manana kobaiZe
vinaobisa da enis dagegmvis politikis
istoriidan saqarTveloSi
∗
statiis pirvel nawilSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi eTnikur Jgu-febs Soris sabyoTa periodSi CamoKalibebuli ierarqia demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, meore nawili exeba enebis iuridiuli da faqtobrivi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs imave periodis saqarTveloSi, mesame nawil-Si ganxilulia am mimarTebebis araerTgvarovani da urTierTwinaaGmde-gobrivi xasiaTi. meoTxe nawilSi zogadad aris aGniSnuli erovnuli vinaobis cvlis mizniT sxvadasxva saSualebis gamoKenebis Sesaxeb. bolos mocemulia daskvnebi, romelic nawilobriv anketuri gamokiTxvis Sede-gebsac eKrdnoba.
1111. . um. . umumumcicicicirereresoresobasosobabaTa debaTa deTa deTa demogmogmogmograrararafifiufifiuuli ieuli ieli ierarli ierarrarrarqiqiqiqiis sais sami dois sais sami domi domi done sane sane sane sabyobyobyobyoTa Ta Ta Ta sa
sa sa
saqarqarqarTveqarTveTveTvelolololoSiSiSiSi
saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sabyoTa kavSiris farglebSi moqceul TviTeul respublikaSi, demografiul umciresobaTa rTuli da mra-valsafexuriani sistema CamoKalibda. termini umciresoba am statiaSi gamoKenebulia rogorc raodenobrivi mimarTebebis gamomxatveli samu-Sao termini da ara rogorc iuridiuli cneba. demografiuli mdgoma-reobis mixedviT sabyoTa periodis saqarTveloSi umciresobebis sam Jgufs gamovKofT:
1. umciresoba sabyoTa kavSiris mTel mosaxleobasTan mimarTebiT (saqarTvelos mosaxleoba da, kerZod, qarTveli mosaxleoba ssrk-s mo-saxleobasTan momarTebiT)
2. umciresoba saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobasTan mimarTebiT (som-xebi, azerbaiJanelebi, rusebi da sxv. saqarTveloSi)
3. umciresoba regionis mosaxleobasTan mimarTebiT (qarTvelebi sa-qarTvelos zog regionSi).
regionis farglebSi umciresobad qcevis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iKos:
a) ama Tu im Jgufis intensiuri imigracia mocemul regionSi. b) umciresobis brZola im mizniT, rom gandevnos umravlesoba mo-cemuli regionidan da TviTon moipovos umravlesobis statusi
∗ wakiTxul iqna moxsenebad baTumSi saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiur simpoziumze, 2006w.
liTad, qarTveli mosaxleobis gandevna afxazeTidan da cxinvalis regi-onidan 1992-93 wlebSi).
aGsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos umciresobaTa Sesaxeb arsebul ka-nonproeqtSi vkiTxulobT: `sayiroa, rom arsebobdes iuridiuli garan-tiebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli im pirebis diskriminacia, vinc ar miekuTvneba umciresobas da cxovrobs saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sa-dac umciresoba mosaxleobis udides nawils warmoadgens` (jorjoliani da abaSiZe 1999, 18.2, 61). aseve unda aGiniSnos, aseT regionebSi mcxov-reb pimcxov-rebs, romlebic umciresobis rolSi aGmoCndnen, uKalibdebaT um-ciresobisTvis damaxiasiaTebeli niSnebi. magaliTad, anketurma gamoki-Txvam aCvena, rom maT erT nawils survili aqvs, rom gadasaxldes am re-gionidan (lorTqifaniZe 1994, 100-103). Tumca aris sapirispiro ten-denciac, imisa, rom aseT regionebSi mosaxleoba Segnebulad cdilobs sacxovrisis SenarCunebas: ~aGniSnaven, rom maT unda daicvan saqarTve-lo: ~ar SeiZleba amdeni teritoriis dakargva. afxazeTi davkargeT, sa-maCablo davkargeT da am teritoriasac xom ar davkargavT?~ (meliqiSvi-li 1998, 289)
2 22
2. . ene. . eneeneenebis sobis sobis sobis sociciocicioolinolinlingvislingvisgvisgvistuturi ietuturi ieri ierarri ierarrarqia sararqia saqia saqarqia saqarTveqarqarTveTveloTvelololoSiSiSiSi
msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5000 Tu 6000 enas iTvlian, saxelmwifoe-bis ricxvi ki 200-ze naklebia. amave dros, `msoflios saxelmwifoTa mxolod daaxloebiT erT meoTxeds aqvs erTze meti saxelmwifo ena, Tumca ki sruliad aSkaraa rom danarCeni sami meoTxedi nawili saxel-mwifoebisa sruliadac ar aris mxolod erTenovani saxelmwifoebi` (ed-vardsi 1994, gv. 35). saqarTvelo msoflios saxelmwifoTa im erT meo-Txed nawils miekuTvneba, sadac erTze meti saxelmwifo ena aris aGia-rebuli da enaTa ierarqiis sakmaod rTuli sistema arsebobs.
saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iKo umravle-sobis ena. me-19 saukunidan me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolomde ru-sulma enam daikava uflebebis mixedviT ZiriTadi enis adgili. Tumca ki qarTulma SeinarCuna umravlesobis enis statusi saqarTveloSi sxva enebis mimarT (somxuris, azerbaiJanulis da a.S.). amgvarad, ruseTisa da, Semdgom, Kofili sabyoTa kavSiris farglebSi moqceul saqarTvelo-Si enaTa ierarqiis sul cota sami done CamoKalibda: 1. rusuli, 2. qarTuli da 3. sxva enebi. Tu aq kidev ramdenime parametrs gaviTvalis-winebT, suraTi kidev ufro garTuldeba:
rusuli meoradi donis umravlesobis ena, faqtobri-vad saxelmwifo statusisa da funqciebis mqone ena saqarTveloSi, saqarTveloSi de-mografiuli umciresobis ena.
qarTuli pirveladi donis umravlesobis ena, saxelmwi-fo enis iuridiuli statusi saqarTveloSi
afxazuri demografiuli umciresobis ena, saxelmwifo enis iuridiuli statusi afxazeTis teri-toriaze; ruseTis mosazGvre
somxuri,
azerbaiJanuli demografiuli umciresobebis enebi saqar-TveloSi, romlebic saqarTvelos farglebs gareT saxelmwifo enas warmoadgenen. amave dros, umravlesobis enebi saqarTvelos zog regionSi, saqarTvelos gareT mdebare amave eTnikuri umravlesobiT dasaxlebuli mo-sazGvre teritoria
osuri demografiuli umciresobis ena saqarTvelo-Si, amave dros, umravlesobis ena saqarTve-los erT regionSi, saqarTvesaqarTve-los gareT mde-bare amave eTnikuri umravlesobiT dasaxle-buli teritoria; ruseTis mosazGvre berZnuli demografiuli umciresobis ena
saqarTvelo-Si, umravlesobis ena zog regionSi (Tur-qulenovani berZnebis sakiTxs ar vexebiT). ar esazGvreba amave enovan saxelmwifos
qurTuli, asiriuli... demografiuli umciresobebis enebi saqar-TveloSi, romlebic ar qmnian SedarebiT did kompaqtur dasaxlebebs saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT regionaluri umravlesobis enas warmoadgenen, magram ara saxelmwifo enebs.
aSkaraa, rom konfliqturi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sabyoTa kav-Siris daSlis Semdeg swored ruseTis teritoriis mosazGvreoba aris gadamwKveti faqtori.
Tu XIX saukuneSi aSkarad idevneboda qarTuli, 1921 wlis Semdeg axali, ufro moqnili politika iqna gamoKenebuli. kerZod, qarTuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze imave uflebebiT unda KofiliKo warmodge-nili, rogorc osuri, afxazuri, somxuri, azerbaiJanuli Tu romelime sxva ena saqarTveloSi. unda SeqmniliKo orsafexuriani ierarqia enebi-sa: erTi mxriv, rusuli ena, da, meore mxriv, Kvela sxva ena. aseTi mra-valferovnebis xelSewKoba miznad isaxavda ara am mramra-valferovnebis SenarCunebas, aramed sabyoTa kavSiris teritoriaze saerTo narevis Seqmnas, sadac Kvela ena nebismier teritoriaze Tanabari uflebebiT isargeblebda da mxolod erT enas, rusul enas eqneboda gansakuTrebu-li ufleba da funqcia erTa Soris urTierTobisa.
saqarTvelos farglebSi qarTuli enis uflebrivi da funqciuri gaTanabreba sxva enebTan xorcieldeboda ara qarTuli enis funqciebis aSkara SezGudviT, aramed sxva enebisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebSi qar-Tulis Tanabari funqciebis miniyebis gziT. es iKo saSualeba imisaTvis,
rom SeJibris mdgomareobaSi CaeKenebina ara qarTuli ena sxva enebis mi-marT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTuli (Kvela sxva enasTan erTad) rusu-lis mimarT. es mizani arc arasodes Kofila dafaruli. ganaTlebis sis-tema erT-erTi mZlavri saSualeba iKo am miznis misaGwevad. 30-iani wlebSi saqarTveloSi 13 enaze arsebobda skolebi.
dawKebi dawKebi dawKebi
dawKebiTi da saTi da saSuTi da saTi da saSuSuaaaalo skoSu lo skolo skolelo skolebi salelebi sabi saqarbi saqarqarqarTveTveloTveTvelololoSi Si Si 1934Si 1934----35 19341934 35 35 35 wlebwlebwlebwlebSiSiSi Si swavlebis
ena raodenoba skolebis moswavleTa raodenoba I-IV klasebi maT Soris klasebi V-VII klasebi VIII-X qarTuli 2 593 378 294 273 047 93 885 11 362 osuri 334 20 565 18 465 2062 38 Turquli 312 31 014 28 707 2 307 - somxuri 279 46 856 37 228 8 563 1 065 rusuli 193 39 090 30 335 7 402 1 353 berZnuli 95 8 709 7 539 1 042 - afxazuri 69 4 552 4379 173 - germanuli 12 1 608 1 128 377 103 qurTuli 8 485 485 - - estonuri 5 231 231 - - lekuri 3 700 700 - - asiriuli 1 58 58 - - qarTul- udiuri 1 59 59 - - (statistikuri krebuli 1935, 47-48)
omis win ssrk-s sazGvrebSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri Jgufebis ucxoeT-Tan Kovelgvari naTesauri kavSirebis mokveTis mizniT im skolebs, ro-melsac Turquli erqva, azerbaiJanuli ewoda, xolo im enebze arsebuli skolebi, romelsac ver uwodebdnen sabyoTa kavSiris enebs, gauqmda. es enebi iKo estonuri, qurTuli, germanuli, asiriuli, berZnuli. am eneb-ze molaparake mosaxleobas Tavisi saxelmwifoebi anda ZiriTadi gavrce-lebis arealebi ssrk-s sazGvrebs gareT hqonda. rogorc Cans, swored am niSniT SeirCa es skolebi dasaxurad. sxva mxriv, mravalferovneba Se-narCunebuli iqna. 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi skolebis raodenoba swavle-bis eneswavle-bis mixedviT ase gamoiKureboda:
sko sko sko
skolelelebis rilebis ribis ribis ricxvi swavcxvi swavlecxvi swavcxvi swavlelebis enis milebis enis mibis enis mixedbis enis mixedviT saxedxedviT saviT saviT saqarqarqarqarTveTveTveTvelolololoSiSiSi Si 1982-83 1985-86 1990-91 1992-93 1996-97 skolebis saerTo raodenoba 3 604 3 620 3 601 3 163 3 151 qarTuli 2 622 2 656 2 670 2 539 2 612
rusuli 274 267 194 128 93
somxuri 187 182 184 136 133
azerbaiJanuli 178 168 162 159 160
afxazuri 5 3 4 -
osuri 45 55 38 2 3
(ganaTlebis saministrosa da statistikis saxelmwifo departamen-tis monacemebi)
unda aGiniSnos, rom am statistikur monacemebSi somxuri, rusuli, da azerbaiJanuli skolebis ricxvis Semcireba TiTqmis mTlianad (da afxazuri da osuri skolebis ricxvis Semcireba - mTlianad) gamowveu-lia imiT, rom 1992 wlis mere saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros xe-li aGar miuwvdeba afxazeTisa da cxinvaxe-lis regionis skolebis monace-mebze.
upiratesobebi, romelic qarTul enas ase Tu ise hqonda saqarTve-loSi, damKarebuli iKo ZiriTadad demografiul situaciaze. im regio-nebSi, sadac qarTvelebi demografiulad umciresobas Seadgendnen, erovnebaTSoris urTierTobis enis funqcias rusuli ena asrulebda. gansakuTrebiT aSkara iKo es iseT regionebSi, sadac erTmaneTis gver-diT kompaqturad saxlobda ramdenime sxvadasxva araqarTulenovani Jgu-fi, magaliTad, walkaSi (mixailovi 1994).
qvemoT vimowmebT cxrils, romelic aCvenebs am politikis Sedegs enobrivi ganviTarebis dinamikis TvalsazrisiT:
TbilisSi mcxovrebi somexi mosaxleobis deda ena de
de de
deda enada enada ena da ena 1922192219221922 19891989 19891989
rusuli 6,8% 18,8%
qarTuli 29,57% 10,15%
somxuri 63,26% 70,9%
(statistikuri krebuli 1927, gv. 26; 32; statistikuri krebuli 1991, gv. 86)
ra Tqma unda, Kovelgvari statistika Seicavs garkveul cdomile-bebs (amaze aq ar SevCerdebiT), magram ZiriTadi tendenciebs is mainc sworad asaxavs.
3 33
3. . . ena. enaenaenaTa ieTa ieTa ieTa ierarrarqirarrarqiqiqiis uris uris uris urTiTiTierTierTwiererTwiTwinaaGmdeTwinaaGmdenaaGmdenaaGmdegobgobgobrigobrivi xaririvi xavi xavi xasisisisiaaaaTiTiTiTi
saqarTvelo erTi mxriv warmoadgenda xangrZlivi istoriis mqone qveKanas Tavisi kulturiTa da tradiciebiT, meore mxriv ki sabyoTa kavSiris Semadgenel nawils. saqarTvelos aseTma `ormagma` statusma demografiul faqtorTan erTad ganapiroba sxvadasxva eTnikuri Jgufis statusis ormagi, urTierTwinaaGmdegobrivi xasiaTi saqarTveloSi. ze-moT aGweril samive JgufSi SeiniSneba aseTi winaaGmdegobrioba:
• saqarTveloSi qarTuls erTdroulad hqonda rogorc umravlesobis, aseve umciresobis enis faqtobrivi statusi.
• saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusebi obieqturi mdgomareobis mixedviT miekuTvnebodnen meore Jgufis umciresobas - umcireso-ba saqarTvelos mosaxleoumcireso-basTan mimarTebiT (demografiuli mdgomareobis mixedviT). amave dros isini Tavs miakuTvnebdnen sabyoTa kavSiris umravlesobas - rusul mosaxleobas da maT mSobliur enas - rusuls enaTa ierarqiaSi pirveli adgili eka-va.
• sxva erovnuli Jgufebic saqarTveloSi bunebrivad amjGavnebdnen midrekilebas, rom Tavisi statusi rogorc umci-resobisa, ganexilaT ara saqarTvelos mimarT, aramed mTlianad sabyoTa kavSiris da, kerZod, ruseTis mimarT. sabyoTa erovnu-li poerovnu-litikis erT-erTi mTavari mizani swored aseTi ganwKobis gaGviveba iKo. am mizans emsaxureboda erovnuli mravalferovne-bis SenarCunemravalferovne-bisa da ganviTaremravalferovne-bis xelSewKoba sxvadasxva saSua-lebiT, rogoric aris ideologia, pasporti, ena, demografiuli politika da a.S.
sa sasa
sabyobyobyobyoTa kavTa kavTa kavTa kavSiSiris daSiSiris daris daSlis Semris daSlis SemSlis SemdegSlis Semdegdegdeg saqarTvelos farglebSi mcxov-rebi es eTnikuri Jgufebi aGmoCndnen axali sinamdvilis pirispir. axla ukve isini umciresobas warmoadgendnen mxolod qarTul mosaxleobas-Tan mimarTebiT. is zogadi, gamaerTianebeli sabyoTa saxelmwifo Tavisi `ze-erovnuli` da `ze-religiuri`, kerZod, aTeisturi ideologiiT, uk-ve daikarga, aGar arsebobda da, ra Tqma unda, uk-veGarc gamaerTianebeli Zalis funqcias asrulebda. amgvarad, es Jgufebi aGmoCndnen sruliad axal situaciaSi. axla isini umciresobas warmoadgendnen ara did sa-byoTa kavSirSi, sadac Kvela eri da erovneba garkveulad daqvemdebare-bul viTarebaSi iKo ruseTTan mimarTebiT da sadac Kvelas erTi `uf-rosi Zma`, ruseTi aerTianebda garkveuli Zalismieri da ideologiuri saSualebebis gamoKenebiT, aramed axla isini umciresobas warmoadgen-dnen saqarTvelos farglebSi, Tavisi Kofili TanamoZmisa da `Tanaswo-ris` mimarT, romelsac hqonda Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli TavisTavadi ena, damwerloba, kultura da istoria da sadac naklebad iKo xazgas-muli raime uSualo Tanaziaroba erTmaneTTan, aramed kulturuli ur-TierTobac da istoriuli megobrobac moazrebuli iKo sabyoTa kavSi-ris gamaerTianebeli funqciis farglebSi. axla, roca es gamaerTianebe-li Zala Camoecala, qarTugamaerTianebe-li mxare moeloda, rom TavisTavad, Tavisi istoriuli uflebebis safuZvelze, TviTon Seasrulebda axal saxel-mwifoSi gamaerTianebel funqcias, magram ase ar moxda. zogierTma am Jgufma Tavi igrZno Kofili `Tanasworis` mimarT daqvemdebarebis sa-frTxeSi. Tu rogor gamooixata reaqcia am ~safrTxis~ winaaGmdeg, mTlianad iKo damokidebuli mocemuli Jgufebis demografiul da geog-rafiul situaciaze, upirvelesad ki, ruseTis interesebze mocemul re-gionebSi da mTlianad, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi. ra Tqma unda, aq ideologiur da politikur mizezebze aranaklebad mniSvnelovani iKo
ekonomikuri sistemis moSla.
protestma qarTuli enis uflebebis win wamowevis winaaGmdeg ma-Sinve iCina Tavi, rogorc ki saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enis statusis realurad ganxorcielebis GonisZiebebi daisaxa. ra Tqma unda, samxedro konfliqtebs sxva mizezebic uZGvoda win (jorjoliani 1995a, jorjoliani 1995b).
um umum
umravravleravravlelesolesosoba Tu ucisoba Tu ucireba Tu uciba Tu ucirereresososoba?soba?ba? ba?
saqarTveloSi bolo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aseTi rTuli da mra-valmxrivi mimarTebebis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli gaxda, rom umciresobisa da umravlesobis rolebi erTmaneTs Caenacvleboda da Tavi iCina mo-vlenebma, romelsac vuwodebT farul asimilacias da Sebrunebul asi-milacias, XX saukunis bolos ki es procesebi ukiduresi formiT gamo-vlinda da saqarTvelos teritoriis zogi nawilidan eTnikuri qarTve-lebis gandevniT damTavrda.
````fafafafarurururuli asili asili asili asimimilamimilalalaciaciacia~~~~. cia . . . zogi Jgufi, romelic saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobis mimarT umciresobas warmoadgens, Tavisi kompaqturi gan-saxlebis regionSi regionalur umravlesobas qmnis. dadasturebulia SemTxvevebi, roca aseTi regionaluri umravlesoba axdens mcire Jgufe-bis asimilacias. erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia berZeni ltolvileJgufe-bis Jgu-fi. romelic 1830 wels TurqeTidan saqarTveloSi Semovida da dasax-lda axalqalaqTan, sadac cxovrobdnen aseve TurqeTidan ltolvili somxebi. am regionSi daaxloebiT 50 berZeni oJaxi gasomxda (lomsaZe 1975, 337). es aris asimilaciis saintereso SemTxveva, romelsac SeiZle-ba ~faruli asimilacia~ vuwodoT: umciresobis erTi Jgufi umcireso-bis meore Jgufis mimarT umravlesoumcireso-bis rolSi aGmoCndeba da axdens mis asimilacias.
Se SeSe
Sebrubrubrunebrunenenebubububuli asili asimili asili asimimilamilalacialaciaciacia. . . . saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi, sadac qarTvelebi demografiuli TvalsazrisiT umciresobas warmoadgenen, maT SeiZines umciresobisaTvis damaxasiTebeli niSnebi (lorTqifaniZe 1994, 100-103). zog SemTxvevaSi moxda maTi asimilaciac: berZnebis mier samcxeSi, sofel cixisJvarSi XIX saukuneSi (lomsaZe 1975, 337) da som-xebis mier sam sofelSi axalqalaqis garSemo, sadac sadac qarTvelebi gadmovidnen TurqeTis qarTuli soflidan me-19 saukuneSi (lomsaZe 1975, 363-364). XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTlSi bevrma qarTvelma vayarma miiGo somxuri sarwmunoeba, rac maTi gasomxebis pirveli safexuri aGmoCnda (maisuraZe 1982, 301-322), dadasturebulia gaosebis SemTxveve-bic (TofCiSvili 2004, 113-114).
am procesebs SeiZleba ewodos SeSeSeSebrubrubrubrunenenebunebuli asibubuli asili asili asimimimimilalalalaciaciacia:::: umcire-cia sobis Jgufi axdens umravlesobis warmomadgenlebis asimilacias. gadamwKveti faqtori aseT SemTxvevaSi aris demografiuli faqtori da, amave dros, JgufTaSorisi socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati, romelic Kalibdeboda an saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ukiduresi dasustebis
piro-bebSi (me-17-me-18 saukuneebi), anda maSin, roca saqarTvelo TviTon iKo nawili sxva saxelmwifosi, romelic miznad isaxavda misi erovnuli sa-xis Secvlas (me-19-me-20 saukuneebSi).
4 44
4. . . ar. arararsesebusesebububuli vili vili vili vinanananaoobis maoobis mabis mabis maninininipupupupulalacilalaciciciis cdeis cdeis cdeis cdebibibibi
cnobilia, rom rusuli erovnuli politikis mizani iKo sabyoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis garuseba, oGond am process saxelad erqva ara garuseba, aramed axali istoriuli erTobis - sabyoTa eris CamoKalibe-ba. isic cnobilia, rom stalinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, eri gansazGvruli iKo rogorc istoriulad CamoKalibebuli erToba, romelsac oTxi ni-Sani aerTianebda: ena, teritoria, saerTo ekonomikuri sitema da saer-To istoria, tradiciebi da kultura. swored am niSnebis CamoKalibeba iKo ruseTis erovnuli politikis mizani Kofil ssrk-Si.
~sabyoTa eris~ CamoKalibebis gzaze didi msxverplis fasad, magram sakmaod mokle droSi moxerxda teritoriis SemosazGvra da saerTo ekonomikuri wKobis CamoKalibeba, ase vTqvaT, materialuri sxeulis Seq-mna. ufro xangrZlivi da mZime procesi aGmoCnda sulis gadasxvafereba - saerTo tradiciebis, istoriis, kulturis CamoKalibeba, da Kvelaze metad Zneli da SeuZlebelic - erTi enis gavrceleba da mSobliur enad qceva.
ide ideide
ideoooololologia da kullogia da kulgia da kulgia da kultututuraturara ra
ideologiis Tu religiis cvla xSirad aris pirveli nabiJi vinao-bis Secvlis gzaze. sabyoTa politikac swored am gzas iTvaliswinebda: axali, e. w. sabyoTa vinaobis CamoKalibeba unda dawKebuliKo axali ideologiis danergviT. amasTanave mniSvnelovani iKo, rom es axali ide-ologia cxaddeboda ufro maGali Girebulebis mqoned, vidre romeli-me sxva ideologia.
cnobili ~gaTiSe da ibatone~-politikis gamoxatuleba iKo, rom xdeboda eTnikuri mravalferovnebis da Tanasworobis xazgasma da waxa-liseba TviTeul respublikaSi. am gziT xdeboda respublikis mosaxleo-bis urTierTgaTiSva da am dacalkevebuli dezintegrirebuli Jgufemosaxleo-bis gaerTianeba Tu gaerTianebis cda uSualod ruseTis garSemo. saqarTve-los daSlil mosaxleobas mxolod ruseTTan mimarTebiT unda moenaxa urTierTwonasworobis pozicia. swored es iKo imis mizezi, respubli-kis SigniT xeli ewKoboda eTnikuri mravalferovnebis SenarCunebas. ganaTlebis miGebis saSualeba mSobliur enaze Tu erTi mxriv, dadebi-Ti movlena iKo mSobliuri enis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebis Tval-sazrisiT, meore mxriv, xels uwKobda respublikis farglebSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnul Jgufebs Soris segregacias da marginalizaciasac ki. am procesebis gancdiT gamowveuli ukmaKofileba, ra Tqma unda, mi-marTuli iKo qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT, ru-seTi ki, romelic am scenaris avtori iKo, inarCunebda mesame mxaris,
mi-ukerZoebeli, demokratiuli da samarTlian mxaris saxes. Kovelive amas emateboda didi ze-saxelmwifos farglebSi mcxovrebi TviTeuli eTni-kuri Jgufis mxriv sakuTari vinaobis gadarCenisa da SenarCunebis ga-mZafrebuli gancda da sxva JgufebTan ~aGrevisagan~ Tavdacvis gacnobie-rebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli survili, rac isev da isev gacalkevebis, segregaciis sasargeblod moqmedebda da gaucxoebas aGvivebda rogorc umravlesobis, aseve, umciresobis mxridan.
sa sasa
sapaspaspaspasporporporporto poto poto poto polilitililitititikakakaka: : : : momomomoqaqalaqaqalalalaqeqeqeqeooooba, erovba, erovba, erovneba, erovneba, eTneneba, eTba, eTba, eTnininikunikukukuri warmori warmori warmo----ri warmo So
SoSo
Sobabababa. . . . erT-erTi saSualeba eTnikuri mravalferovnebis xelSewKobisa iKo socialuri nacionalizmis (moqalaqeobis) Canacvleba eTnikuri na-cionalizmiT (erovnebiT), rac cxadad iKo gamoxatuli sabyoTa sapas-porto politikiT: sabyoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi pirovneba, miuxedavad imisa, romel respublikaSi cxovrobda igi, iKo sabyoTa kavSiris (da ara mocemuli respublikis) moqalaqe. magram garda moqalaqeobisa, pas-portSi aGiniSneboda aseve pirovnebis erovnebac - erovneba, romelic bevri sxva saxelmwifos praqtikaSi moqalaqeobas utoldeba, aq ki gaigi-vebuli iKo eTnikur warmoSobasTan. socialuri moqalaqeoba gatanili iKo respublikis farglebs gareT, samagierod pasportSi aGiniSneboda eTnikuri warmoSoba. es iKo erT-erTi saSualeba imisaTvis, rac SeiZle-ba metad danawevrebuliKo TviTeuli respublikis mosaxleoSeiZle-ba da wa-SliliKo TviTeuli respublikis gamokveTili erovnuli xasiaTi. ami-tom, magaliTad, romelime Tbiliselis pasporti ase gamoiKureboda: sa-byoTa kavSiris moqalaqe, erovneba - somexi, dabadebis adgili - Tbili-si. aGweris monacemebSi amas daemateboda: mSobliuri ena - somxuri, ssrk meore ena - rusuli. imisaTvis, rom es situacia gasagebi gaxdes ucxoeTSi mcxovrebisaTvis, aseT magaliTs moviKvanT: es daaxloebiT igivea, rom warmovidginoT evropis gaerTianeba, magaliTad, germaniis samxedro da ekonomikuri liderobiT, da magaliTad, SvedeTSi mcxovre-bi Turqi, romelic aris evropis gaerTianemcxovre-bis moqalaqe, erovneba Tur-qi, mSobliuri ena _ Turquli, meore ena _ germanuli, dabadebis ad-gili _ SvedeTi.
sa sasa
saxelxelxelxeldededebis podebis polibis pobis polililititititikakaka ka
sabyoTa kavSiris xelisufleba, romelic ar erideboda represiebs milionobiT pirovnebebisa da ara mxolod socialuri fenebis, aramed zogJer mTlianad erovnuli Jgufebis mimarT, amave dros Zalian frTxi-li iKo erovnufrTxi-li Tanasworobis qadagebisas.
Tu mefis ruseTis dros aSkarad eZleoda upiratesoba rusul ide-ologias da kulturas danarCeni ~CamorCenili~ erebisa da kulturebis mimarT, axali wKobilebis damKarebis mere gamaerTianebel ideologiad SeirCa ara arsebuli sarwmunoebebidan erT-erTi, aramed sruliad `axa-li`, `sxva`, `neitraluri` ideologia - aTeizmi, axali saxelmwifos sa-xeli aseve - neitraluri - sabyoTa kavSiri da ara, magaliTad, ruseTi,
TviT ruseTis istoriac iswavleboda saxeliT sabyoTa kavSiris isto-ria da ara ruseTis istoisto-ria, dGesaswaulebad SemoGebuli iqna saerTo, saziaro, e. w. sabyoTa GirsSesaniSnavi TariGebi, romelic aseve neitra-luri iKo Kvela sxva tradiciis mimarT (romlebic mavne gadmonaSTebad iwodeboda). axali damwerlobebi, romlebic Seiqmna udamwerlobo ene-bisaTvis, pirvelad eKrdnoboda neitralur laTinur anbans (neitra-lurs, ramdenadac maSindeli ssrk-s farglebSi igi arc erTi erovnuli damwerlobis safuZveli ar iKo) da ara, magaliTad, kirilicas an ara-buls. vinaobis cvlas, rac dagegmili iKo, erqva sabyoTa eris CamoKali-beba da ara garuseba. erTaderTi ram, ris saxelis Secvlac ver moxer-xda, iKo ena. is saerTo ena, romelzec momaval sazogadoebas unda esa-ubra, iKo rusuli ena. rusuli ena cxaddeboda meore mSobliur enad, romelic TandaTanobiT unda qceuliKo erTaderT mSobliur enad. ru-suli enis upiratesoba Kvela sxva enis mimarT ideologiuri safuZ-vliT marTldeboda: rusuli ena iKo revoluciis ena, leninis ena, so-cialisturi da komunisturi ideologiis ena. daaxloebiT iseve, ro-gorc sxvadasxva religiasTan erTad sxvadasxva ena vrceldeboda, socia-lizmTan erTad unda gavrcelebuliKo rusuli ena.
am ideologiis danergvas emsaxureboda mkacri cenzura (tabiZe 2004); amave mizniT gamoiKeneboda sxva saSualebebic rogoric aris da-mwerlobis cvla (biligmeieri 1987, luisi 1972, 169-170; isaevi 1979, 251-170; komri 1981, 23, 33; gvancelaZe 1998, 30-31), aseve iseTi erTeu-lebis saxeldebis cvla, rogoric aris ena (Turquli/osmaluri>azerbai-Januli), erovnuli Jgufebi (Turqebi/osmalebi > azebaiJanelebi), teri-toriebi (samxreT oseTi), geografiuli saxelebi (bogdanovka, wi-TelwKaro...) da gvarebis cvla (kobaiZe 1999).
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali vinaobis CemoKalibebis gzaze sabyoTa politikis pirveli etapi - respublikis SigniT mosaxle-obis eTnikuri niSniT ukiduresi segregacia - warmatebiT Sesrulda, magram Semdgomi nabiJi, romelic unda KofiliKo am mravali mozaikuri nawilisagan erTi axali mTlianobis, e. w. sabyoTa eris CamoKalibebis procesi, ver ganxorcielda. sabyoTa kavSiris rGvevis procesTan erTad daiwKo sxvadasxva erovnuli sazogadoebebis aqtiuri moqmedeba. mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo mosaxleobis erTma nawilma, maT Soris, qarTveli mosaxleobis nawilmac, datova saqarTvelo, meore na-wilma moindoma saqarTvelos datoveba miwianad - teritoriuli gamoKofa.
qarTulma enam SeiZina erererTi axaerTi axaTi axaTi axali funli funli funqciali funqcia - igi gaxda saqciaqcia sasasamxedmxedmxedmxedro ro ro ro sa
sa sa
samsamsamsaxumsaxuxuxuris ena ris ena ris ena ris ena da, aseve, swavlebis ena samxedro akademiaSi.
sabyoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave naTlad gamoCnda, rom TviTeuli erovnuli JgufisTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovani iKo sabyoTamdeli vina-oba, tradiciebi da, sarTod, Girebulebebis kompleqsi, vidre axali,
Tavsmoxveuli Girebulebebi. erovnuli cnobierebis ganviTarebis uki-duresi aGmavloba, omebi teritoriebis gadanawilebisaTvis, erovnuli niSniT mosaxleobis `wmenda~ _ aseTi SedegiT damTavrda erebis SerwKmis sabyoTa proeqti. ar iqneba marTebuli, rom am procesebis gamomwvev da xelisSemwKob ekonomikur da socialur faqtorebTan er-Tad gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqnes ideologiuri faqtorebis mniSvnelo-bac, sakuTari vinaobis xsovnis, gamoxatvis da SenarCunebis survilis mniSvneloba rogorc Jgufis, aseve individis doneze.
aGsaniSnavia, rom 1999 wels Tbilisis skolebSi Catarebulma gamo-kiTxvam aCvena, rom moswavleebis azriT, maT araqarTulenovan skolaSi swavla dabrkolebas ar uqmnis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
Tu gadavxedavT Tbilisis rusul skolebSi moswavleTa erovnebas, aSkaraa, rom ararusi erovnebis moswavleebi syarboben: rusul skoleb-Si gamokiTxuli 87 moswavlidan mxolod Svidma daasaxela rusi Tavis erovnebad. rac Seexeba gamokiTxvaSi monawile 137 somexi erovnebis mo-swavles, maTgan 99 somxur skolebSi swavlobda, 2 qarTul skolaSi da danaCenebi rusul skolebSi.
mTlianad es monacemebi TvalnaTliv aCveneben, rom rusul enas meo-ce saukunis bolosaTvis isev Zlieri poziciebi hqonda saqarTvelos araqarTvel mosaxleobaSi. am fonze gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom momavali ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT qarTuls da inglisurs aSkarad eZleva upiratesoba rusulTan da sxva enebTan SedarebiT. Tbilisis, axalcixis da axlqalaqis rusul da somxur skolebSi gamokiTxulTa-gan SekiTxvaze romeli enis codnis gaumJobesebas isurvebda pasuxebi ase ganawilda: qarTuli (100) inglisuri (90) somxuri (28) rusuli (20) qurTuli (20) germanuli (19) franguli (13) berZnuli (6)
ra Tqma unda, es cifrebi, erTi mxriv, gamoxataven qarTulisa da inglisuris mimarT mzard interess da, meore mxriv, imazec metKveleben, rom swored am enebis naklebad codna unda iKos erT-erTi mizezi am enebis codnis gaumJobesebis survilisa. asea Tu ise, TviT es survili integraciis mimarTulebiT gadadgmul nabiJad unda CaiTvalos da iqneb momavali sasikeTo Zvrebis safuZvelic ki gaxdes, Tuki am survils mo-saxleobis realuri dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis mowesrigebac daxvdeboda rogorc ganviTarebis foni.
zedmetia imis aGniSvna, rom mxolod ekonomikurad da politiku-rad warmatebuli sazogadoebis enas aqvs gansxvavebuli deda enis da
erovnuli vinaobis mqone mosaxleobisaTvis meore enad funqcionirebis realuri potencia.
TviTon respondentebi inglisuri enis codnis gaumJobesebis survi-lis ZiriTad mizezad asaxelebdnen imas, rom am enis codna zrdis da-saqmebis bazarze konkurentunarianobas da, amave dros, ucxoeTSi samu-Saod wasvlis saSualebas iZleva; maTive aGweriT, qarTuli enis codnis gaumJobesebis survili gamowveulia saqarTveloSi situaciis SecvliT. rac Seexeba somxurs, berZnuls da sxva enebs, gaumJobesebis survili ax-snilia imiT, rom es enebi respondentebis mSobliur enebs warmoadge-nen.
albaT urigo ar iqneboda, rom saqarTvelos gaeziarebina im ucxo qveKnebis gamocdileba, sadac saxelmwifo enis armcodne mosaxleobisa-Tvis arsebobs gazeTebi da KoveldGiuri sainformacio radioprograme-bi, sadac martivi eniTa da neli tempiT, advilad aGsaqmeli warmo-TqmiT gadaicema axali ambebi. sainformacio saSualebebs xom realuri Zala aqvs saziaro kulturuli sivrcis Sesaqmnelad. arc is iqneboda urigo, rom araqarTulenovani mosaxleobisaTvis qarTuli enis gakveTi-lebi gadaicemodes radioTi da Tundac televiziiT. aGar vCerdebiT im sakiTxze, Tu ra roli akisria ganaTlebis sistemas am mxriv.
ra Tqma unda, Kovelive es saxelmwifos ekonomikur SesaZleblobeb-zea damokidebuli, magram albaT aseTi GonisZieba keTili nebis gamoxa-tulebad iqneboda aGqmuli maT mier mainc, vinc qarTuli enis ukeTe-sad codnis msurvelia.
li lili
liteteteterarararatututuraturara ra bi
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MANANA KOBAIDZE
From the History of Identity and Language Planning
Policy in Georgia
S u m m a r y
During the Soviet period, languages and identities formed a complicated hie-rarchy in Georgia as well as in the whole Soviet Union. Russian was a major language relative to Georgian and Georgian was a major language relative to other languages in Georgia. At the same time, Georgians constitute a minority group in some regions of Georgia and Georgian is a language of the minority in these regions. Ambiguity of status is observable among other groups as well.
The cases of reversed assimilation have occurred: A minority group appears as a regional majority and assimilates representatives of the majority group. It has also been attested that one minority group assimilates another minority group. The crucial factor is the demographic factor and the intergroup sociopsychological climate, which was
for-med when Georgia itself was either a weakened state (17th-18th centuries) or a part of
another state (19th-20th centuries) that tried to change the national face of Georgia.
The Russian policy aimed to grant all languages the same rights on the whole ter-ritory of the Soviet Union despite the national borders (except those languages that are main languages of population outside the borders of the Soviet Union Assyrian, Kurdish, Greek). This was meant to create a new language balance among all languages where only Russian should work as a means of interethnic relations, and place Georgian at the same level as Armenian, Azerbaijanian, and other languages in Georgia as a first step of the Russification.
Changes during the post-Soviet period have been reflected on this hierarchy. After the Soviet period the second group of minorities turned out to be minorities only in relation to Georgians lacking the Soviet (Russian) state with its supranational and even suprareligious or atheistic ideology (communism). Thus this second group fo-und itself to be a part not of the Soviet Union (where every nationality had its contributi-on, and everybody had the same “elder brother“ Russia), but to be a minority in Georgia, an old country with its very clearly defined own historic and cultural face. Some of these groups felt like minorities for the first time relatively to their former “equals“. Protest against the new hierarchy and attempts to maintain and more precisely to obtain a new status in Georgia have emerged. The choice of the forms of these attempts depends on the demographic and geographic situation of the group. The hard socio-economic situa-tion in Georgia also plays its part in this case.
This gave opportunity to Russia to retain immediate ties to any group within the former “middle-stage” state Georgia and even grant its citizens with the citizenship of Russia as a new means of expansion after the supra-national state fall.
This article is an attempt to present a general review of these processes and to describe the means employed by the Soviet State for replacing the traditionally formed identities by the new Soviet one. One step of the Soviet policy - to disintegrate, to de-construct the inner structure of all republics - turned out to be reached to a significant degree, the next step - to integrate all these parts around one centre - the Soviet identity
involving the shared history, culture, language, ideology, has failed. The complex of ol-der values appeared to be stronger than the new Soviet one.
Under the “umbrella” of the “supranational” Soviet citizenship of the supranatio-nal state the consciousness of real “informal” ethnic belonging to own ethnic groups has been preserved and developed among both Georgians and other ethnic groups in Geor-gia as a compensation of the lacking national citizenship. The independent GeorGeor-gia faces the challenge to integrate the population of Georgia not only administratively and econo-mically, but also ideologically and linguistically.
