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Case Study: Digitization of a User Interface: Investigating the use of a touch screen in Helicopter 14

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(1)DEGREE PROJECT IN THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AND PRODUCT REALISATION AND THE MAIN FIELD OF STUDY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020. Case Study: Digitization of a User Interface Investigating the use of a touch screen in Helicopter 14 HANNA ABRAHAMSSON LINN KARLSSON. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT.

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(3) Case Study: Digitization of a User Interface Investigating the use of a touch screen in Helicopter 14. HANNA ABRAHAMSSON LINN KARLSSON. Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:165 KTH Industrial Engineering and Management Machine Design SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM.

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(5) Examensarbete TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:165 Fallstudie: Digitalisering av ett användargränssnitt Undersöker användningen av en touchskärm i Helikopter 14. Hanna Abrahamsson Linn Karlsson Godkänt. Examinator. Handledare. 2020-05-02. Claes Tisell. Anders Hedman. Uppdragsgivare. Kontaktperson. Saab. Gustav Casselbrant. Sammanfattning Ett anvandargranssnitt bör vara intuitivt för att uppgifter ska kunna utföras pa ett effektivt öch sakert satt. I Heliköpter 14 (HKP 14) finns öperatörskönsöler med ett anvandargranssnitt söm kallas Prögrammerbara Knappar (PK). Dessa styr det ledningssystem (MMS) söm finns ömbörd pa heliköptern. Att ersatta det nuvarande anvandargranssnittet med en töuchskarm har föreslagits. För att första öperatörernas arbete i sin köntext har den har fallstudien genömförts med inspiratiön fran etnögrafi. Det nuvarande granssnittet har studerats teöretiskt genöm att lasa systemmanualer öch praktiskt genöm demönstratiöner av ledningssystemet i Saabs testrigg öch i HKP 14. Fallstudien avser att hitta vilka möjligheter öch begransningar söm uppkömmer i samband med att granssnittet ersatts med en töuchskarm. För att undersöka ölika perspektiv pa anvandandet av en töuchskarm i HKP 14 har intervjuer genömförts med öperatörer öch en flygtekniker, samt anstallda pa FMV öch Saab. Studien visade att det finns bade för- öch nackdelar med att implementera en töuchskarm i heliköptern. En aterkömmande farhaga med töuchskarmar var att de saknar fysiska referenspunkter. Denna studie ger förslag pa hur taktil aterköppling kan uppnas pa en töuchskarm öch exemplifierar hur det digitala anvandargranssnittet kan se ut med hansyn till detta..

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(7) Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:165 Case Study: Digitization of a User Interface Investigating the use of a touch screen in Helicopter 14. Hanna Abrahamsson Linn Karlsson Approved. Examiner. Supervisor. 2020-05-02. Claes Tisell. Anders Hedman. Commissioner. Contact person. Saab. Gustav Casselbrant. Abstract A user interface shöuld be intuitive tö allöw efficient and safe executiön öf tasks. Helicöpter 14 (HKP 14) has öperatör cönsöles with an analög user interface, called Prögrammable Keys (PK), tö cöntröl a Missiön Management System (MMS). The idea öf replacing the PK with töuch technölögy has arisen. Tö understand öperatörs’ wörking envirönment, this case study was cönducted with inspiratiön fröm ethnögraphy. The PK have been studied by reading system manuals and familiarizing with the MMS in Saab’s test rigs and in HKP 14. This study aims tö investigate the öppörtunities and challenges with implementing a töuch screen tö replace the current PK. Interviews have been cönducted with öperatörs and öne technician wörking with HKP 14. Tö highlight additiönal perspectives ön usage öf töuch technölögy, interviews with emplöyees at FMV and Saab were carried öut. This study föund böth benefits and drawbacks with implementing a töuch screen in the helicöpter. The möst cömmön cöncern was that töuch screens lack tactile feedback. This study exemplifies höw physical suppört can be achieved ön a töuch screen and höw a Graphical User Interface (GUI) can be designed with regards tö this..

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(9) Case Study: DigiƟzaƟon of a User Interface InvesƟgaƟng the use of a touch screen in Helicopter 14 Hanna Abrahamsson Industrial Engineering and Management The Royal InsƟtute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden hanna.abrahamsson@gmail.com. Linn Karlsson Industrial Engineering and Management The Royal InsƟtute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden linn.karlssons@outlook.com. ABSTRACT. 1. INTRODUCTION. —•‡”‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹–—‹–‹˜‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–ƒ† •ƒˆ‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‘ˆ –ƒ••Ǥ ‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ͳͶ ȋ  ͳͶȌ Šƒ• ‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡• ™‹–Š ƒ ƒƒŽ‘‰ —•‡” ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‡† ”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡ ‡›• ȋȌǡ –‘ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ ‹••‹‘ ƒƒ‰‡‡–›•–‡ȋȌǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰–Š‡ ™‹–Š –‘— Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ• ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ ‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ǯ ™‘”‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ •–—†› ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ™‹–Š ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •–—†‹‡† „› ”‡ƒ†‹‰ •›•–‡ ƒ—ƒŽ• ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹ƒƒ„ǯ•–‡•–”‹‰•ƒ†‹  ͳͶǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™‹–Š‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ–‘— Š• ”‡‡–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ —””‡– Ǥ

(10) –‡”˜‹‡™• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘†— –‡† ™‹–Š ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ†‘‡–‡ Š‹ ‹ƒ™‘”‹‰™‹–Š ͳͶǤ‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‘— Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ– ƒ†ƒƒ„ ™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘—† „‘–Š „‡‡ˆ‹–• ƒ† †”ƒ™„ƒ • ™‹–Š ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”Ǥ  Š‡ ‘•– ‘‘ ‘ ‡” ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –‘— Š • ”‡‡•Žƒ –ƒ –‹Ž‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ǤŠ‹••–—†›‡š‡’Ž‹ϐ‹‡•Š‘™ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•—’’‘”– ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‘ƒ–‘— Š• ”‡‡ƒ† Š‘™ ƒ ”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ •‡”

(11) –‡”ˆƒ ‡ ȋ 

(12) Ȍ ƒ „‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘–Š‹•Ǥ. ‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹ƒ˜‹‘‹ •›•–‡•‹•ƒ‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡•• ƒ† ‹– Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ ‘‘ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– –‘— Š • ”‡‡•Ǥ ŠƒŽ‡• ȏ͵ͲȐǡ ‘‡›™‡ŽŽ ȏͳ͹Ȑǡ ƒ† ‘ ™‡ŽŽ ‘ŽŽ‹• ȏʹͷȐ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘— Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹ ‘ ’‹– †‹•’Žƒ›•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒƒ„ǡ‹–‹•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –‘— Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ͻͲǡ™Š‹ Š‹•—•‡† „› –Š‡ ™‡†‹•Š ”‡† ‘” ‡•Ǥ

(13)  ™‡†‡  ͻͲ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• ‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ͳͶ ȋ  ͳͶȌǤ  –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ —””‡– —•‡” ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ –Šƒ– ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡ ‡›• ȋȌ ‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡• ‹  ͳͶǤ • ‘ˆ –‘†ƒ›ǡ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ˜‡”› Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ •’ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”–• ™Š‹ Š ƒ‘– „‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† ƒ›‘”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‹• ‘’Ž‡šǤ

(14) ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”‡˜‹”‘‡–‹’Ž‹‡• Š‹‰Š†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ. KEYWORDS.

(15) –Š‹••–—†›ǡ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–‡•–•™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†™‹–Š—•‡”•ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ–ƒƒ„ƒ† –‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ – †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‘— Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‘‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡•‹ ͳͶǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ–Š‹• ƒ•‡•–—†›‹•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ™‹–Š ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ —””‡–  ™‹–Š ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡Ǥ. ‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ •ƒˆ‡–› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ –ƒ•• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› •–—†›‹‰ –‘— Š • ”‡‡•‹Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”•ȏʹǡ͵ǡͺȐǡƒ‹” ”ƒˆ–•ȏ͸ǡͷǡʹ͸Ȑƒ† ƒ”• ȏʹͳǡ ͶȐǤ

(16) – ‹• ‘™ –Šƒ– –‘— Š • ”‡‡• Žƒ  –ƒ –‹Ž‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ȏͳͲǡͳͳȐǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ•’‡ ––‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ Ž‘‘ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ȏͳͲȐǤ  ‹†‡–ƒŽ–‘— Š‡•ƒ›‘ —”‹ƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡– ȏʹȐǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘‡‡†•–‘„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡Ǥ. ƒ„Ž‡–ǡ ‘— Š • ”‡‡ǡ —ƒǦ‘’—–‡”

(17) –‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ. ”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ•‡”

(18) –‡”ˆƒ ‡ǡ ‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” DATABASES ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‘’—–‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡”›ǡ

(19)  ’Ž‘”‡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ ‘‘‰Ž‡ Š‘Žƒ”ǡ ‹„”ƒ”›”‹‘. . ͳ. .

(20) 1.1 Background. 1.1.3. Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Šƒ’–‡” ‘˜‡”• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡› ‘’‘‡–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• —•‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ǥ Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› ƒƒ„ ȏ ”‡†”‹ƒ•—•ǡ‡”•‘ƒŽ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲʹͲǦͲͳǦͳͷȐǤ Š‡ ƒ„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ’’‡†‹š

(21) Ǥ. Š‡  ƒ”‡ ƒ “—‹  ™ƒ› –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ† ƒ‡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ ‘‡  ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡• ’‘’Ǧ—’ ™‹†‘™• ‘ –Š‡  ™Š‡”‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ „‡ †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ‘” –›’‡†‹ƒ—ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡‡›„‘ƒ”†ǤŠ‡‡›•ƒ”‡ͳͷšͳͷ ƒ†Ž‘™‡”‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡™‹–Šˆƒ ‡–•ǡ•‡‡ϐ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ Š‡͵ʹƒŽŽ‘™‘˜‡”ʹͶͲˆ— –‹‘••‹ ‡–Š‡ϐ‹”•–”‘™‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”‡‡—‡›•–Šƒ–Š‘Ž†•ƒ•‡–‘ˆ•—„Ǧˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„‡ƒƒ‰‡†™‹–Šƒ–”ƒ „ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡›„‘ƒ”† ‘ –Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡  ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•–‘™‘”™‹–Š—Ž–‹’Ž‡–Š‹‰•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ ‘–Š‡Ǥ. 1.1.1. The TacƟcal Mission System in HKP 14.  ͳͶ ‹• ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ›•–‡ ȋȌƒ†–Š‡•›•–‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‹ʹͲͲʹ ȏʹ͹ȐǤ Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ƒ „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘”ǣ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡ ‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ‡• —‡ ȋȌǡ ϐ‹”‡ϐ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ –‹Ǧ —„ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ȋȌǡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ ƒ† •—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ† ƒ‹”Ǥ Š‡ ”‡™ ‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘ †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹••‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘†—Žƒ”Ǥ 1.1.2. The Programmable Keys (PK) on the Console. The Operator Console in HKP 14. Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ƒ „‡ ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š ‘‡ ‘” –™‘ ‘•‘Ž‡•ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”Ǥ Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•„—–™‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›–‘ ‘–”‘Ž –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ›•–‡ ȋȌǤ Š‡  ‹• ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ† †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹•’Žƒ›ȋȌǤŠ‡–™‘ ‘•‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ ƒŽǡ ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡–™‘‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡ •ƒ‡ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ•‡‡ϐ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ.  Figure 2. The Programmable Keys with 32 keys and eight displays. Image provided by Saab.. 1.2 DelimitaƟons Š‡†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡•–—†›ƒ”‡ǣ x. Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ʹͲ ™‡‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†—•‡”•Ǥ. x. Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ† ‘ ‡’–•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡† ‘–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡–‹Ž‡ˆͳͳȏͳͻȐǡ™Š‹ Šƒƒ„—•‡• ˆ‘” ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ ƒ† ‹•ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ •—„•–‹–—–‡–‘ –Š‡ —””‡–Ǥ. x. Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ™‹–Š ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ˆ‘”‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡•‹ ͳͶǤ.  Figure 1. The console with callouts on the MTD and Programmable Keys. Image provided by Saab.. ʹ.

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(23) ʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘‡‹‰‹–”‘†— ‡†ƒ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ƒ†™‘”Ž‘ƒ†ȏͷȐǤ ™ƒ•ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡ƒƒ‰‡†˜‹ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ„—––‘•‘–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡‘ˆ‹–•†‹•’Žƒ›ǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡† ’‹Ž‘–• ™‹–Š ϐ‹‰—”‡•ǡ ‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ ˜‹†‡‘•ǡ ƒ† †‘ —‡–• ȏ͸ȐǤ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ‘ ’‹–• ƒ”‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ™‹–Š „‘–Š ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ† ’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘— Š • ”‡‡• ȏ͵ȐǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ’‹Ž‘–• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ‹•Š ƒ”‹–‹‡ ƒˆ‡–› ‰‡ › —•‡ ’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ –ƒ„Ž‡–• ™‹–Š –‘— Š • ”‡‡• ƒ•  • ‹ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”• –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” Š‡ Ž‹•–•ƒ†ƒ ‡••™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•–—†›ƒ†‡ ‘ –Š‹• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– •— Š ƒ †‡˜‹ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† „› •‘‡’‹Ž‘–••‹ ‡‹– ‘ŽŽ‡ –•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‘‡ ’Žƒ ‡™Š‹ Š‹•‡ƒ•›–‘ƒ ‡••Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”’‹Ž‘–•‹–Š‡ •ƒ‡ •–—†› ™‡”‡ •‡’–‹ ƒŽ –‘ —•‡ –ƒ„Ž‡–• ™‹–Š –‘— Š †—”‹‰‹••‹‘••‹ ‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘”‡“—‹”‡•–Š‡—•‡” –‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡• ”‡‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ›†‹•–”ƒ ––Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” –ƒ••Ǥ Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”̵• ‘˜‡‡– ƒ ƒ—•‡ ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –‘— Š • ”‡‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡•‹•–‹˜‡ –‘— Š ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ”‹• ‘ˆ —™ƒ–‡† •‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‹ ƒ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹˜‡–‘— Š‹•‘”‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡ȏʹȐǤ. 2. THEORY AND RELATED RESEARCH

(24) ‘”†‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡™‘”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–‹  ͳͶǡ ‹– ‹• ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ –‘ Ž‘‘ ƒ– •‹‹Žƒ” •›•–‡• –Šƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ —”ƒ ›ǡ ’”‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ•› —•ƒ‰‡ –‘ ‡š‡ —–‡ –ƒ•• ‹ ƒ •ƒˆ‡ ƒ† ‘””‡ – ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‘‡‘—•‡”‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•ƒ†–‘— Š• ”‡‡—•ƒ‰‡ ‹Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”•ǡƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•ǡƒ† ƒ”•Ǥ 2.1 ConsideraƟon of the Context ‹„”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ–‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‹ ƒ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ȏʹȐ ƒ† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ™‹–‡” ’‹Ž‘–• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‹ Š‹•‘”‡–—”„—Ž‡–ȏ͵ȐǤ

(25)  ƒ •ƒˆ‡–› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ™‘”‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ‹–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ Š—ƒ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ›„‡–‘‘˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”–‘ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ™Š‡ †‹‰‹–‹œ‹‰ ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ

(26)  ʹͲͲͲǡ ƒ ƒ› ȏͳͺȐ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡”•‹ƒ‹”–”ƒˆϐ‹  ‘–”‘Ž”‘‘•–‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ †‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†›•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ’ƒ’‡”ϐŽ‹‰Š–•–”‹’• ™ƒ• ƒ •ƒˆ‡ •›•–‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ǥ Š‡•‡ •–”‹’• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡”• –‘ ‡‘”‹œ‡ –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ ‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ”‘—†Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ – ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡™‘”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥƒ ƒ›‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ–ǡ ‰‘‘† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† „› ‘™‹‰›‘—” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǯ•–”‡‰–Š•ƒ†™‡ƒ‡••‡•ǡ„—– ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡‹” †ƒ‹Ž› ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’”‡†‹ – „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”• ƒ† †‹•–”‹„—–‡ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ –Šƒ– •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”• —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ƒ† •ƒˆ‡–›‹••—‡•‘ˆƒ —””‡–ƒƒŽ‘‰•›•–‡ƒ†‘–‰‡––‘‘ „Ž‹†‡†„›–Š‡„‡‡ϐ‹–•–Šƒ–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡ȏͳͺȐǤ

(27)  ‘‡ –‹‘ –‘ –Š‹•ǡ ‘—”‹•Š ȏͳ͵Ȑ ”‡ ‘‡† —•‹‰ ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‡–Š‘†•–‘•‡‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰•ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‡š–Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š‹ —ƒǦ‘’—–‡”

(28) –‡”ƒ –‹‘ȋ 

(29) Ȍȏͳ͵ȐǤ. 2.3 Eyes-Free InteracƟon with a Touch Screen ‘ŽŽ‡› ‡–Ǥ ƒŽǤ ȏͳͲȐ ‘•‹†‡” –ƒ –‹Ž‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ‹’‘”–ƒ– ™Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰–ƒ••™Š‡”‡ƒ—•‡”Šƒ˜‡–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ –‘— Š‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡™Š‹Ž‡Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”• ”‡‡Ǥ

(30) –Š‹• •–—†› –Š‡› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† Š‘™ –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡›‡•Ǧˆ”‡‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ –‘— Š • ”‡‡•Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† „› ’Žƒ ‹‰ ƒ ’Žƒ•–‹  •Š‡‡– ™‹–Š —–Ǧ‘—–• ‘ –Š‡ • ”‡‡ –‘ ‰—‹†‡–Š‡–‘— Š‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ Ž‘‘ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‡•– ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –Š‘—‰Š– ‹– ™ƒ• ‡ƒ•› –‘ —•‡ ƒ† ˆ‡Ž– •ƒˆ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ–‘— Š‡•ǤŠ‡–‡•– ”‡•—Ž– •Š‘™‡† ‘ Ž‡ƒ” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –‹‡ –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ –Š‡ –ƒ• „‡–™‡‡ ‘”ƒŽ –‘— Š ƒ† ‰—‹†‡† –‘— ŠȏͳͲȐǤ. 2.2 DigiƟzing Analog Systems in AircraŌs Ž‡ –”‘‹  Ž‹‰Š–ƒ‰ȋ Ȍ‹•ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡—•‡†‹ ƒ˜‹‘‹  •›•–‡• –‘ ”‡’Žƒ ‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ’‡” †‘ —‡–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ™‡”‡ •–‘”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’‹Ž‘–ǯ• „ƒ‰ †—”‹‰ ϐŽ‹‰Š–ȏͳͶȐǤŠ‡  ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ ’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ȏͳ͸ȐǤ  ’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡   ™ƒ• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† „› ’‹Ž‘–• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• —•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘•– ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ •‹ ‡ ‹– ”‡“—‹”‡• Ž‡•• ‡”–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ ƒ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‘‡ȏʹʹȐǤ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—•ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡  ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ǣ–›’‡ȋ‘•ƒˆ‡–›‡ˆˆ‡ –Ȍƒ† –›’‡  ȋ‹‘” •ƒˆ‡–› ‡ˆˆ‡ –ȌǤ ‡‹–Š‡” –›’‡  ‘”  ƒ ”‡’Žƒ ‡•›•–‡•‘”‡“—‹’‡–‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹”™‘”–Š‹‡••Ǥ  • ƒ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –‘•ƒˆ‡–›‹ˆˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ —”• ƒ† ‡‡† –‘ ’ƒ•• Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–› ȋȌ–‡•–•„‡ˆ‘”‡„‡‹‰‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ȏͳͶȐǤ. 2.3.1. HapƟc Feedback in Avionics. ƒ’–‹  –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ƒ† ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ •—””‘—†‹‰• •— Š ƒ• ƒ ƒ˜‹‘‹  ‡˜‹”‘‡– ȏ͹ȐǤ  •–—†› ‘ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ˆ‘—† –Šƒ––Š‡•‡•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’—•Š‹‰ƒ˜‹”–—ƒŽ„—––‘‘ƒŠƒ’–‹  –‘— Š• ”‡‡‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒ•‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–ƒ•’—•Š‹‰ƒ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ „—––‘Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• –‡•–‡† ‹ ƒ •‹—Žƒ–‡† ‡˜‹”‘‡––Šƒ–”‡•‡„Ž‡•ƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”ȏͺȐǤ 2.3.2. Touch Screen Usage in Cars. Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡ ‹†—•–”› ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ”‡ƒ ™Š‡”‡ –‘— Š • ”‡‡• ƒ”‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ǥ ‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡•Žƒ. ͵.

(31) ‘†‡Ž ͵ ™Š‡”‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘‹–‘”‡† ˜‹ƒ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ•Š„‘ƒ”†Ǥ  •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ •›•–‡ ƒŽŽ‘™•†‡•‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†“—‹ —’†ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‹Ǧ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ƒ› †‹•–”ƒ – –Š‡ †”‹˜‡”ǯ• ƒ––‡–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› –ƒ•ǡ ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ† ȏʹͳȐǤ ƒ”• ƒ”‡ –‘†ƒ› ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š –‘— Š • ”‡‡• –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ”ƒ†‹‘ǡ ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ ƒ Š‡–ǤƒŽǤȏͶȐƒ†‡ƒ•–—†›‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡ ––Šƒ–•Š‘™‡† –Šƒ––‘— Š• ”‡‡• ™‹–Š†‹‰‹–ƒŽ „—––‘•ƒ”‡ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‹‰–ƒ••‹ ƒ”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡ –‘— Š ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• –Š‡ †”‹˜‡” –‘ Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ • ”‡‡ǡ‹‘•– ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”ʹ•‡ ‘†•‘”‘”‡Ǥ

(32) ˆ–Š‡–‘— Š • ”‡‡ ™ƒ• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† „› ‰‡•–—”‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• •™‹’‹‰ ƒ† †‘—„Ž‡ –ƒ’’‹‰ǡ ‹– ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‡™‡” ƒ† •Š‘”–‡” ‡›‡ ‰Žƒ ‡•Ǥ ƒ•• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› ‰‡•–—”‡• ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹‡” –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡™‹–Š‘—–Ž‘‘‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ ”‘ƒ†Ǥ Š‹• –‡ Š‹“—‡ ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† •ƒˆ‡ „› —•‡”•Ǥ

(33)  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –‘— Š • ”‡‡•ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– „—––‘• ƒ† ‘„• ‘ ƒ ƒƒŽ‘‰ •–‡”‡‘ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† ‘”‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› •—‰‰‡•–•‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡•‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‰‡•–—”‡•ǡ–ƒ –‹Ž‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”†‹‰‹–ƒŽ„—––‘•–‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ‘’–‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ȏͶȐǤ. ƒ˜› „Ž—‡Ȁ„Žƒ  ƒ† ›‡ŽŽ‘™Ȁ™Š‹–‡ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ —•‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ Ž—‹ƒ ‡Ǥ ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘Ž‘” •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ ‘– ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡‡–•‘–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ›ȏͳͷȐǤ. ‘‘† ˜‹•‹‘ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• †—”‹‰ ϐŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ ‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ˜‹•‹‘ ‹ †ƒ”‡••ǡ ƒ˜‹‘‹ • ‘‘Ž› —•‡ ‹‰Š– ‹•‹‘

(34) ƒ‰‹‰ ›•–‡• ȋ

(35) Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ’Ž‹ˆ› –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– Ž‹‰Š– ‹–‡•‹–›Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ ƒ† †‹•’Žƒ›• ‹ ƒ˜‹‘‹ • Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ˆ—Žϐ‹Ž •‘‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ȏʹͺȐǤŠ‡

(36) ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ••‡• ƒ†–Š‡›‘Ž›ƒŽŽ‘™—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•ȏͳʹȐǤ 2.4.2. Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ‹• ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ ‘”‡ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•™‹–Šϐ‹š‡†™‹‰•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–‘— Š„—––‘•ƒ† –Š‡‹”Žƒ„‡Ž••Š‘—Ž†„‡Žƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Š–‘„‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ȏʹȐǤ ˜•ƒ”ǡ ‹• Š‡”ǡ ƒ† ‘††‡ ȏ͵Ȑ ”‡ ‘‡† ƒ „—––‘ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ ͳͷšͳͷ  ‘ ƒ –‘— Š ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ˆ‘”‘Ǧ•ƒˆ‡–› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–ƒ••‹ƒŠ‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”Ǥ ‘” •ƒˆ‡–› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ –ƒ•• ʹͲšʹͲ  „—––‘• ƒ”‡ ”‡ ‘‡†‡†ȏ͵ȐǤŠ‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡ˆ‡•‡ȋȌ ”‡ ‘‡†• ƒ „—––‘ •‹œ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷšͳͷ  ƒ† ͵ͺš͵ͺˆ‘”„ƒ”‡Šƒ†•Ǥ ‘”‰Ž‘˜‡•ǡ–Š‡›”‡ ‘‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘•™‹–ŠͷǤ’ƒ ‹‰„‡–™‡‡ „—––‘• ƒ› „‡ ͵Ǧͷ  ˆ‘” –‘— Š • ”‡‡• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ „—––‘ƒ –—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ

(37) ˆ –Š‡ „—––‘ ƒ –—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– –‘— Šǡ –Š‡ •’ƒ ‹‰•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡•ƒŽŽ‡”–ŠƒͷȏͳͳȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ”‡ ‘‡†‡† –‘ ‘– ‡š ‡‡† –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† „—––‘ •‹œ‡ǡ•‹ ‡‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ

(38) •–‡ƒ†ǡ ‹– ‹• •—‰‰‡•–‡† –‘ ƒ†† ƒ ‘ϐ‹”ƒ–‹‘ •–‡’ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ •ƒˆ‡–›ȏ͵ȐǤ. 2.4 Guidelines for a User Interface  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ ˜‹ƒ–‹‘ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ †‹•’Žƒ› –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ƒ ”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ •‡”

(39) –‡”ˆƒ ‡ ȋ 

(40) Ȍ ™‹–Š ‘•‹•–‡ › ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ǡ •‹œ‡ǡ Žƒ„‡Ž•ǡ ƒ† •›„‘Ž•Ǥ Š‹• •Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ „‡‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” 

(41) • ‹ –Š‡ϐŽ‹‰Š–†‡ ȏͳͷȐǤ Ž—––‡” ‘ —”• ™Š‡ ƒ †‹•’Žƒ› ‘–ƒ‹• –‘‘ — Š ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†‹•Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡—•‡”̵•ƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ”‘’”‹ƒ”›–ƒ••Ǥ

(42) ˆ–Š‹•‹•ƒ˜‘‹†‡†ǡ –Š‡™‘” ƒ„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘”‡‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Ž›ǡƒ†‡””‘”• ƒ „‡ ‹‹‹œ‡† ȏͳͷȐǤ ‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ǡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ’‹Ž‘–• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ• ˆ‡™ •–‡’• ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ ‡•• ˆ— –‹‘• ȏʹȐǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ –Š‡ 

(43)  •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „› ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ȏͳͷȐǤ 2.4.1. Recommended BuƩon Size. 2.4.3. Use of Labels and Symbols. ›„‘Ž••Š‘—Ž†„‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡” ƒ†‘– ƒ—•‡‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ȏͳͷȐǤŠ‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡š– ƒ† •›„‘Ž• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –‹‡ ƒ† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡ƒ—•‡”‹•‡™–‘–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ȏ͵ͳȐǤ 2.5 Research QuesƟon. Use of Colors. Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ –‘— Š • ”‡‡• Šƒ˜‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–‡š–•ǡ „—– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ †”ƒ™„ƒ • ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ‡™ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ • ‡–‹‘‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ •‡ –‹‘ͳǤͳǡ–Š‡ƒ‹™‹–Š–Š‹••–—†›‹•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™‹–Š‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ–‘— Š • ”‡‡ƒ–‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡•‹ ͳͶǤ. Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘” Šƒ• ƒ •–”‘‰ ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ƒ† •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ‘ˆ—•‹‘ ƒ† ‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”‡† ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒŽƒ”• ˆ‘” †ƒ‰‡” ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ–•™Š‹Ž‡‰”‡‡‹•ƒ†‡•‹”‡†ƒ†ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡• Ž‡•• ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ

(44) – ‹• ”‡ ‘‡†‡† –‘ ‘– —•‡ ‘”‡–Šƒ•‹š ‘Ž‘”•™Š‡ ‘Ž‘” ‘†‹‰Ǥ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ Ͷ.

(45) 3. METHOD DESCRIPTION. 3.3 Interviews with Saab. Š‡ ‡–Š‘† —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• ‹•’‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡•‹‡•‹‰Š‹‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–•‘ˆǣ’ƒ–Š‹œ‡ǡ ‡ϐ‹‡ǡ

(46) †‡ƒ–‡ǡ ”‘–‘–›’‡ ƒ† ‡•– ȏʹͻȐǤ

(47) – ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‹•’‹”‡† „› ƒ ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ™ƒ› ‘ˆ †‡• ”‹„‹‰ –Š‡ ‘–‡š–ȏͳ͵ǡͳͺȐ–Š”‘—‰Š‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ

(48)  ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ™‹–Š –Š‹•ǡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† –Š‡‘”› ™‡”‡ ‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ

(49) •‹‰Š–• ˆ”‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† –Š‡ ‘†— –‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ƒ† ‡š‡’Ž‹ϐ‹‡† „› ”‡ƒ–‹‰’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ† ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ. Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ–ƒƒ„™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†™‹–Š–Š”‡‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ–ƒƒ„ –Šƒ–™‘”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘”–™‘Š‘—”•ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ‘•‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• Š‡Ž†„›‘‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡™‹–Š‘—–„‡‹‰”‡ ‘”†‡†Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ƒƒ„ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ƒ†’”‘†— –†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ›•›•–‡•‹ ”‹’‡Ǥ Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™–‘‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘‡Š‘—”˜‹ƒ’Š‘‡Ǥ. 3.1 System IntroducƟon and Site Visit Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ‹–”‘†— –‹‘• ƒ† †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ ƒ†  ƒ– ƒƒ„ǯ•–‡•– ”‹‰Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡™ƒ••–—†‹‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”„›”‡ƒ†‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •›•–‡ ƒ—ƒŽ• ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› ƒƒ„Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ˜‹•‹––‘–Š‡™‡†‹•Š”‡† ‘” ‡•ƒ– ͳ͹ ‹‘‡„›ǤŠ‡˜‹•‹––‘‘’Žƒ ‡‘˜‡”–™‘†ƒ›•Ǥ—”‹‰ –Š‡ϐ‹”•–†ƒ›ǡ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ†‡‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†‹•‹†‡ ͳͶǤ

(50) –‡”ƒ –‹˜‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ† ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” „› ƒƒ„ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ǥ Š‡Šƒ‰ƒ”•ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ‹‹‰•‹—Žƒ–‘”™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘˜‹•‹–‡†Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘††ƒ›ǡ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†™‹–Š–Š”‡‡ ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”• ȋȌǡ ‘‡ ‘ƒ” ‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ȋȌ ƒ† ‘‡ ‡ Š‹ ‹ƒ ‹ ϐŽ‹‰Š– ȋ

(51) ȌǤ Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹‰”‘—’•‘ˆʹǦ͵’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡”‘‘†—”‹‰ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›–™‘Š‘—”•‡ƒ ŠǤ –ƒ„Ž‡–ǡ‹Ž‡ˆͳͳȏͳͻȐǡ™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‡š‹•–‹‰™ƒ•—•‡† ƒ•–”‹‰‰‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ͵’ƒ’‡”•™‹–Š ƒŽŽ  ˆ— –‹‘• ™‡”‡ —•‡† „› „‘–Š ”‡•’‘†‡–• ƒ† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡”•–‘–ƒ‡‘–‡•‘ǤŠ‡–™‘‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒˆϐ‹‹–›ƒ’’‹‰ǡ•‡‡ƒ’’‡†‹š

(52)

(53) Ǥ. ŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡•–—†›™‡”‡•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡† ȏʹͲȐ–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‰—‹†‡™ƒ• —•‡†Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡” ™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ• –ƒ‹‰ ‘–‡• ƒ† ƒ•‹‰ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘•ǤŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‡”‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ†–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†Ǥ

(54)  –Š‡ –”ƒ• ”‹„‡† –‡š–ǡ ‡› ™‘”†• ƒ† •‡–‡ ‡• ™‡”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™ƒ• ‘ϐ‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•Ǥ 3.4 InteracƟon-Guide-Test Š‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰’Šƒ•‡Ǥ

(55) –‡”ƒ –‹‘‰—‹†‡•ȏͳͲȐ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† –‘–‡•––ƒ –‹Ž‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‘ƒ–‘— Š• ”‡‡Ǥ ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‰—‹†‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡‘ˆ•Š‡‡–•‹ Ž‡ƒ”‘” ƒ ”›Ž‹ ™‹–ŠͲǤͷǡͳǡʹǡƒ†͵–Š‹ ‡••ǤŠ‡•‡‰—‹†‡• ™‡”‡ Žƒ•‡” —–ǡ •‡‡ –‡’Žƒ–‡• ƒ† –‡•– ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ‹ ƒ’’‡†‹š

(56)

(57)

(58) Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ –‡•–ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‘”‡ ‰Ž‘˜‡•ƒ†‡‘ˆ‰‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ–Š‡”ȏͻȐǡ•‡‡ϐ‹‰—”‡͵‘–Š‡‡š– ’ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š –‡ ƒƒ„ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡  ‹  ͳͶ ƒ† Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘” ͵ͲǦ͸Ͳ ‹—–‡•Ǥ ‡˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†„›‘‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”–Š”‡‡™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†„›–™‘Ǥ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‰—‹†‡™ƒ•—•‡††—”‹‰ –Š‡–‡•–•ƒ†‘–‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡Ǥ. 3.2 Interviews with FMV Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‹  ͳͶ ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡‡–‡† „› ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‹‰ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ƒ– ǡ –Š‡ ™‡†‹•Š‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹‡Ž†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˜‡”‹ϐ‹‡• ’”‘†— – •ƒˆ‡–› ƒ† —•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™‡†‹•Š ”‡† ‘” ‡•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ƒ– Šƒ†–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –Š”‡‡ Šƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹—•‹‰–Š‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘„•‡”˜‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•™‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ǡ„‘–Š ‘‰”‘—†ƒ††—”‹‰ϐŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ

(59) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ† ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ™‘”‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–™‹–Š–™‘‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ†–™‘™‡”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ ŽŽ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡ Š‘—” ˜‹ƒ ’Š‘‡†—‡–‘–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•ǡ ƒ—•‡†„›‘˜‹†ǦͳͻǤ. ͷ.

(60) 4. RESULTS

(61) –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‹‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š —•‡”• ƒ– ͳ͹ ƒ† ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ƒ–  ƒ† ƒƒ„ ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘–‘–›’‡Ǧ–‡•–• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘ ‡’–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ 4.1 Operators in HKP 14 ”‘–Š‡–™‘‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ƒ– ͳ͹ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‘Ž‡•™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǣƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”ȋȌǡ‘ƒ”‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ȋȌǡ ‡ Š‹ ‹ƒ ‹ ϐŽ‹‰Š– ȋ

(62) Ȍ ƒ† ’‹Ž‘–Ǥ Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ‹• •—‹–‡† ˆ‘” ‘‡ ’‹Ž‘–ǡ ‘‡ ‘Ǧ’‹Ž‘–ǡ ‘‡ ǡ ‘‡ ǡ ƒ† ‘‡ 

(63) Ǥ Š‡  ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡•’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ϐŽ‹‰Š–”‘—–‡•ǡƒƒ‰‹‰–”ƒ •ǡ ƒ† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ •‡•‘”• ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ –Š‡ ”ƒ†ƒ” ƒ† ƒ‡”ƒǤ Š‡  ‹• ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ƒ” •›•–‡ ƒ† —•‡• –Š‡ †‹’’‹‰•‘ƒ”ƒ†•‘ƒ”„—‘›•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‘„Œ‡ –•„‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡ 

(64)  ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ƒ† ‡•—”‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ™‘”•ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ †—”‹‰ǡƒ†ƒˆ–‡”ϐŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ. Figure 3. An interaction guide placed on the MilDef tablet during the interaction-guide-test.. 3.5 IdeaƟon of Graphical User Interfaces ”ƒ‹•–‘”‹‰ ƒ† „”ƒ‹™”‹–‹‰ ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‹†‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‡™ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ†Žƒ›‘—–•‘ˆƒ–‘— Š‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡‹†‡ƒ•™‡”‡Žƒ–‡” ‘„‹‡†‹–‘ϐ‹˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– 

(65) •Ǥ Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ †”ƒ™ ‘ ’ƒ’‡” ƒ† —•‡† ˆ‘” ’ƒ’‡”Ǧ ’”‘–‘–›’‡Ǧ–‡•–•ǡ •‡‡ ϐ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤ —”‹‰ –Š‡ –‡•–•ǡ ‘‡ ’”‘–‘–›’‡™ƒ••Š‘™ƒ–ƒ–‹‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•Šƒ† –‹‡–‘‰‹˜‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ǤŠ‡–‡•–’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ ƒ’’‡†‹š

(66) Ǥ Š‡ –‡•– ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š •‹š‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ–ƒƒ„™‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘”͵ͲǦ͸Ͳ‹—–‡•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹š–‡•–•™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† „›‘‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”ϐ‹˜‡™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†„› –™‘Ǥ‘–‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡–‡•–Ǥ. —”‹‰ϐŽ‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡ ”‡™™‡ƒ”•‹•—Žƒ–‹‰—‹ˆ‘”•ǡŽ‹ˆ‡ ˜‡•–•ǡ ϐŽƒ‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– ‰Ž‘˜‡•ǡ „‘‘–•ǡ ‡ƒ”’Ž—‰•ǡ ƒ† Š‡Ž‡–•™‹–Š‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒ†’Š‘‡•ǤŠ‹•‡“—‹’‡–‹• ƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ —‹ˆ‘” ‹• „—Ž› ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› •‹– Ž‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡ƒ Š ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ Š‡

(67) ƒ†–Š‡–™‘’‹Ž‘–•‹–Š‡ ‘ ’‹–—•‡‹‰Š–‹•‹‘. ‘‰‰Ž‡•ȋ Ȍ–‘•‡‡‘—–•‹†‡‹–Š‡†ƒ”ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ ‡“—‹’‡–—•–„‡  ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡•‘ƒ•‘––‘„Ž‹†–Š‡ ”‡™Ǥ 4.1.1. Operators’ Usage of Programmable Keys (PK). Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•‹ ‡ –Š‡›ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–ƒ••“—‹ ‡”ƒ†–‘ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ› –Š‹‰• ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘–Š –Š‡  ƒ†‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”—•‡‘ˆ–‘ͳͲǦ͵ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ™‘”Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‹•ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘–ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–ŠƒŽŽ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ— –‹‘•ǤŠ‡

(68) †‘‡•‘–‘”ƒŽŽ›™‘”™‹–Š –Š‡„—–Šƒ•„ƒ•‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ŽŽ•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ —””‡–†‡•‹‰‹•‘– ‘’–‹ƒŽǤŠ‡†‹•’Žƒ› ‘–ƒ‹•Žƒ„‡Ž•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘•–Šƒ– ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‡›ǡ –Š‡ ‡›• ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ ‡† „‡Ž‘™ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘ˆ—•‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹ƒ•‹—Žƒ–‘” –Šƒ–Š‘Ž†•–Š‡ —””‡–†‡•‹‰™‹–Š†‹•’Žƒ›•ƒ†‡›• ‘ƒ—”ˆƒ ‡”‘–ƒ„Ž‡–Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‘‡ ’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‡„‡‹‰—•‡†‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› „››‘—‰‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ. Figure 4. During the paper-prototype-test drawings of the GUI were placed inside a cardboard frame.. ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ϐ‹†‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘†— –‡† ’”‘–‘–›’‡Ǧ –‡•–•ǡ–Š”‡‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ 

(69)  ‘ ‡’–•™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡•‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘— Š ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ –—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ ˆ— –‹‘•‘ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡–ǤŠ‡ 

(70)  ‘ ‡’–•™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹ †‘„‡ȏͳȐǤŠ‡ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ ‡’–• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ’’‡†‹š ǡ

(71) ǡƒ†

(72)

(73) Ǥ. ͸.

(74) 4.1.2. ŽŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• ”‡“—‡•–‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ ƒ† ƒ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡˜‹”–—ƒŽ‡›•‹–Š‡‹”‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽ™ƒ›Ǥ‡  •—‰‰‡•–‡† ƒ††‹‰ ƒ ‡› ƒŽŽ‡†  ƒ† •ƒ‹†ǡ DzǤǤǤ™‡ƒ”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•–•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›™‡—•‡–Š‡ǤdzǤ Š‡ • –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ– ’‡”•‘ƒŽ •‡––‹‰• ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„› ”‡ƒ–‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‘‰‹•™Š‡”‡ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡‡›• ƒ”‡ •ƒ˜‡†ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– •›•–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”˜‡––‡• ƒ†‡ „› ƒƒ„ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ˜‹ƒ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‡  ƒ† –Š‡ 

(75)  Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ‘•‹•–‡– „ƒ•‡ Žƒ›‘—– –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘Ǥ

(76) – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ –‘ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‘– Š‹†‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ‹ •—„‡—•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡

(77) Ǥ. The Context and Working Environment in HKP 14. —”‹‰–Š‡•‹–‡˜‹•‹–ƒ– ͳ͹ǡ–Š‡™‘”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–‹ –Š‡Šƒ‰ƒ”ƒ† ͳͶ™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ǤŽ‘—†‘‹•‡Ž‡˜‡Ž ™ƒ• ‘–‹ ‡† Œ—•– ˆ”‘ •–ƒ”–‹‰ —’ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‹ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡ ‘’—–‡”•ǯ ‘‘Ž‹‰•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡ –Š‡ ‡‰‹‡• •–ƒ”–ǡ –Š‡ •‘—† Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹• ‡˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ 

(78) Ǥ  ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– Žƒ‹ƒ–‡† ’ƒ’‡” •Š‡‡–• ™‡”‡ ’—– —’ ‘ –Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡• –‘ –ƒ‡ “—‹  ‘–‡• ‘Ǥ

(79)  ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡› —•‡ ƒ ‘–‡„‘‘ ƒ†ƒ’‡–‘–ƒ‡“—‹ ‘–‡•†—”‹‰ϐŽ‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡‘–‡„‘‘ ‹•’Žƒ ‡†‘–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡‡›„‘ƒ”†•‹ ‡–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡†‘‡• ‘–ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ›ˆ”‡‡†‡••’ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡›—•—ƒŽŽ›’—––Š‡’‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘—–Š ‘” ™Š‡”‡˜‡” –Š‡› ƒ •‹ ‡ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ ‹• Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ Š‡  †‡• ”‹„‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡† ’ƒ’‡” †‘ —‡–• ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ’”‘–‘ ‘Žƒ† ƒ—ƒŽ• ƒ”‡‡’– ‹ ƒ„ƒ‰ –Šƒ–‹•–‹‡†–‘–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”̵• Šƒ‹”Ǥ. 4.1.4.  ƒŒ‘” ‘ ‡” ƒ‘‰ ƒŽŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –‘— Š • ”‡‡•Žƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ‡‡†„ƒ ǤŠ‡›†‘‘–’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ› ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •—’’‘”– –‘ ϐ‹† ‡›•Ǥ Š‡ • ™ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘ —•–‘„‡‘ƒ‹‰–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•‹–—‹–‹˜‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ „›‡•—”‹‰—• Ž‡‡‘”›ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡–‘ ˆ‘ —• ‘”‡ ‘ –Š‡ Ǥ ‡  •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ϐ‹† ‡›• ™‹–Š‘—– Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ† •—‰‰‡•–‡† ƒ††‹‰ƒ‰”‹†ˆ‘”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‘–Š‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡Ǥ Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡›• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‘—– Ž‘‘‹‰ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡

(80) ƒ†‘‡Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡› ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡›•Ǥ –‹ŽŽǡ ƒŽŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• •’‡† –‹‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ †‘™ –‘ ϐ‹† –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–  ƒ† –™‘ ‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‡‡‡†–‘ ‘ϐ‹”–Š‡ƒ –—ƒ–‹‘„›Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ––Š‡†‹•’Žƒ›‘–Š‡ —””‡– ‘•‘Ž‡Ǥ. —”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” Šƒ• •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ˆ”‡“—‡– ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘• †—”‹‰ ϐŽ‹‰Š–„—– Žƒ”‹ϐ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‘„‘ƒ”†‹•‘– ƒ••Šƒ›ƒ†–—”„—Ž‡–ƒ•‘‡‹‰Š––Š‹ǤŠ‡ ‘•‘Ž‡• ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‡ Šƒ‹”• ƒ”‡ •—•’‡†‡† ™Š‹ Š ƒ‡• –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–ƒ••”ƒ–Š‡”•–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‡•–”‡••‡† –Šƒ– ϐŽ‹‰Š– •ƒˆ‡–› ƒŽ™ƒ›• Šƒ• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ

(81) – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ––Š‡ ”‡™ ƒƒ –“—‹ Ž›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†•—††‡ ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•Ǥ ‡”‰‡ › ƒ‡—˜‡”• ƒ”‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡† ƒ† •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ™Š‡ ‡‡†‡†Ǥ ŽŽ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘ ‘– ™ƒ– –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ •ƒˆ‡–› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–ƒ••™‹–Šǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡†‹’’‹‰•‘ƒ” —’ƒ††‘™‘” —––‹‰‘ˆˆ–Š‡™‹”‡‹ˆ‹–‰‡–••–— Ǥ 4.1.3. Challenges with Using a Touch Screen in HKP 14. ŽŽ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡† ƒ„‘—– —•‹‰ –‘— Š •‹ ‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• ™‡ƒ” ‰Ž‘˜‡• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ‰‘ƒ– Ž‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒ† ‘‡šǡ •‡‡ ϐ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ ‡  †‡• ”‹„‡† –Šƒ– ™‘” ‰Ž‘˜‡•†‘‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰‘‘†ϐ‹––‘–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”•™Š‹ Š Ž‘™‡”• –Š‡ ’”‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ –ƒ –‹Ž‡ ˆ‡‡ŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘—•‡‰Ž‘˜‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ– –Š‡–ƒ –‹Ž‡ˆ‡‡Ž†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•™Š‡™‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ‘‡ ”‡‘˜‡–Š‡–‘‡ƒ•‹‡”‡š‡ —–‡ ‡”–ƒ‹–ƒ••ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–›’‹‰ ‘–Š‡‡›„‘ƒ”†–‘ƒ˜‘‹†ˆƒ—Ž–›’”‡••‡•ǤŽŽ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† –Š‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡›„‘ƒ”†ƒ†™ƒ–‡†–‘‡‡’‹–ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘•–”‡••‡†–Šƒ– ‰Ž‘˜‡• ƒ† –‘— Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘— Š  ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ –‹‡ –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–ƒ••„›ƒ†

(82) Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–™‘• ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡† ƒ„‘—– ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ –‘— Š‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ —•‹‰ ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡– ‹ –—”„—Ž‡– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ †‹†‘–™ƒ––‘•ƒ›‹ˆƒ–‘— Š• ”‡‡™‘—Ž†„‡. OpportuniƟes with Using a Touch Screen in HKP 14. ŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–ƒ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘”‡ ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ ™‘ • •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ‘”‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ‘—Ž†„‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒ††‹‰ ƒ• ”‡‡•Š‘–ˆ— –‹‘ǤŠ‡•ƒ™–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ –ƒ‡‘–‡•‘–Š‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡™‹–Š–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”Ǥ‘–Š–Š‡  ƒ† 

(83)  •—‰‰‡•–‡† •–‘”‹‰ ƒ—ƒŽ•ǡ ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•ǡ ‡””‘” ‘†‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”—•‡ˆ—Žϐ‹Ž‡•ƒ• •‘ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡–‹ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”Ǥ  „—‹Ž–Ǧ‹ •‡ƒ” Š ˆ— –‹‘ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡‡›„‘ƒ”†™ƒ•”‡“—‡•–‡†ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘•—‰‰‡•–‡†—•‹‰ ƒ ’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ –ƒ„Ž‡– ƒ• ƒ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ —‹– –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‹••‹‘ †ƒ–ƒǡ•‹ ‡ƒŠ‡ƒ˜›‡š–‡”ƒŽŽƒ’–‘’‹• —””‡–Ž›”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ ™‘ • –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ– ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡– ‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ ƒ ‹••‹‘ ƒ›™Š‡”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ϐŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ. ͹.

(84) •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡– „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹– ‹• –‡•–‡†Ǥ‘–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ† 

(85) ǡ™ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡–ƒ„Ž‡–”‡“—‹”‡• ‘”‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ •ƒˆ‡–› ”‘—–‹‡• •‹ ‡ ‹– ‹‰Š– „‡ ‘‡ ‘ϐ‹†‡–‹ƒŽǤ. 4.2 FMV’s PerspecƟve on a Touch Screen Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š  ”‡ϐŽ‡ –• ƒ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ –Š‡ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ  ƒ† –‘— Š • ”‡‡•Ǥ ™‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡™‡”‡–‘„‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”–Š‡—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ ƒ••‡••‡† „› „‘–Š –‡•– ‡‰‹‡‡”• ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘’ƒ••–‡•–•‹ Žƒ„•ǡ •‹—Žƒ–‘”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ‘ ‰”‘—† ƒ† ‹ ϐŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ ™‘—Ž†–‡•––Šƒ––Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡– ‹•”‘„—•–‡‘—‰Šǡ ™‘” ƒ• ‹–‡†‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘– ƒ—•‡ †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ ‘–Š‡” •›•–‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡  ™‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†ϐŽƒ–‘–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡  ™‡”‡ Ž‘™‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡ ƒ• –Š‡ —””‡–†‡•‹‰Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡ —””‡–†‡•‹‰ˆ”ƒ‡•–Š‡‡›•ǡ ˆƒ—Ž–›ƒ –—ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†”ƒ”‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ Šƒ† –‘ ˜‹„”ƒ–‡Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ – ‹ ‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•™ƒ•‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ. . 4.2.1. Figure 5. Flame resistant gloves used by operators.. OpportuniƟes with ImplemenƟng a Touch Screen. ŽŽ”‡•’‘†‡–•–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ™ƒ•ƒ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘’Ž‡‡––‘–‘— Š„—–‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡ ‘˜‹ ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡‘—‰ŠǤ Š‡  •—‰‰‡•–‡†Šƒ˜‹‰•‘—†ƒ•ˆ‡‡†„ƒ „—–‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ– •— Šƒ‘’–‹‘‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›’‘’—Žƒ”•‘‹– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ‘’–‹‘ƒŽǤ ™‘ • ƒ† –Š‡ 

(86)  †‹• —••‡† —•‹‰ ƒ „Ž‹‹‰ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‰ ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒŽ•‘™ƒ–‡†ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡› •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‡†‹˜‡”–‹‰ ‘Ž‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡›ƒ† Žƒ„‡Žǡ ƒ• –Š‡ —””‡– •›•–‡Ǥ ‡  –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ– ‘Ž‘” ‘†‹‰ ƒ› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ Žƒ”‹–› ƒ† •—‰‰‡•–‡† ‘„‹‹‰–‡š–™‹–Š•›„‘Ž•ǤŠ‡‡›•‹œ‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ––‡”•ǡ •‹ ‡ „‹‰‰‡”‡›• ƒŽŽ‘™ Ž‡•• ’”‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘–Š‡ Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• ‡š’”‡••‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ•Š‘—Ž†‘– ƒ—•‡ Ž—––‡”ǡ‡ƒ‹‰‘–—•‹‰ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡›•ǡ ‘Ž‘”•ǡƒ†Žƒ„‡Ž•Ǥ. ŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ƒ‰”‡‡†–Šƒ–ƒ–‘— Š• ”‡‡™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘”‡ ˆ— –‹‘• –Šƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡›•ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ –™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹‘‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒ ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† „› Šƒ† ‰‡•–—”‡•Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ƒ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ƒŽŽ‘™•‘”‡‡›•„—––Š‘—‰Š––‘‘ƒ›ˆ— –‹‘••Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‘‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž–‘ƒ††ƒ•Ž‹†‡”–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”–‘ƒ†Œ—•– ˆ— –‹‘• “—‹ ‡”Ǥ Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ –ƒ‡ ‘–‡• †—”‹‰ ϐŽ‹‰Š–ǡ –‘ ˜‹‡™ ϐŽ‹‰Š– Š‡ Ž‹•–•ǡ ‡””‘” ‘†‡• ƒ† ϐŽ‹‰Š– ƒ—ƒŽ• ˜‹ƒ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ™ƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† „› –™‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•Ǥ ˜‡”›‘‡ ‡–‹‘‡† –Šƒ– ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡– ƒ „‡ —•‡† ƒ›™Š‡”‡ ˆ‘” ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹••‹‘•Ǥ

(87)  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ƒ‡›„‘ƒ”†ƒ†ƒ—’ƒ†‹–Š‡ –‘— Š• ”‡‡™ƒ•†‹• —••‡†„›–™‘”‡•’‘†‡–•ǡ„—––Š‡› ™‡”‡‘–•—”‡Š‘™‘”™Š‡‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†Ǥ. 4.1.5. ŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•‡š’”‡••‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡‡‡†• –‘„‡ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‰Ž‘˜‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡–ƒ –‹Ž‡ˆ‡‡Ž ƒ† ƒ‡ –Š‡ ϐ‹‰‡”–‹’• Ž‡•• •‡•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–„›ƒŽŽ„—– ƒ„‡ †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‘ƒϐŽƒ–• ”‡‡Ǥ‹ ‡ƒ–‘— Š• ”‡‡ Žƒ • ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‹‰ǡ –™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–• •—‰‰‡•–‡† Šƒ˜‹‰†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡›•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Šƒ†‘–’Žƒ ‡† –‘‘ Ž‘•‡–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘•—‰‰‡•–‡†ˆ”ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ‡›•ƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰•— Šƒˆ”ƒ‡”‡‘˜ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ. 4.2.2. Limited Involvement of Operators. Š‡ ‘†— –‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡––Š‡—•‡”•ƒ”‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‹Ǥ

(88) –™ƒ•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ– ͳ͹–‘–Š‡ †‡•‹”‡† ‡š–‡– †—‡ –‘ Žƒ  ‘ˆ –‹‡Ǥ Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” †‹• —••‡†‹•‡ –‹‘ͷǤͶǤͳǤ. ͺ. Challenges with ImplemenƟng a Touch Screen.

(89) ȋ Ȍǡ™‹–Šƒƒ‹†‹•’Žƒ›ƒ†ƒϐ‹š‡†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†–‘— Š • ”‡‡ǤŠ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‡š‡ —–‡–ƒ••˜‹ƒ–Š‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†‘— Š

(90) ’—–‹•’Žƒ›ȋ

(91) ȌǤ. Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’”‘ ‡••ƒ†‡š‡ —–‡–ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Š–‘— Š —•– ‘– †‡‰”ƒ†‡ •ƒˆ‡–› ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–Ǥ ™‘”‡•’‘†‡–•”‡ ‘‡†‡†–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ ˆ— –‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ ƒ—•‡•‡”‹‘—• ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† „› ‹•–ƒ‡Ǥ  –‘— Š • ”‡‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ •‡ ‘†ƒ”› ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ƒ† ‘– ”‡’Žƒ ‡’”‹ƒ”›’ƒ‡Ž•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Ǥ. 4.3.1. ”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ „—––‘•ǤŠ‡

(92) ™ƒ•ϐ‹”•–‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹–Š‡ͻͲǯ•ƒ† Šƒ†ʹͷ„—––‘•Ǥƒ”‡–”‡“—‡•–•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ ƒ› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ „—––‘• Šƒ• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ. ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡™ƒ• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡†„›–™‘‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ǤŠ‡›–Š‘—‰Š––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ”‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡– ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‘—–‡† ‘””‡ –Ž›ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–†‹”–™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡•–— ™Š‡ϐŽ›‹‰™‹–Š‘’‡†‘‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ”‹•• ‘ˆ †”‘’’‹‰ ‘” Ž‘•‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡– ™‡”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† „› –Š”‡‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ ™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–‹ˆ†ƒ–ƒ‹••ƒ˜‡†‘–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡––Š‡†‡˜‹ ‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡ ‘ϐ‹†‡–‹ƒŽǤ. ‘†ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ 

(93)  ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡—–ƒ„•–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ—––‘•–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡ –‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘ϐ‹”ƒ–‹‘ •–‡’„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Šƒ–ƒ –‘— Š „—––‘ ‹• ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡ —•‡” ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ϐ‹‰‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ • ”‡‡ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ •ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡™ƒ• †‡•‹‰‡† ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ† ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” ‡”‰‘‘‹ • ƒ† —ƒǦƒ Š‹‡

(94) –‡”ˆƒ ‡ ȋ 

(95) ȌǤ

(96)  –Š‡•‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ ™‘”•Š‘’• ƒ”‡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡† ™‹–Š —•‡”•ƒ† —•–‘‡”•–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡‡™†‡•‹‰•Ǥ. ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡”•ǡƒŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ˆ”‘ ™‡”‡ ‘˜‹ ‡†–Šƒ––‘— Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘„‡—•‡† ‹ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ –‘— Š • ”‡‡• †ƒ‹Ž›ǡ ™Š‹ Šƒ‡•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒŽŽ‡”Ǥ 4.2.3. The Touch Input Display (TID). Desired Feedback from PK. ™‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•†‹†‘– ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‘ –Š‡ —””‡–•›•–‡‘’–‹ƒŽǤŠ‡’”‡••‹‰ƒ‡›–Š‡”‡‹• ƒ •ƒŽŽ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  „—– –Š‡› ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ–—•‡”•‘ˆ–‡™ƒ––‘˜‡”‹ˆ›–Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘„›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ– –Š‡  †‹•’Žƒ›•Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰  †‘ ‘– †‹•’Žƒ› ƒŽŽ ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ– ‘ ‡ ƒ† ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– Šƒ† ‘–‹ ‡†–Šƒ–‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•–‡†–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”ˆ— –‹‘•‹–Š‡ ™”‘‰‡—ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡™•‡ ‘†•ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ ƒŽ•‘–Š‘—‰Š––Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž•‘–Š‡ —””‡–ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽƒ† „”‹‡ϐŽ›‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ. 4.3.2. Benefits of a Touch Input Display (TID). ‹•—ƒŽ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ  –—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡› ‘—Ž† ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ „‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ™‹–Š ƒ „Ž‹‹‰ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† „› –Š”‡‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ ™ƒ–‡† ˜‹•—ƒŽ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ˆ‘” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ ‹„”ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ™ƒ• †‹• —••‡† „›–Š”‡‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ƒ•ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘—†™ƒ• ‘–ƒ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡‘’–‹‘„›ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ƒ–  •‹ ‡ ‹– ‹‰Š– ‘– ™‘” ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† ‹ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ. ‡ˆ‘”‡ –‘— Š ™ƒ• ‹–”‘†— ‡†ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‘•‘Ž‡ ™ƒ• †‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‘Ž‡ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡–• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ „—––‘•Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† –Šƒ– –‘— Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡ —Ž–‹Ǧˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǤ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ƒ–‡† ”‡†—†ƒ ›Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡•›•–‡™ƒ•†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†ǡ–Š‡•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”ˆ— –‹‘•‘–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†ǤŠ‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡”‡•’‘†‡–ǤŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• †‡• ”‹„‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ƒŽŽ‘™• ƒ ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆˆ— –‹‘•ǤŠ‡

(97) ƒŽŽ‘™•‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•–‘ •ƒ˜‡ƒ —•–‘‹œ‡†Žƒ›‘—––‘–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹•ƒƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡„›‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ǤŠ‡

(98) ƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™•“—‹ ƒ ‡••–‘ ˜‹‡™ †‘ —‡–• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹•’Žƒ›Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‘— Š †‹•’Žƒ› Šƒ• ”‡•‹•–‹˜‡ –‘— Šǡ™Š‹ Š™‘”•™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‰Ž‘˜‡•–Šƒ–‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• ™‡ƒ”ˆ‘”ϐŽƒ‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ. 4.3 Operator Consoles in CorveƩes. 4.3.3. Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• ˆ”‘ ƒƒ„ǯ• ƒ˜ƒŽ †‡’ƒ”–‡– ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‘•‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡‘”˜‡––‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘”˜‡––‡• ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡•‘ˆ‹••‹‘•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹••‹‘•ƒ• ͳͶǤ‘†ƒ›ǡ –Š‡•‡•Š‹’•Šƒ˜‡ ‘•‘Ž‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†—Ž–‹ — –‹‘‘•‘Ž‡. ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡†”ƒ™„ƒ ™‹–Š–Š‡

(99) ‹• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ‘– „‡ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ– ‘ ‡ǡ ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ‘‰ •›•–‡Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”• Šƒ˜‡ –‘ •‡ƒ” Š ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡—• –‘ ϐ‹† ‡”–ƒ‹ ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡”‡•’‘†‡–‡–‹‘‡† ͻ. Drawbacks of a Touch Input Display (TID).

(100) –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ „—––‘• ™‡”‡ Ž‹– —’ ™Š‡ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‰‘‘† ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ””‘”• ™‡”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›„Ž‹‹‰™Š‹ Šƒ†‡‹–‡ƒ•›–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‡–Š‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ”‹• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ –‘— Š‡• ‘ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ™Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š †—‡ –‘ Šƒ”•Š ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–ǤŠ›•‹ ƒŽ‡›„‘ƒ”†•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ —•‡†‘–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‡••‹ ‡ƒ–‘— Š‡›„‘ƒ”†”‡“—‹”‡•‡›‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†Žƒ •’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡•’‘†‡– ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘— Š‡›„‘ƒ”†•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ™Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡–‘™”‹–‡Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•Ǥ. 4.4.2.  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ –‘— Š‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ‘–„‡–‘‘ ‘’Ž‡š†—”‹‰ϐŽ‹‰Š–•‹ ‡ –Š‡ƒŒ‘”–ƒ•‹•–‘ϐŽ›–Š‡’Žƒ‡Ǥ

(101) •–”‡••ˆ—Ž•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’‹Ž‘–• ƒ› ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ‡ –Š‡ “—‹ ‡•– •‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‘ –Š‡†‹•’Žƒ›•Ǥˆƒ—Ž–ƒ –—ƒ–‹‘—•–‘–‹’Ž›ƒ›†ƒ‰‡”ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ Šƒ• ƒ •‡˜‡”‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ƒ ‘ϐ‹”ƒ–‹‘•–‡’‹•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ‘— Š„—––‘••Š‘—Ž†‘– „Ž‹—Ž‡••–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡’‹Ž‘–‡‡†•–‘ •™‹– Š ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Šƒ– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –ƒ –‹Ž‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ƒ‹” ”ƒˆ–•ǡ „—– †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‘–Š‡–‘— Š†‹•’Žƒ›•‹ ‡‰Ž‘˜‡•ƒ”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ. 4.4 ImplementaƟon of a Touch Screen in Gripen Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‹ ”‹’‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† ƒ‘–Š‡” ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ –‘— Š • ”‡‡ —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ƒ ϐ‹‰Š–‡” ™‹–Š ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† –‘— Š • ”‡‡ ‹• „‡‹‰ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ ”‹’‡ ǡ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ƒ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• –‘ †‡ ‹†‡™Šƒ–ˆ— –‹‘•–Š‡–‘— Š• ”‡‡™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ǤŠ‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– —•‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ „‘–Š ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ƒ† ϐ‹ƒŽ –‡•–• ˆ‘” ‡™ ’”‘†— –• ‘” —’†ƒ–‡• –‘ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ”‡—•ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡‹” ‘–‡š–Ǥ. ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ‹˜‹Žƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ–‹–‹•†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘—•‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†–‘— Š• ”‡‡•‘ϐŽ‹‰Š– ’ƒ‡Ž•†—”‹‰ϐŽ‹‰Š–ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡•Šƒ‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

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