The influence of guerrilla marketing on consumers’ purchasing behavior

The influence of guerrilla marketing on consumers’ purchasing

behavior

Authors: Amara Aldebe Ismael El Rharbaoui Zeinab Al fattal

School of Business, Society & Engineering

Course: _​Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Course code:_​ FOA243

15 cr

Supervisor:_​ Leanne Johnstone Date: _​2021/01/21

Abstract

Date: _{​2021/01/21}

Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr

Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Amara Aldebe Ismael El Rharbaoui Zeinab Al Fattal

(97/08/25) (97/08/10) (94/12/23)

Title: The influence of guerrilla marketing on purchasing behavior Tutor: Leanne Johnstone

Keywords: guerrilla marketing, consumers’ behavior, purchasing behavior, marketing communication, brand image, WoM

Research

question: How does guerrilla marketing influence consumers purchasing behavior? Purpose: To examine the effect of guerrilla marketing on purchasing behavior Method: Qualitative research technique

Conclusion: The impact of guerrilla marketing on purchasing behavior mainly depends on the brand image and how innovative the guerrilla campaign is

Table of content

Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Problem 4 1.3 Purpose 5 1.4 Research question 5 1.5 Research objectives: 5

Chapter 2: Literature background and theoretical framework 6

2.1 Communication 6

2.2 Guerrilla marketing 8

2.3 Consumer behavior 10

2.4 Effects of guerrilla marketing 12

2.5 Summary of the theoretical framework 13

Chapter 3: Methodology 16

3.1 Research Philosophy 16

3.2 Research design 17

3.3 Data collection and Qualitative technique 18

3.4 Time Horizon 20

3.5 Reliability and Validity 20

3.6 Operationalization 21

3.6.1 Interview Questions 24

3.7 Limitations 25

3.8 Discussion and reflection 26

Chapter 4: Empirical analysis 28

4.1 Findings 28 4.1.1 IT 28 4.1.2 IKEA 30 4.1.3 Nike 31 4.1.4 Professional insight 32 4.2 Analysis 34 4.2.1 IT 34 4.2.3 Nike 36 4.2.4 Professional Insight 37

4.3 Summary of empirical analysis 38

Chapter 5: Conclusion 39

5.3 Further research 42

Chapter 6: References 43

Chapter 7: Appendix 48

7.1 Appendix 1: Images used in the semi-structured interviews 48

Chapter 1: Introduction

This introduction chapter will contain background on guerrilla marketing, the main research topic of this thesis. The background will include information about what guerrilla marketing is and how it is used, followed by the research problem. Lastly, the research purpose will be presented as well as the main research question for this paper ending the first chapter with three research objectives.

1.1 Background

Marketing has become an essential tool to attract target consumers into buying different products and services. Most companies nowadays reserve major portions of their budgets to spend on advertisements. The huge investments in this tool led the business author Jay Conrad Levinson to create a new innovative type of marketing, guerrilla marketing (1983). As consumers have been more and more exposed to endless amounts of advertisement campaigns, they have become familiar with traditional marketing methods and thereby better at blocking them out (Hutter & Hoffmann, 2011). One way to solve this issue for companies is to increase the number of advertisements that the consumers are exposed to, which costs a lot of money and a huge portion of it could be wasted if a significant number of consumers have learnt to ignore it. This problem made some companies rethink their marketing strategies and come up with a more money-efficient and creative approach.

The term “guerrilla” means _{​little war ​in Spanish and originated in the 19th century during the} peninsular war (Guerrilla warfare, 2002). It was used as an attack strategy based on the surprise element and on the act of sabotage which was used by smaller forces against massive military forces (ibid). When companies needed new methods to outdo their competitors in the 1960s, they started using “guerrilla” tactics in marketing (ibid). But, only in 1983, the American business writer Levinson created the term that we know today, guerrilla marketing. His idea was to create a marketing tactic for small and start-up companies to market their business successfully with a

limited budget (Levinson, 1983). This type of marketing is also known for being more innovative compared to traditional marketing methods. It is both inexpensive and is seen to be efficient if implemented correctly (Hutter & Hoffmann, 2011).

It is therefore important for a company to set a better response towards its potential customers through using ‘novel’ marketing techniques such as those grouped under guerrilla marketing. The first impression that consumers feel towards a brand and how they visualize it is an important step. Most of the times a consumer will get to know a specific brand by an advertisement that was displayed, according to Praxmarer and Gierl (2009). A potential consumer can easily get an immediate expectation of a company’s producing quality if it is associated with an advertisement that is not up to the standards of the targeted consumers. It is therefore vital for the brand or the company to consider the consumers’ potential reaction towards the advertisement as a cheap-looking one will be related to low-quality goods or services and it will not be worth the expense in the eye of the consumer and vice versa (Liu, Mizerski & Soh, 2012).

1.2 Problem

According to Baltes and Leibing (2008), guerrilla marketing is an innovative and unconventional way of marketing with which a company can achieve significant effects. They also suggest that strategy is considered as being eye-catching, more creative and barely using a fraction of the budget than traditional marketing techniques. However, with all the rummage and clutter going on and for the strategy to work, a message should be well designed on one end to make it easier for the receiver to correctly interpret it on the other end. Having this marketing strategy displayed to the general public, a deep knowledge of market processes and social phenomena is required for an efficient and decisive application of marketing communications as well as a strong familiarity with technologies and instruments of information communication (Grzegorz, 2017). It is therefore important for researchers and companies to know more about this type of marketing strategy. This is mainly due because there is not much in-depth research done on guerrilla marketing in marketing journals and also because companies should be made aware of the different types of strategies that are available which could improve their sales.

1.

_​

3

_{​ Purpose}

The purpose of this case study is to focus on the impact that guerrilla marketing may have on consumers’ purchasing behavior. Considering the fact that the global market has extremely widened up, companies strive to survive by gaining a competitive advantage. This implies that many companies implement multiple marketing techniques in order to obtain more potential consumers. Thus, guerrilla marketing effects on consumers will be examined whether to be seen as a sufficient tactic or not. The choice of university students as a consumer group was motivated by multiple reasons but mainly due to accessibility. During the pandemic times, getting hold of professional marketers to have an interview is no easy task, especially when so many are needed. It is therefore mainly due to their accessibility that the authors chose to target university students as the base of the interviewees. Based on the guerrilla marketing concept, with its different techniques, tactics and effects as well as consumers behavior, the researchers conducted one person interviews with twelve university students and an industry professional to determine whether guerrilla marketing holds its claim of being a powerful marketing strategy.

1.4 Research question

How does guerrilla marketing influence consumers’ purchasing behavior?

1.5 Research objectives:

1. To emphasize the significance of the relationship between guerrilla marketing and consumers’ purchasing behavior

2. To examine the perspective of university student consumers about guerrilla marketing and its effect on their consumption.

3. To gain an understanding of the importance of guerrilla marketing to the firm and its impact on consumers’ purchasing behavior.

Chapter 2: Literature background and theoretical framework

In order to plunge into the theories behind the model of guerrilla marketing, it is required to first lay out some base ground beforehand. It is believed that this foundation should contain a basic understanding of the concept of communication to emphasize on the importance of the way the message is being communicated to potential consumers, _{​which is irrefutably connected to} guerrilla marketing_{​. Furthermore, this chapter of the thesis will be presenting a literature review} about guerrilla marketing and several of its techniques used. Theories on message design, consumers’ behavior and the effects of guerrilla marketing will also be presented. Ending the chapter with a summary of the theoretical framework mentioning the model that was altered to fit into the purpose of this thesis.

2.1 Communication

To start, guerrilla marketing as most of the marketing strategies is first and foremost a message that needs to be communicated, it is between two important elements, coming from a sender and emitted to the receiver (Keller, 2009). However, guerrilla marketing is a strategy that can be way more effective compared to others if used properly, given that the traditional marketing channels such as the advertisements on TV, newspapers, magazines and radio are losing their effectiveness on consumers (ibid)_​. Below, the process of communication is described for the readers to understand that it is one of the bases to guerilla marketing. The authors believe that guerrilla marketing has the same process as communication and that they both start and finish in the same line excluding some slight changes here and there.

The course that communication goes through starts when the sender chooses the kind of message and thoughts that are to be relayed, which can include a variety of pictures, colours, words, objects and symbols (Sandberg & Stierna, 2006). The encoding process is one of the hardest to accomplish since the sender needs to express the message in a way that everyone can understand or at least the targeted individuals (ibid). Moving onwards, the message is sent via channels, it is

generally a method for communication which is split into two (Sandberg & Stierna, 2006). According to Belch and Belch (2009), a crucial part of the communication model is the message itself as well as the channel that has been chosen.

Personal communication, or in other words face to face, is a direct interaction with the targeted group (Belch & Belch, 2009). This can be done via different and multiple means (letters, memos, text messages, email)_​, but the most famous and the oldest one is mouth to mouth. As for non-personal communication, it is usually a message that is transmitted to several people at the same time and an example of it is the media (Sandberg & Stierna, 2006). As for the last end of this long process comes the receiver or the targeted person. This individual has to process the message and understand it, though to do so it needs to be decoded. The meaning of the message can vary from one individual to the other depending on how it is interpreted. However, this is heavily influenced by who created the message and how the message has been carried out (Belch & Belch, 2004). Effective communication is more likely to appear when the sender and the receiver are on the same level (ibid). The communication stage is therefore fundamental in the marketing process and becomes a great tool if it is thoroughly studied and used effectively. A basic model of communication is displayed below to give a better visualization of the communication process (Belch & Belch, 2009). A presentation on guerrilla marketing’s tactics will follow the visualized figure below.

Figure 2.1: A basic model of communication (​https://images.app.goo.gl/7bvhA2neKevKx2JU6​)

2.2 Guerrilla marketing

Guerrilla marketing concept was created and developed by the American, Jay Conrad Levinson in the 1980s (Levinson, 1983). As previously stated, the term, ‘guerrilla’ was driven from Spanish, which meant ‘small war’ in the 18th century and was later used for a ‘fighter’ in England in the 19th century according to (Levinson, 1983). This implies that it is a type of marketing that is differentiated from the other traditional marketing concepts by its aggressiveness (Baltes & Leibing, 2008), where the marketers aim to reach the consumer on a deeper and a personal level (Horky, 2009). In other words, the consumers’ minds are seen as a battle to win and conquer (Baltes & Leibing, 2008). Adding to that, guerrilla marketing is distinguished from traditional approaches through its purpose to create a significant impression with as minimal sources as possible (Horky, 2009). Levinson (1984) describes guerrilla marketing as a fancy, humorous and creative approach by getting the consumers’ attention. It tends to be seen as an unexpected and surprising act for the consumers in a daily commonplace to gain a buzz for the goods and services that are to be advertised (Levinson, 1983). This section will be followed by an explanation of the presented important relevant factors of guerrilla marketing. The mentioned guerrilla marketing elements are mostly used by firms in order to attract consumers. The chosen guerrilla tactics as examples are word-of-mouth, buzz marketing, and ambush marketing.

Word of Mouth is one of the most significant tactics of guerrilla marketing. WoM is defined as “oral, person-to-person communication between a receiver and a communicator whom the receiver perceives as non-commercial, concerning a brand, a product or a service” (Kirby & Marsden, 2006, p.164). The idea behind this marketing approach is to implement sensational, thrilling and unexpected marketing projects, aiming for consumers to be talking about the brand or the company (Feguson, 2008). WoM is the process of when around 10 consumers start sharing the word to their family members, friends or colleagues, etc about the brand after they have become aware of it (Feguson, 2008). It is a very efficient phenomenon for small businesses and companies to spread awareness among potential consumers by sharing their experience of the product or the services promoted (Kirby & Marsden, 2006). To do so, marketers need to consider the consumers’ full journal experience very carefully to build sustainable customer loyalty towards the brand or the company (Ferguson, 2008). Nevertheless, marketers should emphasize

the impact that WoM may have on potential consumers as communication issues may occur (Kirby & Marsden, 2006). What people say to the ones they know such as friends or family about certain products may have a significant effect on potential consumers pursuing that good or service provided (Kirby & Marsden, 2006). This implies that the brand image has an important role in getting potential consumers to be aware of the brand’s existence and beneficial factors (Ferguson, 2008). So, WoM is one of the essential forces of guerrilla marketing and the following part will be outlining the theory of buzz marketing to fulfil the effect of WoM.

The second element, buzz marketing is a technique where an event is organized to create a buzz, meaning getting people to talk and spread rumours (Marsden & Kirby, 2006). To create a buzz and spread awareness, companies are advised to use different strategies (Henry, 2003). For instance, collaborating with celebrities or known influencers to promote the products or services is beneficial to spread the word about the brand, consequently, making a buzz out of it (ibid), especially for younger generations of consumers (Johnstone & Lindh, 2018). In addition to that, considering that buzz marketing is an oral communication concept and the changes that are occurring daily, the consumers are heavily dependent on technology (ibid). This implies that a wider platform is available and easily accessed to create a further buzz on all social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat and YouTube (Mohr, 2017). The usage of these online channels makes it easier for any potential consumer to get to know whatever is needed from their friends and families (ibid). Therefore, it is vital to be careful with the message that the company wants the consumer to receive and send. An example of buzz marketing is presented below, which shows the creativity of Nike’s buzz campaigns.

Example of Nike’s buzz marketing: Nike’s football car

(https://www.footballmarketingmagazine.com/advertising/five-innovative-examples-of-guerrilla-marketing-in-footba ll/attachment/nike-football-car/)

The third element of guerrilla marketing is the ambush marketing effect. Ambush marketing may be defined as the company’s act as a sponsor. Where sponsorship may be defined as a financial or an in-cash investment to gain a competitive advantage while striving to urge the consumers’ buying intention and to share some certain message about the brand or the company (Mazodier, Quester, Candon, 2009). This implies that the company acts as if it is a sponsor of an organized event to get some certain advantages. This can be beneficial for the brand or the company for several reasons. By acting as a sponsor, a company avoids the cost of sponsorships with the advantage of manipulating the attendant consumers in the event into believing that it is the main sponsor (Tuu & Olsen, 2012). In addition to that, ambush marketing is mostly used in big sports events such as Football, The Olympics, and the Super Bowl. The big sports events are to be seen as an opportunity to reach out to a bigger audience; meaning, a bigger number of potential consumers would be present to exchange the message of the brand or the company. To conclude, the use of ambush marketing technique is mainly to impress potential consumers by an event thinking that the company is the official sponsor of it (Scassa, 2011). The image below is an example of a famous ambush marketing which emphasises Michael Johnson's golden Nike’s famous shoes, which held a place at Reebok’s, 1996 Olympics sponsorship (Minato, 2012).

Example of Nike’s ambush marketing: Mickael Johnson’s golden Nike shoes

(https://www.businessinsider.com/best-ambush-marketing-campaigns-2012-6?r=US&IR=T)

2.3 Consumer behavior

This section will discuss consumer behavior concerning guerrilla marketing. This presentation will help compare and understand the theoretical framework of consumers’ purchasing behavior.

consumer perspective by describing different relationships between guerrilla marketing which are brand attitude and brand image.

Brand attitude depends mainly on a consumer’s perception towards a brand; this perception also affects the behavior a consumer has towards that brand (Liu, Li, Mizerski & Soh, 2012). It is also worth mentioning that the consumer’s opinion of an advertisement might become their opinion of the brand as a whole. For instance, an advertising campaign that looks cheap, from a consumer’s perspective, will much likely give off a cheap image of the brand (Praxmarer & Gierl, 2009). It is safe to conclude that brand attitude plays a huge role in how consumers choose to purchase or avoid a specific brand (Park et al., 2010).

Brand image is the association that consumers have of a certain brand. Consumers usually base their perception of this image either rationally or emotionally (Koubaa, 2008). This means that a product belonging to a brand might have a positive image because it is of high quality which is a rational perception, while a brand that gives off a high-status image is mainly seen from an emotional perception (ibid). Even though brands are intangible unlike physical products, they are still “as real as the product”, according to (Meenaghan, 1995, p. 24). Since it is common for products in the same industry to look similar, the brand image that is shaped by advertising, for instance, plays an important role in helping these products be distinguished from each other (Meenaghan, 1995). Therefore, it is argued that the brand image has an important role in affecting consumers’ behavior when guerrilla campaigns are present.

What makes purchase intention interesting for marketers is because it helps companies have a clue about what consumers want as well as the qualities of the products that need to be produced. Sufficient information about a brand or a product and how satisfied consumers have been with previous purchases from the same brand as well as the product influence consumers’ purchasing intention (Tuu & Olsen, 2012). Moreover, positive thoughts towards an advertisement can influence the consumers’ desire to purchase a product, according to Levy and Gendel-Guterman (2012, p. 90). The latter authors also assume it is not the advertising that consumers responded to, rather it is their emotions, attitudes and beliefs which controls their purchasing behavior.

2.4 Effects of guerrilla marketing

As Levinson mentioned in his book “If you're an entrepreneur, you need guerrilla marketing more than ever because the competition is smarter, more sophisticated, and even more aggressive than it was in the past. That is not a problem for guerrillas” (Levinson, 2007, p.23). Guerrilla marketing as mentioned previously in this paper is known for being unconventional and innovative as well as it contains certain effects that make this marketing method different from traditional marketing.

The surprise effect is one of the known traits of guerrilla marketing. This element is used by creating a creative advertisement and placing it in unusual locations (Hutter & Hoffmann, 2011). The guerrilla advertisement could be, for instance in the shape of a popular meal that people associate with a certain restaurant, placed in unexpected but visible locations where people usually pass by (ibid). Seeing this ad will make passer-bys associate this meal with a certain restaurant and much likely crave it if the advertisement is placed strategically and obvious enough (ibid). One of the elements that make the surprise effect so effective is that it triggers the diffusion effect, which is another effect of guerrilla marketing that will be discussed in the next paragraph (ibid). When people experience something fun and surprising, they tend to want to mention it to other people, This will help the campaign spread through “word of mouth” for instance, which is a type of guerrilla marketing. A surprising ad is more likely to be remembered than a typical ad (Sandberg, Stierna, 2006). If the ad is interesting and surprising enough, its publicity might even spread to newspapers, magazines and social media (Sandberg, Stierna, 2006). In other words, having the surprise element increases the rates of success of the advertisement campaign, not to forget adding some humour sometimes which is a fun and modern way to reach perhaps, a more aware crown (Ives, 2004).

One of the unique traits of guerrilla marketing, compared to traditional marketing is the advantage of the diffusion effect. Diffusion effect, in this context, is when an advertisement is spread further from one consumer to another, through talking or sharing through social media for instance, which increases the number of people that this advertisement is exposed to (Hutter & Hoffmann, 2011). This effect saves money since the company does not need to spend extra money on distributing it to individuals, it spreads when the individuals themselves choose to

share it because they might find it intriguing. There are a few types of guerrilla marketing that trigger this effect such as, WoM (word of mouth), Buzz marketing and guerrilla PR (ibid).

The low-cost effect is an additional element of guerrilla marketing that may be seen as a result of the impact of both the surprise and the diffusion effects (ibid). When an advertisement spreads through people talking about it and sharing it due to surprise or interest for instance, it keeps the marketing costs low for companies (ibid). The main idea behind guerrilla marketing is not to create as many copies as possible of an ad and distribute it to as many consumers as possible, rather create an ad which stands out enough to stay on consumers’ minds after seeing it perhaps once (ibid). This way helps companies shrink their marketing costs from copying and distributing traditional advertisements for instance, to placing one or a few unconventional advertisements in strategic places. An example of this type of marketing is Ambush marketing, which means that a company or a brand is visible at an event, such as festivals and sports events without paying for being there (ibid).

2.5 Summary of the theoretical framework

This section aims to summarize the conceptual and theoretical framework with the focus on connecting the different theories that are mentioned in the second chapter so far. In addition to that, there will be a presentation of the model used in the thesis. The guerrilla model was chosen to be used as a frame for the relationship between guerrilla marketing and consumers’ purchasing behavior to further examine the research question in the thesis. The model used for the thesis is associated with Hutter and Hoffmann’s model of “Framework for research on guerrilla effects from a consumer perspective” (Hutter, & Hoffmann, 2011). This model was used as it is argued to be the most suitable model to be altered into the purpose of this thesis as the purpose of the research problem is to examine the impact or the effect of guerrilla marketing on the consumers’ purchasing intention. The model used aims to summarize the theoretical framework by showing how each section is connected to the research problem of this thesis.

Figure 2.5: Framework for research on guerrilla effects from a consumer perspective. The figure is adopted from the Hutter and Hoffman model and developed to suit better the frame of this thesis.

(https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajm.2011.39.54)

The literature review begins with a presentation on communication in marketing as a foundation for the sections that are followed afterwards. Two types of communication were presented to show the process of the message transformation showing the stages of when the message gets sent to the consumer by the company until it is received. Also, a model of communication was displayed in Figure (2.1), where the model was used to get a clearer image of the communication process and to show its effect on guerrilla marketing and increasing consumers' purchasing intention if the right message was sent by the brand or the company.

A presentation on guerrilla marketing follows the first section to fit the purpose of the research question in the introduction chapter. Three different important types of guerrilla marketing were presented and explained. Nonetheless, the three types share a common effect that has an impact on potential consumers’ purchasing behavior. The element is taking advantage of and properly using the emotional appeal. This element could be efficiently taken advantage of if properly and carefully used. Afterwards, information regarding the consumers’ behavior was presented; in this aspect, it included brand imaging and attitude as well as the purchasing conduct of consumers. These three aspects are considered to be a mandatory and essential process for guerrilla marketers (_{​Powrani & Kennedy, 2018​). Afterwards, comes the product or the service itself that the brand is}

Model for guerrilla elements

_​ ⬇ ⬇ ⬇ Basic guerrilla effects

⬇ ⬇ ⬇

Consumer behavior and its relationship between these variables

Buzz marketing Ambush marketing etc.

Surprise effect Diffusion effect Word of Mouth

Basic guerrilla effect: high attention at a relatively lost cost

offering. In this case, the consumers will either choose to be rational or irrational, emotional in other words. This purchasing behavior tends to vary from an individual to another depending on the person's view of the product or service. Moving onwards, it has been mentioned that guerrilla marketing has different effects on people according to _{​Kelly (2015​). Depending on how the} advertisement is made and how innovative it is, sometimes, different effects can be applied with multiple occurring at the same time, one leading the other to prompt. The advertisement is mostly situated in unusual locations where people would not have expected seeing it (Hutter & Hoffmann, 2011).

The unexpected places for advertising and the unconventional ways the product or service is marketed this leads to a better surprising effect, sometimes with laughter. According to Sandberg and Stierna (2006), if the advertisement was surprising enough, people tend to give more thoughts towards it. Also, the consumers tend to remember the advertisement and even talk about it to friends and family, or even mention their experiences on their social media. This is where the second effect comes into place, the diffusion effect. In this case, the company does not act in any way, it is the consumers themselves that trigger this effect. If the advertisement was surprising enough and differs from the traditional ones that are usually advertised on TVs or magazines, the individuals tend to lean on technology and online platforms to share their unique experiences with their friends or followers ( _{​Dagorn, 2015​). This leads the advertisement to travel further and} reach more potential consumers than what the original spot of the guerrilla ad was intended for. By triggering the surprising and the diffusion effect, another effect is automatically generated which is the low-cost effect. This one is easily fulfilled since it is the consumers who share the advertisement instead and the company does not have to put more money on marketing their brand. To conclude, there are three basic effects of guerrilla marketing on consumers’ behavior as it was argued by Spry et al. (2011). The effects that are mentioned are the surprise effect, diffusion effect and low-cost effect. To make a big impact on the consumer, the relatively low-costs effect along with the combination of other two effects are essential into getting to the consumer on a deeper level (Hutter & Hoffmann, 2011).

Chapter 3: Methodology

This chapter will be presenting different sections to clarify the empirical method used in the process of answering the research question chosen for this thesis. The research philosophy was first presented to be followed with the research design that is used to describe different approaches that were chosen to be used to examine the research question including the collection of data. Moreover, the chosen time horizon, reliability and validity are presented ending the chapter with a presentation on operationalization.

3.1 Research Philosophy

According to Saunders et al. (2016, p.124), to answer a research question, a research philosophy has to be chosen. Research philosophy refers to the combination of the beliefs and the assumptions made when researching to gain and develop a deeper knowledge in the required area of study. There are five types of research philosophy to conduct the research, according to Saunders et al. (2016, p.164). These are positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism and pragmatism. It was argued that critical realism was the most suitable research philosophy to examine the research problem of this thesis. Critical realism is referred to the individuals’ explanation of what is seen and experienced taking in consideration “the underlying structures of reality that shape the observable events” (Saunders et al., 2016, p.139). This implies that a critical realist’s perception of the world is purely the individuals’ image of the world based on the experience that is followed by the mental process of retroduction; reasoning backwards on what might have caused that experience in other words (Saunders et al., 2016, p.140). Critical realism philosophy was chosen due to the focus of the research question on the consumers’ purchasing behavior and attitude and due to the essentiality of understanding the stimulus influence on the students’ reaction. As the theoretical framework chapter was based on academic research focusing on the concepts of guerrilla marketing, it was vital to test the theories and the assumptions that were made. As a result, the examination of the research question will be

affected naturally by the values and the interpretations of the authors while choosing the guerrilla marketing campaigns that were introduced to the participants in the in-depth interviews.

3.2 Research design

The research design is defined by Saunders et al. (2016, p. 163) as a general plan of how to answer the chosen research question connecting it to the research objectives. In this section of the thesis, the used approaches in the process of answering the research question will be presented and explained. The research design used will be accordingly divided into different described subtitles to emphasize the approaches chosen for the data collection.

There are three types of research design purposes: exploratory, descriptive or evaluative (Saunders et al., 2016, p.174). A combination of some of these purposes could also be taken into consideration (ibid). When starting to choose a research design purpose, it is important to go back to the research question and understand in what way this question should be answered. More open questions that lead to gaining an insight about the research topic and learning more about it as there might be little research on this topic, encourage having an exploratory purpose (Saunders et al., p.174-175). It is safe to conclude that when researching topics that have had limited research or empirical data on, an exploratory purpose is common to follow to fulfil the research design purpose (ibid). This case applies to the research topic for this paper as there is little or insufficient information about the topic of guerrilla marketing and its relation to consumers’ behavior, more information about this will be mentioned in the delimitation section below. The thesis research question aims to explore the relationship between guerrilla marketing and university student’s purchasing behavior. To understand the phenomenon more, question words like “what” and “how” will be asked frequently while collecting the research primary data. The curiosity _{​to find out the outcome of the research alongside the limitation of secondary data led to} the authors choosing an exploratory research design purpose for this paper.

When choosing a research approach, Saunders et al. (2016, p.144) mention that there are three research approaches; deductive, inductive or abductive approach. To choose an approach, a look at the start of the research will give the authors a hint on what kind of understanding they want to reach by the end of the research (Saunders et al., 2016, p.145). For instance, if the research starts

from stating a theory that is often developed by reading other literature which is then tested to look into its reliability, then the research has more of a deductive approach. An inductive approach starts by collecting data and then building a theory depending on the result of the research. An abductive approach moves back and forth between theory and data collection while combining both previously mentioned approaches (Suddaby 2006, p.145).

Using a deductive approach might be too rigid for the sake of conducting this research as there is no clear theory of interest for the authors that will be tested at the beginning of the research. However, Hutter and Hoffman’s guerrilla model was used in this thesis to frame a general relationship between a guerrilla marketing strategy and the consumers’ response. Inductive research is more flexible as it allows the researchers to collect data first and build a theory based on the result. Although, this approach requires the researchers to have a rich knowledge concerning the topic as it doesn’t rely on reading literature and theories that might help understand the topic better. This leaves the authors with one approach, the abductive approach. The combination of both methods, data collection and theory suits the complexity of the topic of consumer behavior as well as a limited researched topic, guerrilla marketing. As Dew mentioned in his paper _{​Abduction: a pre-condition for the intelligent design of strategy​, “working from a} limited set of data or evidence to come up with the best possible explanation” (2007, p. 38). The research was started by both collecting information and reading relevant literature to explore the phenomenon, guerrilla marketing and its relation to _{​university student consumers’ purchasing} behavior. The combination of both methods is believed to give the best result for this specific topic, therefore; the abductive approach will be used for this thesis.

3.3 Data collection and Qualitative technique

According to Saunders et al. (2016), there are two ways to collect data, which are primary and secondary. Primary data is considered to be new information that is collected for a specific purpose related to the research problem (Malhotra, 2007, p.24). In contrast, secondary data is collected data that has already been studied and examined for another purpose (Malhotra, 2007, p.24). The type of data that was used to examine guerrilla marketing’s impact on consumers’ purchasing behavior was primary data. Meanwhile, secondary sources were used to gain an

understanding as a foundation for the problem presented, which was done by reviewing some certain available information such as books and a limited number of articles, dissertations and theses that have previously examined similar research problems concerning the effects of guerrilla marketing. These secondary sources were used to form the literature background to the research problem. Whereas, primary data was an essential tool for analyzing the research problem due to the limitation in finding enough sources to obtain further new information to get a deeper knowledge and understanding of the problem presented. The primary source that was used in the procedure of collecting data was conducted using an interview guide in a setting of semi-structured interviews for a further deeper investigation to gain a deeper knowledge concerning the students’ reactions and behavior on different guerrilla marketing tactics.

According to Saunders et al. (2016), there are three types of research techniques to collect data about a certain research problem. These research designs are qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method approach. Qualitative research was defined according to Saunders et al. (2016, p.165) as a synonym for a technique that is used for the collection of information through such as an interview, or as a “data analysis procedure such as categorizing data” (ibid). The qualitative approach is also known to be using and creating non-numerical data such as words and images (ibid). In contrast, as it was interpreted by Saunders et al. (2016, p.166), quantitative research may also be identified as a synonym for any data collection method such as using a questionnaire. The quantitative research also tends to analyze the data using graphs or statistics (ibid). What distinguishes both quantitative from qualitative research is that it “generates or uses numerical data” (ibid). Nonetheless, mixed-method research is explained as a combination of both the qualitative and quantitative research methods for the collection of information and analytical procedures purposes (Saunders et al., 2016, p.169). _​Arguably, qualitative research technique was an appropriate fit to further investigate the thesis research question d _​ue to the necessity of examining the phenomenon of guerrilla marketing and its impact on the students’ buying intention and behavior (Anderson, 2010). The qualitative technique is beneficial for carrying the study further as extensive research and examination about guerrilla marketing effects on students were needed to enhance the quality of this thesis. To enhance the reason behind using qualitative research techniques furthermore is that the social environments could be interpreted differently based on the different body expressions such as body language or sounds (Hollensen, 2004).

3.4 Time Horizon

When conducting research, it is important to understand how long of a period it covers. The main topic or problem at hand can be either represented as a phenomenon at a particular time “snapshot” or over some time “series of snapshots” (Saunders et al., 2016, p.200). The snapshot perspective is known as a cross-sectional time horizon while writing about a series of events over a longer time is called a longitudinal time horizon (ibid). For this thesis, the research will collect information about how the consumers’ see guerrilla marketing at a certain point in time. Moreover, consumers’ behavior related to a certain kind of marketing, is arguably a time-sensitive behavior that might change depending on surrounding factors. This makes researching with accurate results from a longitudinal time horizontal more of a challenge for the authors given the time constraints on thesis production. This is why the cross-sectional time horizontal was chosen for this research.

3.5 Reliability and Validity

In this thesis, the authors determined to opt with a qualitative approach to studying guerrilla marketing. According to Thuren (1991), when adopting qualitative research, numbers are not included in any way, but it is more about how the situations and reactions were interpreted as well as try conceiving an understanding of the interviews. For the readers to have certain trustworthiness towards the study, the authors chose to include in this section two aspects, reliability and validity. Since the selection and the amount of interviewees’ collected are rather small compared to when going with quantitative research as well as that the authors are aiming to find unique factors, our qualitative approach is therefore not difficult to be repeated by future researchers to make it a trustworthy process. Nonetheless, according to Malhotra & Birks (2007), the reliability of a study that was made refers to whether the outcome would be consistent and logical if the assessments were to be repeated. However, in our case where we research aspects such as brand attitude, brand image and purchase intention it is consequently challenging to guarantee reliability and validity. Without forgetting that the authors are not delving into basic numbers but rather feelings, reactions and opinions of a small number of interviewees.

Moreover, a different compilation of interviewees could as well result in the same outcome or to a completely different conclusion. From the authors’ point of view, reliability and validity from the qualitative approach are not about being repetitive but about the trustworthiness, the transparency and the accuracy of the research process as well as the semi-structured interviews that were meticulously examined. Ihantola and Kihn (2011) mention that multiple factors that might affect and influence the validity and reliability of a study are failure to take proper notes when doing interviews, the quality of the interview questions and interpreting the answers wrong which leads to a false linkage to the theory. To ensure that the study is as valid as possible, the authors tried to be free from any prejudice and to interpret the answers as they are without including any personal opinions. Also, as the authors were trying to be transparent, an interview guide (see appendix2) is provided to be seen by the readers. According to Kirk and Miller (1986), the validity in a qualitative observation, one does not discuss any kind of number or figure, it is more about how the researchers have interpreted and deciphered the situations. Which is why the authors assessed and examined the interviewees’ performance, including taking into account their expressions and body language when answering different questions. 

3.6 Operationalization

Considering the exploratory research purpose, it was first believed that the usage of in-depth interviews was an efficient approach for the collection of data. An in-depth interview is defined according to Saunders et al. (2016, p.391) as exploring an area of knowledge with no specific set of questions to talk and discuss freely. The total number of interviewees participating in the in-depth interviews was planned to be 40, which were supposed to be divided into 4 different students in each of 10 different in-depth interviews. However, the plan has changed later into believing that semi-structured interviews were to fit better to maintain an ongoing deep conversation with the interviewees. It was argued to conduct the semi-structured interviews with one participant at a time to avoid any biased opinions or thoughts of the campaigns shown. Which may be a result of other participants’ reactions influencing the other interviewees’. Semi-structured interviews are differentiated from the in-depth interviews by using a set of questions that may be varied from one interview to another depending on the flow of the discussion. Some questions may be ignored or additional ones may be added to further explore the research question and the objectives (ibid).

The total number of participants that the interviews were conducted with was 13. 12 of the interviewees were international university students who are friends of the authors’ friends or families. In addition to the semi-structured interviews with the university students, an additional interview with the marketing expert Amer Bittar was also conducted. Bittar has worked in the marketing industry for 20 years as a brand architect and a visual designer. Bittar has been able to become the co-founder of the design house, Bittarism in Bahrain. Bittar was approached easily as he is one of the authors’ brother in law and was asked to be a part of the interviews. Which was beneficial for the authors to get a professional point of view on the marketing campaigns chosen (see appendix1 for examples) for further understanding and clarifications regarding the authors’ choice of campaigns. The choice of conducting the interviews with Bittar and the international students was due to the limited access to companies’ managers. This was mostly due to the unfortunate circumstances caused by the ongoing pandemic, COVID-19. Although guerrilla marketing is also convenient for small or start-up businesses, using examples of big companies to answer the research question of this thesis was chosen due to the limited access to small businesses’ guerrilla campaigns. Therefore, using guerrilla marketing campaigns of big and known companies such as Ikea and Nike was a necessary step to proceed to examine the research problem. In addition to that, these companies are very known to be used by younger generations which may suit younger generations’ budget and goals.

It was recommended by Saunders et al. (2016, p.391) to capture the semi-structured interviews either by audio-recordings or taking notes. It was discussed that the interviews are best to be audio-recorded to ensure that all information needed from the interviewees to be saved, not forgotten or lacking any important elements. Nonetheless, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the restrictions of interacting with different people daily have had its effect on people’s emotional and physical health (Gualano, 2020). Therefore, the interviews were decided not to be conducted in person but to be conducted virtually instead. Zoom was chosen as an online learning platform where the interviewees could join the discussion comfortably and without worrying about their health. The authors were all attending each of the interviews conducted to ensure the flow of the conversation and for each to complement each others’ notes or comments on the interviews if there are any. The meetings for the interviews were varied from one to another depending on

what was suitable for each participant. Sometimes, rescheduling the meeting was a necessary option for everyone to be attending at a convenient time. Adding to that, the length of the interviews were different from one participant to another depending on how much the participants were willing to share and to discuss further.

The semi-structured interviews were first started by showing the participants both the traditional and the guerrilla campaigns of each of the three companies presented, IT, IKEA and Nike. Afterwards, questions were asked to the participant about guerrilla marketing campaigns and later were asked relating to the traditional ones. However, that was argued to be confusing and distracting for the first interviewee, therefore, the way of conducting the interview was changed. The rest of the interviews were conducted by firstly, asking if it was possible to audio-record the conversation and once the permission was given, the interview would start. Secondly, the guerrilla campaigns were shown one at a time starting with IT, then Ikea and Nike the last (see appendix1 for some examples of the images). Moreover, a set of questions were asked about each of the guerrilla campaigns, which were not necessarily the same in each interview; a question or two may be either added or removed depending on the flow of each discussion and conversation. This order in conducting the interviews was chosen to differentiate the responses and the reactions in the consumers’ purchasing behavior in terms of guerrilla marketing effects. Below, a demographic table is presented that represents the interviewees:

Table 1: Demographic table of the interview participants

Age Gender Education/Profession Major Nationality

20 Male Student Economic program France

22 Male Student International business management Mongolia 23 Female Student International business management Finland 23 Male Student International business management Syria 25 Female Student International business administration Albania

3.6.1 Interview Questions

As the exploratory research purpose was identified, it is significantly important to understand why the interviewees think the way they do in order to fulfil the qualitative data needed to further study the research question of this thesis. The set of questions chosen for the semi-structured interviews are presented below followed by a brief explanation of why they have been chosen and connection to the literature if applicable.

1. What emotions do the images evoke in you?

This question was asked first as guerrilla marketing depends on the consumers’ emotions towards what they see for the first time. Therefore, it was needed to get first impressions and thoughts towards the brand or the company to get a sense of the students’ behavior and attitude.

2. What feelings do you have towards this brand?

This question was asked to examine if any negative or positive feelings were triggered towards the brand which may have an impact on the consumers’ behavior when it comes to purchasing goods or services.

22 Female Student Marketing Morocco

24 Male Student International business  management Morocco 27 Male Student International business  management Syria

22 Male Student Analytical finance Canada

23 Female Student Engineering program Greece

21 Male Student Analytical finance Italy

23 Female Student Music program Norway

4. How memorable do you think this ad is? Expand.

According to Granot (2011), creative guerrilla advertisements should be innovative and memorable. Therefore, these two questions were important to evaluate if the creativity of an advertisement may have an impact on how memorable the experience is.

5.

Do you think that you trust the brand? Expand.

This question was to be connected to the validity of guerrilla marketing campaigns.

6. Would you consider buying this product/ or buying from this brand? Why/why not?

This question was important to be added as it was directly related to the purchasing intention.

7. How effective would you say this ad is? And, how likely are you to tell others about it and the brand? Who would you tell?

This question is vital as it is related to one of the guerrilla marketing tactics, WoM which may be seen as an effect of guerrilla marketing on the consumer.

8. Any further comments on this marketing approach?

This question allows the interviewees to express any additional thoughts or opinions

3.7 Limitations

There are a few limitations that the authors have faced while researching this paper. _​The available secondary sources for formulating this research problem and literature background that discuss the topic of guerrilla street marketing are limited, as well as the companies who used this type of marketing. Therefore, the authors have decided to choose a broader research question for more secondary data. As mentioned before, guerrilla marketing, in general, is convenient for smaller businesses as it is inexpensive and many times, attention capturing (Levinson, 1983). This could be the reason why it is hard to find many guerrilla street marketing examples used by companies as well as statistics on how this advertising method affects consumers’ purchasing behavior. The research was also conducted at a time when the Covid19 pandemic is spread globally and

restricting people’s everyday live routines, social lives, finances and health (Hiscott, Alexandridi, Muscolini, Tassone, Palermo, Soultsioti & Zevini, 2020). These restrictions affected the research as it made physical contact with the interviewees limited. Instead, online interviews took place using the application ZOOM, which might have limited access to the interviewees honest reactions and natural expressions as people are still adjusting to the online meeting services. Another limitation that the authors were facing is that the guerrilla marketing campaigns are usually placed outdoors, as well as they might be hard to notice or simply there is a lack of availability of these kinds of advertisements for the authors. This limitation made it hard to ask the interviewees about advertisements that were exclusively available where they lived and might have seen themselves in the street. To make up for this limitation, pictures of campaigns were shown to the interviewees that include both national and internationally recognized campaigns.

3.8 Discussion and reflection

While conducting this research, the authors of this paper chose to document and discuss even the details of the changes of choices that have been made, after thorough literature research and consideration. For the methodology chapter, a deep understanding of the requirements was needed to plan how this research should be conducted. There are three types of research design techniques; qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods, as mentioned before. As the authors wanted to give an accurate representation of the phenomena as possible, they considered using the mixed method research technique. This method was considered by the authors as a way to cover both the qualitative and quantitative aspects while complimenting each other. On the other hand, choosing this method was more advanced and time-consuming for the authors which might have resulted in a lacking result instead, given the limited period. These uncertainties made the authors choose one research design technique instead, the qualitative approach. This approach was believed by the authors to represent the university student consumers’ thoughts and opinions in more vivid manners, as well as it gave the authors the chance to ask additional questions during the interviews when needed.

Choosing a research design approach for this paper was also a bit challenging. The choice between the inductive and abductive approaches needed a thorough consideration. The lack of previous research that was discovered by the authors on the main topic inspired them to choose

the inductive approach at first. This approach was going to focus on the primary data research to establish a theory and thereby a conclusion. Although, the lack of experience and deep understanding of the phenomenon helped the authors choose the abductive approach. As this approach relies on both previous research and primary data collection, it was considered by the authors to fit this kind of research topic the best out of other choices.

Chapter 4: Empirical analysis

4.1 Findings

This section will present the result of the semi-structured interviews that were conducted to examine the research question of this thesis. The result will answer the questions that are stated in the Operationalization section in the methodology chapter, in addition to side-questions that were asked to help clarify certain answers and reactions. Also to keep the flow of the conversation. The result is divided into four sections, the first three sections present a product or a brand in the same order that the questions were asked. Where the fourth section presents a professional perspective on each of the presented brands or companies.

4.1.1 IT

Image 1, _{​which illustrates a street guerrilla advertisement was shown to the interview participants} to represent an advertisement campaign for the

movie, IT. The emotions expressed regarding the picture varied. One of the interviewees which also happened to be the first person that was interviewed described the picture as “Uncomfortable” and “gives out an eerie feeling” while looking at this participant's body language, she gave off a feeling of being disagreeable, even a bit irritated. The participant's face expression was suggesting that the advertisement did not convey a positive vibe.

Another interviewee said that the red balloon reminds her of “IT the movie, Valentine’s day or kids playing around and having fun”. The latter answer introduces a different attitude toward the picture compared to the first participant. If the description isn't varied enough at this point, a

participant commented, “looks like someone lost their balloon, weird!”. The emotions expressed among the interviewees were associated with whether they recognized the picture as an advertisement for the movie or not. The participants who recognized the purpose of the advertisement expressed that they felt “mystery”, “unsettlement” or “excitement”, while the other group that didn’t recognize what the picture represented expressed either confusion or happiness associated with thoughts about children playing or valentines day. The majority which consisted of ten participants agreed that the ad was innovative, either after recognizing it’s an ad for the movie IT by themselves or by being told what the picture represents. For most of the latter participants, they had a hint of amazement in their expression followed by a smile the moment they saw the picture. One of the two participants that did not see this ad as innovative looked a bit dissatisfied and argued that ‘‘the movie marketers did not put much effort, it’s just a balloon tied to the sewers”

Seven out of twelve interviewees associated the ad directly with the movie, however; they expressed that if they hadn’t seen the movie from before seeing this picture, they would not have had the same association. When the rest of the participants didn’t recognize the movie from the guerrilla marketing ad, the interviewers mentioned what the ad represented which resulted in comments that were similar to the latter group of interviewees. Considering that the picture is not an equal representation of a real-life guerrilla advertising, the interviewers saw the need to mention certain details that could be missed when looking at a mere picture of what otherwise is a guerrilla advertising. One of the main details was the text that is written on the sidewalk under the balloon, which introduced more information about the ad that could easily be missed or ignored because of the quality of the picture. Five participants commented that they either didn’t see the text because of its small size or that the text didn’t describe the advertisement enough. Another participant commented that he needed to see the balloon multiple times to remember the ad and potentially mention it to his friends. All the participants who expressed that the ad is going to be memorable agreed on sharing it with other individuals.

When it comes to purchasing this product, the twelve participants agreed on seeing this ad as a reminder for the movie in case they want to rewatch it or see another season of the same movie, rather than an effective first introduction to the movie IT. A fan of the movie said excitedly

“seeing this balloon makes me want to watch it tonight, it’s been a long time since the last time I saw it”

4.1.2 IKEA

To represent IKEA’s advertisement campaign, a picture of guerrilla marketing was shown to the interviewees. _{​When describing the emotions ​that the interviewees had when seeing image 2, the} opinions on what the picture represented varied but the confusion was common among the participants. Five participants out of twelve commented almost immediately that the chair belonged to IKEA, while the rest either took their time to realise that or needed someone to point this information out for them. One interviewee thought that the big yellow poster belonged to IKEA as the colours in that poster are usually associated with IKEA, then realised that it was an ad for an airline company called SAS. For the participants that recognized the IKEA chair, the majority thought that it was not a good representation of the company. “It looks like an IKEA chair that someone forgot” commented one participant, “I recognize the chair as it is one of IKEA’s known designs but it makes me

uncomfortable seeing it in the street, what if it rains or snows? The chair will get dirty”.

The guerrilla advertisements were considered as innovative by five out of twelve participants, while the rest were either unsure if to call it innovative or “creative” but not in an effective way. When the question about innovative was asked, two participants reacted immediately with a yes while the majority took a few seconds to

answer. The answers for this question have been mainly with yes or no along with reactions which expressed uncertainty. One participant answered, “yes if I see the chair I would think that it’s good that IKEA is trying a new concept”. However, three participants agreed on the chair looking like it had been left and placed randomly “if I see the chair while passing by with a car I’ll wonder if someone left a chair in the street”.

Most emotions were a mixture of positive and negative emotions, many participants were “confused” while a few but not as many were “uncomfortable”. The main reason for the confusion is seeing a red chair placed next to a big sign that expressed Ikea’s colours but belonged to another company. Another reason is not recognizing that the chair belongs to IKEA and therefore wondering the reason behind it being there ..“it’s very weird that there is a chair there” commented one interviewee while looking perplexed, while another asked, “why is there a chair close to a travelling company sign?”. The majority of the interviewee participants shared a common opinion of the guerrilla ad done by IKEA as not being a memorable scene which resulted in them not mentioning it to someone after seeing it. One participant said, “if I see this chair, I will not think of it as an ad, I will probably take a picture and laugh while telling my friends that someone forgot their chair somewhere”. One of the common reasons for the previously mentioned opinion is that the chair is placed next to what looks like a highway, this makes it harder to notice a small chair that isn’t described by a proportionally visible sign or logo which works as a clear reminder of the brand.

When the participants were asked if they trust the brand, their opinions were not related nor affected by their answers about the guerrilla advertisement for the company. The participants expressed their opinion about IKEA as a known furniture company and their choice of purchasing from them would be related to either the quality and the design of the furniture or the price, or both of these elements combined. One participant explained, “IKEA is a globally known company for furniture, I don’t think that this ad will remind me much of the company, but I will still think of IKEA when I need to buy a piece of furniture, maybe this ad will remind someone who would recognize the chair as an ad”. An interviewee answered jokingly “I don’t need to buy the chair, I’ll just take this one if I see it”

4.1.3 Nike

Image 3 and image 4 were shown to the interview participants to represent two examples of Nike’s guerrilla advertisements. When viewing both images, all participants recognized that Nike’s logo was in both of the images. Image 4 confused the majority of the participants at first glance, they felt overwhelmed, as one of them was wondering “why does this bench have no seating area?”, while another participant asked, “what is the purpose of this bench if I cannot sit

on it?”. These interviewees expressions were mixed but still going towards the same end. Moving on to other interviewees, which consisted of two participants who thought that this was a creative idea. They loved the idea behind motivating

people to be fit and they thought that it was a really good concept to make them do it. However, they were as unaware as to the first participants of whether it was an advertisement approach or not. When image 3 was shown, one of the individuals commented, “wow, I love the idea of the mall using the Nike barrier to block people from using the automatic escalators, but is it because the escalators are not working and the mall is trying to be creative?”, while another was completely against since he said’ what if I am tired, what if I am lifting heavy stuff and what if I am an old man?’ With that said, the first batch of participants have shown a lack of knowledge towards marketing in general and guerrilla marketing in specific but they had both a positive and a negative feeling about it. Nevertheless, three out of the twelve participants have surprised the

researchers with the answers given. These interviewees answered with full confidence as they knew immediately that the images shown were advertisements, they did not know the name of the marketing strategy but knew that it was a kind of advertisement. “Nike did it again, I just love how they advertise themselves”, one of the participants shared.

4.1.4 Professional insight

Bittar shared his insightful knowledge and experience regarding the change of consumer behavior towards marketing in these modern days. We started the interview by following a similar structure to the semi-structured interviews that were conducted with the students. Bittar’s opinions about the chosen visualized campaigns were similar in some aspects to the students’ but