termiskt stabil och bildade V2O5 i vissa prover.
Slutligen var grafen/TiO2 prover som framställts genom användning av doctor-blading som är en mycket enkel metod. TiO2 har fotokatalytiska egenskaper, som kan kombineras i gas detektion. Sensorerna gav resultat med NO2 när brus används med ytterligare dataanalys, såsom principalkom-ponentanalys (PCA).
Acknowledgements
First off all, I am proud and happy with the results of my doctoral studies after such a long time. It would not have been possible to complete this task without the help of my supervisor Professor Gunnar Niklasson who guided me during my studies, especially with his theoretical knowledge. His calm attitude and working discipline have given me inspiration.
I am also grateful to my co-supervisor Professor Claes-Göran Granqvist for not only being a good mentor but also a great host. I have enjoyed his and Martha Garrett’s hospitality at their house parties which were fun to attend.
I thank my co-supervisor Professor Lars Österlund for his help during my studies and I am grateful for his help, especially in experimental issues. His help in finding contacts has been very useful in this time.
Furthermore, I thank Professor Janusz Smulko and Professor Radu Ionescu for co-operating in projects. It was joyful to work with them, and I am very happy with results achieved so far. I had a great time in Poland with Janusz’s guidance on Polish culture. In addition, I thank Tesfalem Welearegay for his hard work and co-operation.
During this time, I have received great help from post-doctoral fellows Dr.
Zareh Topalian and Dr. Pia Lansåker. I learned the basics of lab tools in FTF from them at the beginning of my studies. It was a great pleasure to chat with them at fika times.
I cannot continue further without mentioning my Turkish family in Uppsala.
Esat Pehlivan and Ilknur Bayrak Pehlivan started to help me even before I came to Sweden. I wish they have further joyful times with UmutP. Other members of my Turkish family, Arzu Graneberg and Yagmur Yagdiran Alatli were always there when I needed them. I wish them a happy life. Ser-kan ASer-kansel was not only a colleague but a joyful friend who listened to me a lot. Lastly, I thank to Selcuk Yaldir, Fatma Gulen Yaldir, and Esra Bayoglu Flener for the times we had.
I’m thankful to a close friend, whom I met here, from my hometown, Ozden Baltekin (Ozzy) for all the discussions we had on science, politics and
cur-current events. It was fun to be in Sputnik Kollektiv for Katushka. I’d like to mention Ninnie Abrahamsson for joining him and keeping a company with us as well. I should also mention another Turkish friend Burak Aktekin for his friendship, especially when I had difficult times, and joyful chats.
My friends and colleagues in FTF made me feel special during my studies. It was such a great working environment and I was always happy whenever we gathered for board games or during Christmas dinners at FTF. I thank Bozhidar Stefanov for the chats when we shared our office and I wish him success. I’m thankful to Delphine Lebrun, especially for board games and being a nice host. I feel lucky that I worked with my colleagues in FTF. I always had fun with Rui Tao Wen, Jose Montero, Miguel Arvizu, Carlos Triana, Andreas Mattson, Ji Yuxia, Mikael Andersson, Daniel Hedlund, Annica Nilsson and Sofia Kontos. I’m also grateful to Bengt Götesson for his help, not only in work but also for practice in Swedish.
I had lots of fun with my friends in BMC, Alexandre Barozzo with whom I ran a marathon, Klev Diamanti and Tommy Athan, with whom we travelled through the whole of Greece (with Alex). In addition, Petar Kovachev, Miha Purg, Ania Pabis, Showgy Maayeh and Fabio Freitag; it was fun to hang out with you at ICM beer clubs.
I should mention the twins Juliana and Gabriela Lundholm for the good times we had. It was a joy to cook with you together. I’m thankful to Elisabeth Dahlkvist for being a good friend for years.
Finally I leave my last words for my family (in Turkish):
Cesaretimi kaybettigim anlarda daima yanimda olan ve beni bugunlere kadar yetistiren annem ve babam, size minnetarim. Ebeveyn olmanin yanisira sizinle bir arkadas gibi iletisim kurdugum icin kendimi cok sansli hissediyorum. Ikiz kardesim Ulas, seninle daima aramizda özel bir bag olduguna inandim. Cesaretin ve kararliligin bana daima ilham verdi. Cok sevdigim Buse, aramizdaki yas farkina ragmen seninle de özel bir bagimiz var, uzakta olsan da seninle oynadigimiz oyunlar, konusmalarimiz hep eglenceli oldu. Ben ögrencilige veda ederken, sana universite yasaminda basarilar diliyorum. Hepiniz iyi ki varsiniz!
Umut Çindemir
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