Targeting by anti-government insurgents

Sources indicate that Afghans who are identifiable as being associated with international forces or Western countries may be targeted by the Taliban and insurgent groups (⁹⁵⁶).

Individuals who could be identified with Western countries through association with international forces or NGOs, usually travel within the country without carrying identification to avoid problems (⁹⁵⁷). For information on this specific topic, refer to EASO Country of Origin Report: Afghanistan - Individuals targeted by armed actors in the conflict (⁹⁵⁸).

Sources describe the fears claimed by Afghans returning back from the West are related to general insecurity (⁹⁵⁹), or in some cases, due to their identity (⁹⁶⁰), fear of the original threat

(⁹⁵²) Asylos is a global network of volunteers that provides free Country of Origin reports to lawyers to assist asylum seekers with making their claims. Asylos, Afghanistan: Situation of young male ‘Westernised’ returnees to Kabul, August 2017 (url), p.4.

(⁹⁵³) Asylos, Afghanistan: Situation of young male ‘Westernised’ returnees to Kabul, August 2017 (url), p.18.

(⁹⁵⁴) Asylos, Afghanistan: Situation of young male ‘Westernised’ returnees to Kabul, August 2017 (url), p.18.

(⁹⁵⁵) Ahmadi, M., email, 23 August 2017.

(⁹⁵⁶) Canada, IRB, AFG105413.E - Afghanistan: Situation of Afghan citizens who work for NGOs or international aid organizations, and whether they are targeted by the Taliban; attacks against schools and incidents of violence against students, teachers, and the educational sector; state response (2012-January 2016), 22 February 2016 (url);

Australia, DFAT, DFAT Country Information Report – Afghanistan, 18 September 2015, p.23. Available from DFAT upon request. Cited in: UK, Home Office, Country Policy and Information Note – Afghanistan: Fear of anti-government elements (AGEs), 29 November 2016 (url).

(⁹⁵⁷) Canada, IRB, AFG105414.E - Afghanistan: Documents required to travel within Afghanistan, documents required to pass checkpoints (2013-January 2015), 3 February 2016 (url); Australia, DFAT, DFAT Country Information Report – Afghanistan, 18 September 2015, p.23. Available from DFAT upon request. Also cited in: UK, Home Office, Country Policy and Information Note – Afghanistan: Fear of anti-government elements (AGEs), 29 November 2016 (url).

(⁹⁵⁸) EASO, Country of Origin Report: Afghanistan - Individuals targeted by armed actors in the conflict, December 2017 (url).

(⁹⁵⁹) Van Houte, M., Return Migration to Afghanistan – Moving Back or Moving Forward?, 2016, p. 157; AI, Forced back to danger – asylum-seekers returned from Europe to Afghanistan, 5 October 2017 (url), p. 17.

(⁹⁶⁰) AI, Forced back to danger – asylum-seekers returned from Europe to Afghanistan, 5 October 2017 (url), p. 17.

(⁹⁶¹), or fear of being targeted by the Taliban as ‘un-Islamic’ (⁹⁶²). Sources indicate that returnees from the West fear being labelled by insurgents as spies (⁹⁶³). Other sources give the view that returned youth are vulnerable to recruitment to armed groups (⁹⁶⁴). In 2015, two research studies on reintegration of returnees to Afghanistan found that returnees’ fear of the security situation stopped them from leaving home to search for employment (⁹⁶⁵), though respectively, one study described it as a ‘larger’ proportion of those studied (⁹⁶⁶), while in the other study, it was 5 of 19 participants (26%)(⁹⁶⁷).

Several instances were found in the media where Hazara Afghans alleged they were targeted because of having spent time in the West:

 In 2014, the Guardian reported on the case of Australian Afghan dual citizen of Hazara ethnicity, Sayid Habib Musawi, who was killed by the Taliban on the road from Ghazni to Kabul. His family told the Guardian that he lived in Australia since 2000 and went back to Afghanistan to visit family. While on the road, he was taken off a bus and killed by the Taliban, which his family said was due to his Australian citizenship (⁹⁶⁸). At the time of the 2014 article, the Australian government was seeking to confirm the report (⁹⁶⁹). Further information could not be found.

 In 2014, Zainullah Naseri, a Hazara man who was a failed asylum seeker deported from Australia, claimed in media reports that he was kidnapped by the Taliban at a checkpoint between Ghazni and Kabul and tortured (⁹⁷⁰). He stated that he had been attacked by the Taliban because he had lived in a foreign country and had become an

‘infidel’; they threatened to kill him unless he gave the money, but he managed to escape (⁹⁷¹) and returned to Kabul (⁹⁷²). He was reportedly carrying his Australian driver’s licence at the time of the attack (⁹⁷³). However, in a contrast, an Australian government official said the kidnapping as ‘opportunistic’ (⁹⁷⁴). The Australian

(⁹⁶¹) Schuster, L., Skype interview, 7 August 2017.

(⁹⁶²) Oeppen C., and Majidwhy do children i, N., Can Afghans Reintegrate After Assisted Return from Europe?, July 2015 (url), p.3; Van Houte, M., Return Migration to Afghanistan – Moving Back or Moving Forward? 2016, p. 157.

(⁹⁶³) RSN, After Return: Documenting the Experiences of Young People Forcibly Removed to Afghanistan, 20 April 2016 (url), p.28; Asylos interview with Shoaib Sharifi, filmmaker, in Asylos, Afghanistan: Situation of young male

‘Westernised’ returnees to Kabul, August 2017 (url), p.107.

(⁹⁶⁴) USIP, The Afghan refugee crisis in 2016, Peace Brief 220, February 2017 (url), p.3. For information on recruitment by armed groups, see EASO, Country of Origin Information Report Afghanistan – Recruitment by armed groups, September 2016 (url).

(⁹⁶⁵) Oeppen C., and Majidi, N., Can Afghans Reintegrate After Assisted Return from Europe? July 2015 (url), p.3;

Koser, K. and Kuschminder, K., Comparative research on the assisted voluntary return and reintegration of migrants, 2015 (url), p.184.

(⁹⁶⁶) Oeppen C., and Majidi, N., Can Afghans Reintegrate After Assisted Return from Europe? July 2015 (url), p.3.

(⁹⁶⁷) Koser, K. and Kuschminder, K., Comparative research on the assisted voluntary return and reintegration of migrants, 2015 (url), pp.182, 184.

(⁹⁶⁸) Guardian (The), Sayed Habib Musawi ‘tortured, killed by Taliban because he was Australian’, 30 September 2014 (url); Guardian (The), Australian man tortured and killed by Taliban in Afghanistan, family says, 28 September 2014 (url).

(⁹⁶⁹) Guardian (The), Australian man tortured and killed by Taliban in Afghanistan, family says, 28 September 2014 (url).

(⁹⁷⁰) Saturday Paper (The), Taliban tortures Abbott government deportee, 4-10 October 2014 (url); The Guardian,

‘Torture’ of deported Afghan Hazara asylum seeker to be investigated, 9 October 2014 (url).

(⁹⁷¹) RFE/RL, Afghan deportees return to shattered lives, 4 November 2014 (url).

(⁹⁷²) Australia, DFAT, DFAT Country Information Report – Afghanistan, 18 September 2015, p.24.

(⁹⁷³) Saturday Paper (The), Taliban tortures Abbott government deportee, 4-10 October 2014 (url).

(⁹⁷⁴) Sydney Morning Herald (The), Government to investigate torture claims of deported asylum seeker Zainullah Naseri, 27 October 2014 (url).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs indicated that Australian officials subsequently contacted Zainullah Naseri and indicated that he is ‘not pursuing the matter’ further (⁹⁷⁵).

 In 2015, the Guardian reported the case of two Hazara teen brothers were deported from Denmark; shortly after arrival and travel to their home province of Wardak, they were robbed and the younger brother went missing. He was later found dead.

According to his own declarations, the boy’s older brother claimed the Taliban killed him due to his Hazara ethnicity (⁹⁷⁶). Further information on this case could not be found within time constraints.

However, in contrast, IOM’s Masood Ahmadi explained in email correspondence with EASO for this report that based on his information on returnees to Afghanistan, there have been no ethnically-based killings of returnees coming back from Western countries, unless someone becomes caught in a crossfire between government forces and insurgents (⁹⁷⁷). For information on insurgent targeting of Hazaras, Afghan civilians perceived to be supportive of the government, or those associated with the international community and Western countries, see EASO Country of Origin Report: Afghanistan - Individuals targeted by armed actors in the conflict (⁹⁷⁸).

Information on other reports of alleged targeting that were found are provided below. For a 2016 report on the situation of young Afghans deported from the UK, the advocacy organisation Refugee Support Network (RSN), interviewed 25 young returnees who had spent their teenage years in the UK prior to being returned to Afghanistan (⁹⁷⁹). RSN said it recorded 7 instances of individual ‘targeting’ based on having been a returnee from the UK. RSN gave the following examples without providing further details:

 A young man being held up at gunpoint by a person who indicated the assailant said he knew he was back from the UK;

 A young person who told of the Taliban abduction of an older returnee who worked for ISAF, and another who was affiliated with the ANA (⁹⁸⁰);

 Three returnees living in hosted accommodations were asked to leave their housing due to ‘risk association’. Without providing more details, RSN reported that a young man with enemies within armed groups said a man came looking for him at the house where he was staying, and questioned the hosts(⁹⁸¹);

 A young person told RSN that a friend of his who returned from Norway was reportedly killed by the Taliban between Ghazni and Kandahar because he had his

(⁹⁷⁵) Australia, DFAT, DFAT Country Information Report – Afghanistan, 18 September 2015, p.24.

(⁹⁷⁶) Guardian (The), Tragic tale of Afghan brothers sent home from Denmark to an uncertain fate, 6 October 2015 (url).

(⁹⁷⁷) Ahmadi, M., email, 12 September 2017.

(⁹⁷⁸) EASO, EASO Country of Origin Report: Afghanistan - Individuals targeted by armed actors in the conflict, December 2017 (url).

(⁹⁷⁹) RSN, After Return: Documenting the Experiences of Young People Forcibly Removed to Afghanistan, 20 April 2016 (url), pp.14-15.

(⁹⁸⁰) RSN, After Return: Documenting the Experiences of Young People Forcibly Removed to Afghanistan, 20 April 2016 (url), pp. 28-29.

(⁹⁸¹) RSN, After Return: Documenting the Experiences of Young People Forcibly Removed to Afghanistan, 20 April 2016 (url), p.20; TBIJ, Unaccompanied asylum seeking children: interview with Catherine Gladwell [Podcast], 17 July 2015 (url).

‘international papers’ and bank card on his person (⁹⁸²). This information could not be corroborated.

In 2017, Asylos was told by Abdul Ghafoor of AMASO that a deportee from Germany was killed in April-May 2017, but no further details were provided (⁹⁸³). However, in contrast, IOM indicated in correspondence with EASO for this report that the killing of a returnee from Germany ‘has not been confirmed by any reliable sources’ (⁹⁸⁴).

Amnesty International (AI) produced a report in October 2017 based on field and desk research and interviews with Afghan returnees from Europe conducted between May and September 2017. The report provides the story of an Afghan woman who alleged that her husband was kidnapped by a group opposed to his work causing them to leave for Europe.

After their asylum claim was rejected they were deported from Norway; shortly after returning to Afghanistan, he disappeared and was killed. The woman told AI she believed the same group was responsible (⁹⁸⁵). No further information to corroborate or confirm the incident could be found.