Se till exem pel W etherell och Potter (12), Silverm an (12), G oldberg (13), Jonsson (13) sa m t Billig (15)-

10 Se till exem pel de tidiga Cultural S tu d ies stu d ie rn a Hall e t al. (1978), CCCS (1982) och Gilroy (1987). 11 Inte m inst krim inalitet (Hall e t al. 1978), m ed b o rg arsk ap (Silverman 1992), u n g d o m ar och u tb ild ­ ning (Solom os 1991), lokalpolitik (Reeves 1989; S olom os 81 Back 1995).

12 Ideologiska på så s ä tt a tt d e i en del fall u p p e n b a rt vidm akthåller m ö n ste r av d o m in an s och o jäm ­ lika m ak trelatio n er i sa m h älle t. Se T hom pson (1990).

a3 D essa fö ru tsä ttn in g a r ta s m er eller m indre för givet, för d e t anförs sällan några eg en tlig a bevis för a tt så verkligen är fallet (Eriksen 1999).

a4 För en kom m u n itaristisk t hållning i frågor om e tn icitet och etn isk a relationer, se Taylor (1993), McWilliams (1998) och Rizman (2000).

a5 För en översikt, se bland a n n a t Ehnmark (1990), M ehta (1990), G oldberg (1993) och Gilroy (2000). ^ Se Ghia Nodia (1994) för e tt s å d a n t exem pel.

a7 A n satsen var en liknande h o s de sta ts v e ta re som i D em okratirådets ra p p o rt 1995 d isk u te ra d e frå­ gan om “ in v an d rare s” tillvaro i sv e n sk politik: “ En v äx an d e an d el av befolkningen kom m er nu från län d er som inte d elar sv e n sk a rn a s tra d itio n e r i fråga om historia, religion och politisk kultur. Ur d e m o ­ kratins synvinkel är p ro b lem et a tt d e n n a typ av skillnader har b ety d else för politiken och sa m h ä lls­ livet” (Rothstein 1995: 73O.

Se kritiken h o s exem pelvis M attsson (2001).

a9 Se bland an d ra Ålund och Schierup (1991), Eriksen (1999) sa m t Reed (1999). 20 En av fö resp rå k arn a för en så d a n hållning är Kupchan (1995).

21 Anna Jö n a sd o ttir (1992) n o terar exem pelvis, på tal om kön som analytisk kategori, a tt vad hon kal­ lar e tt positiv istisk t färgat “v a ria b e ltä n k a n d e ” i m ånga fall inte förm år a tt fånga de m ånga g ån g er kom plexa p ro c e sse r som g e tt u p phov till de olika “v ariabler” som d e tta tä n k a n d e konkret är b a se ra t på.

22 Se vidare n o t 8.

23 Några exem pel på d e t är följande sta tsv e te n sk a p lig a avhandlingar: W estlind (1996) om populism , Hall (1998) om natio n alism , M örkenstam (1999) om “sa m efråg an ”, H ansen (2000) om EU:s “ identi- te tsp o litik ” , Stoltz (2000) om “sv a rta kvinnor” .

M ag n u s D a h ls te d t

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M ag n u s D a h ls te d t

Abstract

Democracy and N ational Im agination; Assum ptions o f Identity and Belonging in Studies on Democracy.

Until recently, questions of m igration and ethnic relations were hardly discussed within political research on democracy. Categories such as ‘nation’, ‘culture’ and ‘ethnicity’ have been taken for granted, looked upon as self-evident and inde­ pendent factors. Research on democracy has generally been permeated by w hat might be called ‘national im agination’, a nation-state-centred and ethnocentric paradigm , where homogenous national belongings and national borders have been assumed, advocated and legitimated as fundam ental elements of political life. W ithin this kind of paradigm , ethnic minorities have been represented as fundamentally ‘different’ from the ‘norm ality’, that is ethnic m ajority popula­ tions. In general, phenom enon such as mix of cultures, border-crossing and m igration have been portrayed as in itself abnorm al, disrupting and problem atic features of political life. The conclusion in the article is th at it is necessary to question and to challenge hegemonic conceptions of identity and belonging in research on democracy.

Uteslutningens politiska ekonomi.