469. Sprinkling, project data, manuscripts, bulletin 405A, code (folder 2 of 2)

C. M. LA PETRA President •

M. E. LA FETRA Vice Pres. - Sec.

NATIONAL RAIN BIRD

TELEPHONE

FLEETWOOD 4-293 I

SALES &

ENGINEERING CORP.

aLn

13ira Sprinklers

627 NORTH SAN GABRIEL AVENUE AZUSA • CALIFORNIA

February 15, 1954 Mr. W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

Colorado 'Agricultural and Mechanical College Fort Collins, Colorado

Dar Mr. Code:

Thank you very much for your letter of January 22nd regarding the #40 Rain Bird sprinkler curves.

Regarding your questions, the average precipitation shown on the curves are taken from can measurements in four directions from the sprinkler. I would believe that the atmospheric water loss could be calculated by comparing the amount of water captured in the cans in relation to the area covered by the sprinkler as against the actual volume of discharge at the nozzle.

In connection with the mention of the C-Arm, please be advised that this was just a notation to designate something new we were trying out on an arm to increase the drive and would not affect the hydraulics of the sprinkler. The upthrust spring as noted on one of the drawings merely is the spring that is placed between the body of the sprinkler and the bearing to hold the sprinkler in a thrust position and this also would have no affect on the hydraulics of the sprinkler or the precipitation rate.

Regarding the trajectory, please be advised that it is the highest point of the stream above the nozzle. This would be higher on lower pressures on any given nozzle size as the break-up would not be great and the tendency of the stream is to go higher with larger drops than with the smaller drops due to greater break-up

with higher pressures. It is not unlikely that there would be a two foot difference in trajectory on the nozzle size mentioned in these two curves with a variance of pressure between 30 lbs. and 55 lbs.

Mr. W. E. Code Irrigation Engineer

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College Fort Collins, Colorado

page two

February 15, 1954

I am enclosing herewith a program of our California Sprinkler Irrigation Conference which was held at Fresno, California, this year. This is the fourth annual conference that we have held. The first three were held at Davis, which is a branch of the University of California. This year, and again next year, we will hold it at Fresno State College and then move to California Polytechnical College at San Luis Obispo.

You will recall, when I saw you in Denver last year, that some mention was made of this and that you stated you would like to have more information as to the type of speakers and soforth that appeared on our program. I trust that you can use this to advantage and possibly build up such a conference in

Colorado between your school and various manufacturers, distributors, dealers and salesmen, together with state and federal agencies and the farmers. You will note on this program that we have people from all branches of industry, together with agricultural colleges and federal agencies.

ASG:gw Encl.

Very truly yours,

National Rain Bird Sales & Eng. Corp. .#7

PROGRAM

ANNUAL CALIFORNIA SPRINKLER IRRIGATION CONFERENCE

Conference Chairman:

February

4

and

5, 1954

Student Union Building Fresno State College

Fresno, California

Mr. A. S. Gray,

National Rain Bird Sales & Engineering Corp. Chairman of Arrangements,

Dr. Winston Strong, t.i$fiJIte College

Meeting Chairman:

Mr. S. V. Gunnison, Vice President W. R. Ames Company

Thursday, February

4

9:00 to 9:30 A.M.

Registration - Student Union Building Vincent Petrocci and Betty Becker

Opening of Conference, A. S. Gray, Conference Chairman. 9:45 to 10:00 A.M.

Welcome to Fresno State College

Dean Lloyd Dowler, Dean of Agriculture 10:00 to 10:30 A.M.

Mr. Allen McCulloch, Chief Engineer,

John W. Stang Company: Subject: "The Technician's Place in the Sprinkler Irrigation Industry".

10:30 to 11:15 A.M.

Dr. Winston Strong, Fresno State College

Subject: "Report on Sprinkler Irrigation as it Applies to the Fresno State College Fare. 11:15 to 11:45 A.M.

Dr. Logan Carter, Head Department of Soils, California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo, California. Subject: "Soils in Relation to Sprinkler Irrigation".

2. 4 11:45 to 1:30 P.M. 1:30 to 2:00 P.M. Thursday, February

4

Lunch

Mr. Barry Emerson, Ternan-Garnett & Company Subject: "Irrigation System Lease".

2:00 to 2:30 P.M.

Mr. Don Johnstone, Manager, Pump Department, Fairbanks Morse Pump Company, San Francisco Subject: "Pumps and Their Place in Sprinkler Irrigation Systems".

2:30 to 3:00 P.M.

Mr. Vincent Petrucci, Head Viticulture Department Fresno State College. Subject: "The Use of Sprinkler Irrigation in Vineyards".

3:00 to 3:30 P.M.

Dr. L. J. Booher, Extension Irrigationist, University of California, Davis

Subject: "Studies with Sprinkler Irrigation of Almonds".

3:30 to 4:00 P.M.

Mr. Hal Enderlin, Engineer for Northern California, Soil Conservation Service. Subject: "The Story of the Soil Conservation Service".

4:00 to 4:30 P.M.

Mr. A. S. Gray, National Rain Bird Sales & Engineering Corporation. Subject: "The Application of Sprinkler Irrigation to Specialty Crops".

Friday, February 5 Mr. S. V. Gunnison, Meeting Chairman 9:00 to 9:30 A.M.

Dr. V. P. Osterli, Extension Agronomist, University of California, Davis. Subject: "Pasture Management and Sprinkler Irrigation".

9:30 to 10:00 A.M.

Mr. Guy F. MacLeod, Sunland Industries, Fresno. Subject: "The use of Fertilizers through Sprinkler Systems".

10:00 to 10:30 A.M.

Mr. John McSweeney, Rancher, Hemet, California

3.

Friday, February

5

10:30 to 12 Noon

Tour of College Farm - inspection of college sprinkler systems.

Dean Lloyd Dawler and George hg, Farm Manager,

Fresno State College.

12:00 to 1:30 P.M. Lunch

1:30 to 3:30 P.M.

Panel Discussion: "Sprinkler Irrigation Problems". Moderator: Dr. W. C. Strong, Fresno State College

Panel Members: John Muller, Farmland Irrigation Co.; Charles Sorter, Sales Manager, Peerless Pump Division; Price Giffen, Fresno County Rancher; Pete Slausen, Alsco, Inc.; Wayne Biehler, Head, Plant Science Dept., Fresno State College; John Gill,

Manager, Buckner Mfg. Company; Les Stromberg, Extension Service; Dwight Bovey, Western Oilfields Supply Company.

3:30 to 4:00

P.M.

Mr. John Hoyt, Farm Advisor, Fresno County

Subject: "Angular Leaf Spot (Bacterial Blight) in Cotton".

4:00

P.M.

Announcements:- Mr. A. S. Gray Conference Committee meeting

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION CONFERENCE COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Mr. A. S. Gray, National Rain Bird Sales & Engineering Corp. - Chairman Mr. John B. Gill, Buckner Manufacturing Company

Mr. R. S. Hilbe, Hilbe Engineering Company Mr. Clare Campbell, Shaw Pump & Supply Company Mr. Walt Winrott, Pacific Pipe Company

Mr. Walt Newman, W. R. Ames Company

Mr. John Muller, Farmland Irrigation Company Mr. Buel Kennady, Woodin & Little Pump House Mr. Al Nave, Hardie Manufacturing Company

Mr. John Folteng, Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., Shur-Rane Division Mr. Pete Slauson, Alsco, Inc.

Mr. Jack Brandstetter, Graco Distributors

Mr. J. C. Amaral, Western Pump Company, Western Rain Division Mr. Pete Dragon, Dragon Engineering Company

February 23, 1954

H. C. Korven

Agricultural Engineering Division

Experimental Station

owift Current, oask., Canada

Dear 'Lir. Korven:

Thank you for your very kind and comprehensive letter of

the 16th. You have added considerably to the knowledge of

clorinkling by your extensive tests. Also my thanks for the

reprint on the effect of wind on uniformity.

You have encountered what we so often do, in that more work

seemed to be necessary than was originally coW,empl,ted to satisfy

yourself in regard to unexpected developments. I, too, was

sur-prised that you would find that a single sprinkler test did not

agree with the multiple test. The only thing that would seem to

me different would be that of the evaporation factor. I had in

mind for my work that I would use the single head method.

how-ever, I planned to cover a wider range of pressures under little

or no wind conditions. of course, we all know what an upsetting

factor wind

is.

Correspondence has caused me to change my mind on starting

the project that I contemplated and your letter provided me

with additional weight in aking a decision. I have felt that

such a project would go beyond the financial means when

con-sidered with our other activities. It looks, therefore, that

as far as my imiciediate plans would be to drop the idea of a

sprinkler project.

4

It should be several months before I can got out my short

report on sprinkler finding since the publication of our

Bulletin 405-A. When ready I shall be only too glad to send

you a copy.

Yours very truly,

V,. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

WEC/pb

THE SUPERINTENDENT

CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. W.E. Code,

Irrigation Engineer,

Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado A & M College,

FORT COTIINS, Colorado, U.S.A. Dear Mr. Code: EXPERIMENTAL FARMS SERVICE 2200 EXPERIMENTAL STATION

SWIFT CURRENT, SASK.

February 16, 1954.

Thank you very much for your letter and bulletin. If possible I would appreciate receiving a copy of your short report.

Since you mention contemplating a study of sprinkler distributicn patterns I thought you'd be interested in what we have and are doing in this regard. The effect of wind on uniformity of water distribution by sprinklers has received most of our attention the last few years. I am

enclosing a reprint of an article which appeared in Scientific Agriculture which summarizes our results up to and including 1951. At the time of writing this article we had worked with the Rain Bird 40, 40LA, 40W, 20, 200° and Buckner 4176 sprinklers. Since 1951 we have conducted more tests on the

above mentioned sprinklers and also the Skinner line and larger sprinklers such as, Sigmund R2 and Rain Bird 70, 80 and 80 Special.

The article describes the procedure used which we call the multiple sprinkler method. Since 1951 we have used, in addition, the single sprinkler method as described by J. E. Christiansen in bulletin #670 "Irrigation by Sprinkling" University of California, and J. C. Wilcox in his article "Uniformity of Water Distribution by Some Undertree Orchard Sprinklers" Scientific Agriculture, Vol. 27, pp 565 - 583, 1947. The prime reason for adopting the single sprinkler

method was because it was the only practical way to test large sprinklers. Last summer we ran a multiple and single sprinkler test at the same time with the small sprinkler and compared results. We were surprised and disappointed to find a very poor check indeed between the results of the two methods.

We felt when we started this study that it would be a relatively short one. We find, however, that as we get into it that more and more angles should be studied. We have, as I said, been concentrating on the effect of wind but we are wondering if we shoulddt test the effect of angle ofeiser on level and sloping land, and we have had a slight indication that uniformity is improved at a low pressure (lower than recommended).

We haven't published any scientific articles since 1952 but I feel we are soon ready to. Generally speaking, however, we cannot recommend "Giant" Sprinklers (large sprinklers that operate at more than 50 pounds per square inch pressure for our area. The"Giant" Sprinklers did not apply the water as uniformly as the Rain Bird 40 or Buckner 4176 when sprinkling

Mr. W.E. Code.

-2-on our heavy soils, is that even under calm wind c-2-onditi-2-ons satisfactory uniformity was not obtained until the rate of application was 0.6 inches per hour or better.

I hope you have found this discussion interesting. I would appreciate your comments and if you do some work on distribution patterns I would indeed be grateful if you would keep us posted from time to time.

Yours very truly,

H. C. KORVEN,

Agricultural Engineering Division. HCK/ci

C. M. LA FETRA

President

M. E. LA PETRA

Vice Pres. - Sec.

NATIONAL RAIN BIRD

TELEPHONE

FLEETWOOD 4-2931

SALES &

ENGINEERING CORP.

.2ain ira Sprinklers

627 NORTH SAN GABRIEL AVENUE AZUSA • CALIFORNIA

January 29, 1954

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College Fort Collins, Colorado

Attention: Mr. W. E. Code, Irrigation Engineer

Gentlemen:

This will acknowledge receipt of your letter of January 22nd., addressed to Mr. A. S. Gray.

It happens that Mr. Gray is in the northern territory at present and will return about the fifteenth of February, at which time you will hear from him.

DWB:gw

Very truly yours,

National Rain Bird Sales & Eng. Corp. (7> tO,ijru

January 27, 1954

Clarence N. Johnston

029 .)oys otreet

otreator, Illinois

Dear Clarence:

You can see how far I am uehind in knowing what my

friends are doing. 1 had no idea that you had left the

University of California wnen 4. wrote my letter in December.

You were very kind to answer it and the only thing that

regret is that you did not tell me more about yourself.

Other letters that I have received from workers and

some manufacturers have indicated to me that possiuly I

should not try to do the work on sprinkler patterns that

I had in

mind

at the time. Your letter further accentuates

the undesirability of entering into such a project because

of the more or less rapidly changing types of sprinkler

heads. The juckner people told me that some California

institution was making

;

tests oi their sprinkler head.

I am ;

.lad to know chat you were the person involved. In

view of your letter and other letters that I have received

I have pretty well made up my mind not to go into the

matter.

With sincerest best wishes.

;)incerely,

4. E. Code

irriiation

WEC/pb

SOUTH DAKOTA STATE COLLEGE

OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS

BROOKINGS, SOUTH DAKOTA

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Hr. W. E. Code Irrigation Engineer

Colorado A & M

Fort Collins, Colorado Deer Mr. Code:

January 20, 1954

Your letter of December 23 about sprinkling patterns has been re-ferred to me.

Our project on pattern study has always had a -wind factor included. Our lowest wind velocities during a test period was around three miles per hour. Perhaps some interpretation could be obtained from the lower wind velocity tests but these tests were few and far between.

By the work we have done I would venture to guess that your find-ings will run something like this: The larger nozzles (15 to 25 gpm) will give more consistent patterns, and there will be little difference due to pressure variations as long as they are within the mrnufacturer's recommendations.

I don't know the procedure you cre going to use uut if possible, it would be interesting to know the relqtive amount of evaporation loss when different nozzles and pressures were usea. If you were going to use the "can system" it would take very little core work to get this informa-tion at the same time.

I would be interested in knowing if you undertake this project on patterns and the results to obtain.

Very truly yours,

J. L. Vierama, Ass't Prof. JLW/haf _{in Agricultural Engineering}

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January

15, 1954

Professor E. H. Kidder

Department of Agricultural Engineering

Aichizan .Dtate College

Last Lansing, Michigan

Dear Professor al.iddir:

I wish to thank you most sincerely for your letter of the

8th in which you have 4ven ialfirhclr detailed information on

the character of research werT71e1Prink1er irrigation. Some

of these items

I

am aware of but for the most part it will be

necessary for me to write to those particular people asking

them about the character of work on sprinkler

patterns

that

they may be d&-Biriag.dier

As you might surmise I have written to various sprinkler

manufacturers and to some of the schools. The result of this

correspondence has made it rather dubious in my thinking as

to whether I should engage4 in any such enterprise. It would

likely run into several years work and require ,

multit.ide

of observations. I wduld want to work only when there was

no wind and that situation might very well slow up the work

in such a manner that it would to impossible to anticipate

how long it would take. All of the sprinkler manufacturers

indicte that they have conducted much research on their

particular nozzle and pressure combinations. At the moment

I do not know what to think about starting such a project.

Thanking you again for your very considerable help, I am,

Sincerely yours,

-,:EC/pb

W. v.,. Code

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE EAST LANSING January 8, 1954 SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

1VIr. -7% E. Code, Irrigation Engineer

Colorado Agricultural And Mechanical College Fort Collins, Colorado

Dear Yr. Code:

I want to thank you for the information you sent me on September 30 on the sprinkler irrigation research work that is being done in yeur state. In response to your request of December 23 I have prepared a list of the people who furnished to me the information on sprinkler irrigation research work in their respective stater:. I

I- lieve that you will find that Colifornie and South Dakota have the most active

pro-grams studying the distribution patterns for various nozzles. Yir. Vliersma, of South Dakota state indicated that they were making a very extensive study of the effect of nozzle sizes, oressure spacings and wind velocities on distribution patterns. Er. Scott, of California, indicated that their study was including some work on nozzle

shaI es. I do not recall that 'hashington State mentioned anything in great detail

concerning their work on sprinklers, however, their work at 'Washington State has boon along the lines of equipment and it is entirely possible that they may have carried on some work in the past that I am not acquainted with. I would suggest too, that you might want to contact Allen McCulloch, as I recall, one of the Soil Conservation Service, in-service publications, on irrigation that was issued by the Portland Oregon Research office may have some information on the selection of sprinklers for various operating conditions. I do not recall any other sources of information that I can suggest for the type of work that you want to do. le have boon giving some thought here to the type of workthat I

think California is doing in the nature of what changes TC can make in the snrinklcr to

increase its efficiency and improve its distribution characters. H. C. Schwalen, head of the Dent. of Agr'l. Engr. University of Arizona at Tuscon, has been doing some work on

eva-poration losses from sprinkler irrigation. It is possible that there might be information there too on the variation and distribution. I am presuming from this that he made his measurement of rater distribution in catchment cans, and would, therefore, have information on how the distribution varied with distance from the snrinkler. It is po-sible too that nax Jensen at Washington State would have some simiYar irformation; as I recall Milo

Hoisveen of the Bureau of Reclaimation also carried on an evaporation study in the Columbia Besin. It may be that Max Jensen has some of the distribution information from that

stuI y. If not, you might get it direct from Hoisveen who is now with the State of North

Dakota at Bismarck, as Assistant State Engineer.

Very truly yours,

Kidder

Associate ?rofessor

Eatvz Enc. 1

Correspondents vho furnished material contained in Report of Committee on Sprinkler Irrigation Research on "Sprinkler Irrigation Research in the United Staten"

Lloyd Johnson, I se°t• in Agr. Eng. Dept. of Afr,r0 Eng. Alabama Polytechnic Inst. Auburn, Alabama.

H. C. Schualen, Head. Dept. of Agra. Eng., Univ. of Arizona, Tuscon, Arisona.

Russell Benedict, Ass't. Prof.; Dept. of Agr. Eng., Univ. of Arkansas, Fhyetteville, Ark* V. H. Scott, Ass't. Irrigation Engineer. Dept. of Irrigntion. Univ. of CalifalDavis. Calif. T. F. Code, Irrigation Engineer; Dept. of Civil Eng., Colorado A e: n College. Fort

Collins, Colorado.

rh. C. 7heoler, Head, Agr. Yng. Dept.; Univ., of Connecticut; Storrs, Connecticut* Byron L. Bondurant, Ext. Agr. Eng.; Ext. Division, Univ. of DelEraare, Yevark, Del. John R. Carrcker, Agri. Eng. USDA•43PISAE; Barrer Hall; Univ. of Georgia; Athens, Ga. V. T. Yyers, Ass't. Prof and Irrigationist„ Dept. of Agr. Eng.; linty.. of Idaho, Voscow, Idaho

R. C.Hay, Professor, Dept. of Agr. Eng., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

Fred Roth, Agr. Eng., Dept. of 470 Southern Illinois Unt7., Carbondale, Illinois.

Donald R. Sisson, rxtensionJkgr. Eng., Dept. of Acre Eng., Purdue Univ..; Lafayette, Ine.0 TT, W. Bittinger, Associate, Dept. of Agra Eng*, Iowa State College, Ames, Iona

Richard E. Hanson, •Irrigation Research Eng.. Dento of Agri. Vnge; Kansas State College Yanhattan, Kansas.

Fr...,r1 G. Welch, Ext. Agrol Engineer, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington 29, Kentucky.

R. L. Green, Ass't. Prof.; Dept. of Agr. Engl.. Louisiana State Univa,Baton Rouge 3, Le, F. 7. Peikert, Head, Dept* of Agri, Eng., Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine

Karol J. Kucinski, Ass't. Research Prof; Agronomy Dept., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. EX. _{Kidder; Aseoe. Prof. Dept. of Agr. Eng. Mich. State College; Ef...'st Lansing, Mich.} E. R. Allred; tssoo. 'rof., Division of Agri, Eng., Univ. of Mrinesota, Univ. Farm. St, Paul 1, Minnesota

R. P. _{Beasley, Ass't. Prof. Dept. of Agr. Engr., Univ. of Missouri; Columbia, Mo,}

D. W. Monson, Irrigation Engineer, Age. Eng. Dept.; Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont. Paul E. Schleusener„ Ass't, Prof. of Dept. Agri,. Eng., Univ. of Nebr.; Lincoln, Neb.

Robert S. Palmer, Chm, Agri, Eng. Dept.; Unix* of New Hampshire, Ducham. rew Hampshire Eldon G. Hanson, Head, Dept. of Agr. Frig., New rexioo College, State College New Mex.

Gilbert Levine, Ass't* Prof., Dept. of Agr. Eng., Cornell Univ.; Ithace, NeWYcrk

T. V. _{Viison, Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agra Eng.; Univ. of North Carolina, Raleigh, N. CO} Marvin E. Jensen, Ass't. Agr. Eng., Dept. of Agr. Eng., North Dakota Agr. College, Fargo, 1Torth Dakota.

Janes E. Garton, Aset. Prof.; Dept. of Agr. Eng., Oklahoma A & M College, Stillvater, Okla* J. W. Wolfe, Assocs. Professor, Dept. of Arr. Eng., Oregon State College; Cowell's, Ore, Earl A. ttrers. Instructor, Agr. T:ng. Dept. Penn. State University, State College, Penn. H. E. Gulvin, Ext. Agr. Engr. Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island

ryr,* Law, Assoc. Prof. Dept. of Agra Eng* Clemson College; Clemson* South Carolina J. L. Wiersma, Ass't. Prof. Dept* of Agr. Eng.; Scuth Dakota State College* Brookings9 South Dakota.

A. Le Kennedy, Assoc. Agr. Eng* Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville* Tennessee

E. C. rohneider, Chet. Agra Engr. Dept. of Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont

James Ho Lillard, Agr. Eng., Dept. of Agr. Eng.; Va. Acre Exp. Stat., Blacksburg, Va, M.): C. Jensen, Professor, Dept. of Agr. Eng*, State College of Wash., Pullman, rash. r. H. Dickerson, Assoc. Agr. Eng.. Dept* of Agra Eng., "est Va., Univ. Morgantown, IV. Va.

H. D. _{Bruhn, Professor, Dept. of Agra Eng., University of Wisconsin, Madison 6,} Witte,

r.relTabb 1iIloi, Asset. Agr. Eng.; Univ. of Viyathing, Laramie. ryoming

E. A. Rirbrough, Asset* Agra Eng., Dept* of Agr. Eng., Mississippi State College, State College, Mississippi

Report of Conmittee Presented at 1953 Winter Meeting of American Society of Agri-. cultural Engineers in Chicago, December 89 1955,

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

STATE COLLEGE STATION, FARGO

DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

Department of Civil Engineering

Colorado Agricultural & Mechanical College Fort Collins, Colorado

Dear Mr. Code:

Mr. Promersberger has asked me to answer your inquiry regarding research on sprinkler patterns.

December 28, 1953

The work done in this state was on determining the dis-tribution pattern of sprinklers in the field under varying wind conditions since the average wind velocity from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. is about seven to eight miles per hour. Some of the tests were made at relatively low wind velocities; however, there were none with no wind at all.

At the present time there is no work being done on sprinkler research and there are no projects outlined for the coming season on sprinkler irrigation by either the State Experiment Station, the B.P.I.S.A.E., or the U.S.B.R.

For further information on sprinkler patterns I would suggest you contact Mr. Milo W. Hoisveen, Assistant State Engineer, Bismarck, North Dakota.

YEJ:bp

Very truly yours, c-CC:31 Marvin E. J en

Assistant gricultural Engineer

NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

ITHACA, NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

December 31, 1953

Mr. W. E. Code Irrigation Engineer

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical Collep:e

Fort Collins, Colorado Dear Mr. Code:

Your request for information concerning our distribution pattern studies has been referred to me for reply and I'll do my best to let you know our status. We have completed a set of

preliminary studies, in which the effect of wind, nozzle size, and pressure were studied. The results can be briefly summarized as follows:

Wind — A marked decrease in uniformity as wind velocity increased to 5 miles per hour; decreasing the sprinklers snacing reduced this effect.

Nozzle size — A slight inc,-ease in uniforriity with increase in nozzle size. The variability was large however, and definite conclusions could not be drawn.

Pressure — There was an increase in uniformity with increased operating nressure.

As a result of these studies a more complete experiment was set up relating rate of rotation to uniformity of distribution. This in turn was related to the variables, nozzle size pressure, types of bearing sleeves, and washers. These tests have been completed and are in the process of being summarized. When this information is available, probably in February or March I will let you know.

-2 —

If further information is desired please let me know. The nreli-linary studies are described in a MD thesis, available from the Cornell University Library. This thesis is entitled, "Rotary Sprinkler 0-oerating Characterists and their e7fect on some Soil Factors", and was written by myself; the date is 1952.

Sincerely yours,

G. Levine

Assistant Professor GL:ck

p.•

BUCti\

GENERAL OFFICES & FACTORY 1615 BLACKSTONE AVENUE

FRESNO, CALIFORNIA

SPRINKLERS AND VALVES FOR TURF AND AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION

Mr. W. E. Code, Irrigation Engineer

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College Fort Collins, Colorado

Dear Mr. Code:

MAIL ADDRESS • BOX 232

FRESNO 8, CALIFORNIA

TELEPHONE • 2-4133

December 30, 1953

Thank you very much for your letter of December 23rd indicating interest in testing our sprinklers along with those of other manufacture.

What you have to say about sprinkler patterns is absolutely true. We realize that for any given nozzJe combination the test pattern will change with the change of pressure. We have gone a step further in our research than is indi-cated by your statement. We find that the same pattern will not be repeated in repeated tests of the same sprinkler with the same nozzle size and at the same pressure. For the past several months we have been working on a project testing sprinklers on various nozzle combinations, and much to our amazement and sometimes our consternation we find that the same sprinkler with the same nozzle size combination at the same pressure under the exact wind and weather conditions will not repeat its pattern. Therefore we have came to the conclu-sion that an average curve must be drawn from many such tests in order to arrive at a reasonably practical performance table.

Most tests are conducted for a period of one hour. On the other hand, irrigation systems are operated over a period of at least twelve hours. This gives the sprinkler an opportunity to correct its many variations of water application, because we know from experience that the distribution of water from a sprinkler will vary from hour to hour.

Ve have gone a step further in testing sprinklers. We have also found that a test from a single sprinkler is not conclusive. For that reason our tests consist of sprinklers used in combination on the most frequently used spacings. As a result of these tests our new performance tables will soon be published showing the precipitation rates of sprinklers with various nozzle combinations at various pressures on spacings of 30 by 60 ft. and 40 by 60 ft. These precipi-tation rates will be shown for these spacings in addition to the precipiprecipi-tation rates for the individual sprinkler.

Our tests have all been conducted in conjunction with the agricultural department of a local college under the guidance of the head of that department. Consequently we believe that our findings will be most acceptable to other colleges and to the trade in general.

To answer the question in the last paragraph of your letter, we would not object to any investigation that you might wish to make, but we appreciate the opportunity of pointing out our findings to guide you in your further studies.

Mr. W. E. Code, Irrigation Engineer

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College December 30, 1953

Page 2

If you wish to obtain sprinklers for test purposes we will be glad to furnish you with sprinklers just as soon as we have finished with our tests here in Fresno. Thank you very much for your interest in Buckner.

Very truly

hn B. Gill eneral Manager JBG/ph

PNONt 23112

2diLc-dicTAL)al Tcpmu'i)na2gi

110 E. CAN AL STREET

December 29, 1953

cKINNR

LiY5TEM TROY, OHIO, U. S. A

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College Department of Civil Engineering

Fort Collins, Colorado

Attention: Mr. W. E. Code, Irrigation Engineer Dear Sir:

Thank you very much for your letter of December 23rd concerning the proposed investigation of sprinkler pattern vs spacing.

With your past experience in the field of sprinkler irrigation I am sure that you have an excellent basis from which to start and from which to interpret results. We certainly would not object to such investigation on your part. There have been other investigations in the past which were useless because the director was completely unfamiliar with the practical aspects and limitations of sprinkler design, system design, and pumping problems. Theoretically, per-haps, they were adequate, but of no benefit to the man who is actually using sprinklers day in day out.

As manufacturers of sprinklers we have done d great deal more work in the field of research and test than perhaps most people would ever believe possible. It goes on continuously both here at the factory and in selected locations around the country. This program together with the Company experience of fifty years in the irrigation busi-ness provides us with excellent background for the design and pro-duction of sprinklers of all kinds.

We have found, somewhat to our disappointment, that we can supply too much technical information, that a great majority of the people buying this equipment are not sufficiently interested to absorb such information, and that sooner or later the hired farm laborer performs the job of moving pipe and spotting sprinklers the easiest way possible - and this doesn't always happen to be the best way. I know you have seeAthese very things occur.

1.111(:4 Chtalaaap au-AcjaittIDLa CgcmaTtaziali

Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College Department of Civil Engineering

Fort Collins, Colorado Mr. W. E. Code

Page

-2-December 29, 1953

Realizing that such human behavior is inevitable we have had to compromise in the design of the sprinkler itself and furnish a minimum of important application facts in a painless manner. Thus the quick reading tables and charts and the osccasional graphs.

We also realize that there are many local factors which we cannot control such as topography, type of soil, water supply, pumping conditions, having pressure and volume at the sprinklers to meet our recommendations, and of very great importance - wind. This last consideration is continuously variable to an infinite degree and does more to destroy a good distribution pattern than any thing else. Our basic tests are carried on under as nearly a dead calm condition as possible because we must have a. starting point common to all types and models and it would be rather ridiculous to specify an air movement of certain velocity and direction as the basis. You are probably quite familiar with the problems listed in this dis-cussion, but I put them down only as a means of demonstrating our awareness and our responsibility to the user who is dependent upon Skinner Sprinklers for adequate irrigation of his crops. Given

greater leeway in the cost and selling price of the individual sprink-ler we know we could do a better job over a longer period of time, but as in any field the competitive situation is the influence which dictates compromise.

We do not know of any others working on the problem you outline and are sure that such investigation would be of value to us as well as everyone else seriously interested in sprinkler irrigation.

Very truly yours,

THE SKINNER IRRIGATION COMPANY

t(2tZee&

Wray E. Dudley

I

Engineering Department WED

December 23, 1953

Professor William J. Promersberger

Chairman, Agricultural Engineering Department North Dakota Agriculture College

Fargo, North Dakota

Dear Professor Promersberger:

Norman Evans has told me of son e York on sprinklers that was started in North Dakota while he was there. I'm not sure about the work fitting into that which I contemplate hence this inquiry. I unflerstand that the important part of the work there is on wind influence on pattern. Does this include the determina-tion of a unit sprinkler pattern without wind influence?

I have in mind a project on testing the sprinklers of three manufacturers for pattern with pressure and nozzle size as variables. I am endeavoring to find out what other schools are doing or have done along this line. Your comments would be appreciated.

Yours very truly,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer .1:EC/pb

December 23,

1953

Professor E. H. Kidder

Agricultural Engineering

Michigan State College

Lansing, Michigan

Dear Professor Kidder:

Mr. N. A. Evans of our *office attended the Winter Meeting

of ASAE in Chicago and brought back among other things a

report by your committee on sprinkling. I have gone over this

and have found some references to a type of work which I have

been contemplating. I can't be sure from the notes that it

would be the same thing.

The project I have in mind is the testing of sprinklers

of say the three principal manufacturers for character of

pattern. The variables would be pressure and nozzle size.

I have in mind as a result the bracketing of the manufacturer's

discharge data for reasonable performance. This would be for

assistance to the system designer in drawing attention to

shortcomings in certain ranges or the desirability of using

certain spacings.

I am aware of J. Z. Christensen' early work. However

the heads now being used are all different from what he worked

with. I am also aware of the laboratory 1f4r.lc or patterns

beinz done by the Rain Bird people. i do not know what Buckner

nor Skinner may be doing but I would also be writing them.

The tabulation prepared by your committee indicates that the

following schools may be working or have worked on the subject

or a feature related to it:, North Dakota, South Dakota,

New York, Washington and California. I shall write to these

places for more detailed information. What I thought you

might furnish me out of the experience you have had with

compiling information, is your knowledge of any past or

present work on my subject that 1 might oterwise miss. The

U. 6. publication, Hydraulic Research in the U. S., has not

been of much help. Any assistance- you mitt give me would be

greatly appreciated.

sincerely yours,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

WEC/pb

December

23, 1953

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

Cornell University

Ithaca, ilew fork

Gentlemen:

In the recent report of the Committee on sprinkler

Irrigation Research, I noted that your school was working

on a project "Lffect of Operational Conditions on hates

of Rotation and Distributional Patterns". Does this

have anything to do with sprinkler patterns?

The reason I ask this question is that I am

contem-plating a project on sprinkler patter.is as to how they

are affected by pressure and nozzle size. Tentatively

I am thinking of testing Rainbird, Skinner and Buckner

sprinklers. The purpose would be to help system designers

to choose the best patterns for reasonable distribution

with a 'given spacing. I, of course, would want to know

if others have Arorked 01' are working on this feature of

sprinkling. Your comments would be appreciated.

Yours very truly,

W. E. Code

irrigation rigineer

December

23, 1953

Professor C. N. Johnston

Irrigation Engineer

University of California

Davis, California

Dear Clarence:

I need your help. You have done a lot of work I

know on sprinkling, one thing in particular was that

of nozzle design. You wrote an article on this subject

and i thought

saw it in Ag. Engineering not so long

ago. I don't seem able to find it now.

Among other things in the way of new projects to

work on, I have been contemplating the determination of

sprinkler patterns of perhaps, hainbird, Buckner and

skinner sprinklers. The variables would be pressure

and nozzle size. My object would be to bracket the

manufactures tables in 5uch a way as to indicate to a

system designer in what areas proper performance could

be expected when certain spacing ,ias used. Certainly

not all combinations of pressure and nozzle size will

zive equally good patterns. I am trying to find out what

Las been done along this line by writing to a

representa-tive group. Can you help me on this? I would like to

have your frank opinion on whether you think it worth

while. There is no use duplicating work already done.

I am aware of course of J. L. Christensen's work and

that being done by Rain Bird.

It is a little late to wish you and your wife a

Ilerry Christmas but not for a happy, healthful New Year.

Sincerely,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

Wil,C/pb

December 23, 1953

Juckner Manufacturing Company

Fresno, California

Gentlemen:

For the past 0 years I have been following sprinkler

development in Colorado as a project in our Experiment Station.

I was mainly concerned aJout the economic factors involved, the

use to which sprinklers were put and their success or failure

in providing satisfactory results. I want to drop that now

and take up another phase of sprinklin2,-, that of sprinkler

patterns.

We realize that with a -,iven nozzle

combination

that the

pattern will change as he pressure is chan,;ed. There is no

doubt a best pattern and some which are not when used on a

given spacing. A system designer would surely want to know

if his choice will provide a reasonably even water application.

So far as I now know, manufacturers provide only discharge and

circle diameter of covemc,e for a given pressure. To my way of

thinking more than this is needed.

At

the moment I ould choose to test Skinner, Buckner and

Rain Bird Sprinklers, not all their models, but just those in

common use in Colorado agriculture. Would not such information

be of value to your company? Would your company object to any

such investigation? Your comments favorable or unfavorable

would be greatly appreciated. I am

at

this time trying to find

out if others are working on this problem or have done so in

the not too distant past. Results of this survey will influence

my decision.

Yours very truly,

W. E. Coue

Irrigation Engineer

-vvEC/pb

December 23,

1953

The Skinner Irrigation Company

Troy, Ohio

Gentlemen:

For the past 6 years I have been following sprinkler

development in Colorado as a project in our Experiment Station.

I was mainly concerned about the economic factors involved, the

use to which sprinklers were put and their success or failure

in providing satisfactory results. I want to drop that now

and take up another 7hase of sprinkling, that of sprinkler

patterns.

We realize that with a given nozzle .combination that the

pattern will change as the pressure is changed. There is no

doubt a best pattern and some which are not when used on a

given spacing. A system designer would surely uant to know

if his choice will provide a reasonably even water application.

So far as I now know, manufacturers provide only discharge and

circle diameter of coverage for a given pressure. To my way of

thinking more than this ie needed.

At the moment I would choose to test Skinner, Buckner and

.Lain Bird sprinklers, not all their models, but just those in

common use in Colofaao agriculture. Would not such information

be of value to your company? Would your company object to any

such investigation? Your comments favorable or unfavorable

would be greatly appreciated. I am at this time trying to find

out if others are working on this problem or have done so in

,

the not too distant past. hesultE, of this survey will influence

my decision.

Youcs very truly,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

WEC/pb

December 23,

1953

Mr. Crawford heid

Rain Bird Sprinkler Corp.

Glendora, California

Dear Mr. b.eid:

Before

I

take off on a project I have been thinking

about for some time, I want to get the reaction of sprinkler

manufacturers to the idea. You are aware from requests

from me to which you have kindly responded, that I am

interested in sprinkler patterns.

I

have worked with the

sprinkler patterns sent me, but since they did not cover

the ran!,e I wanted,

I

did not arrive at much in the way of

conclusions. I wanted for instance the performance pattern

for all the nozzle combinations under a certain pressure.

I have felt sure that; they could all produce good patterns.

My idea is that of performing tests that woull yield

data that would help the system designer in selecting the best

combination available for a given situation. It may

conceiv-ably prevent the use of a nozzle combination that would ;lye

a poor pattern. Besides Rain Lird, my plan at the moment

would include Buckner and Skinner sprinklers. I can see it

might take

a

couple of years to accomplish the project. The

plan assumes that th(Te will be no serious objection from

the manufacturer. I have never seen any patterns of 6uckner

or skinner sprinklers and I do not know how

much

they know

about their product. I am writing them of course.

I

would A3 pleased to have your frank comments on my

proposal; they would be greatly appreciated.

Sincerely,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

December

23, 1953

0outh Dakota State College

Department of Agricultural Engineering

State College Station

South Dakota

Gentlemen:

At the Chicago meeting of ASE a report by the

committee on sprinkler research was presented. I note

that South Dakota has a project on the effect of wind

on the sprinkling pattern. I would like to ask if this

project includes the determination of the sprinkler

pattern without wind effect.

I am contemplating a project here on sprinkler

pattern determination with pressure and nozzle size

as variables. Perhaps the products of three

manu-facturers would be tested. The reason for doing such

work would be to help a system designer to choose the

best nozzle size and pressure for a given situation.

Tabular data provided by the manufacturer could be

arranged in some fashion from the findins to indicate

best uniformity with given spacing. I would appreciate

hearing from you and solicit your comments.

Yours very truly,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

WEC/pb

September 30, 1953

E. H. Kidder, Associate Professor

Chairman ASZ Committee on Sprinkler Irrigation esearch

Michigan State College

East Lansing, Michigan

Dear Professor Kidder:

I have delayed answering your letter of October 20

in the hope that the matter of our future work on

sprinklers could be settled. It does not seem likt,ly

that we can do so before your deadline of the 23rd of

this month. It is probable that if ve do continue our

work on sprinklers that it will be in the nature of

sprinkler performance in regard to uniformity of

application.

Our past work has been in the nature of

invesUga-tions on the economic phase of sprinkling. In this I

interviewed over 100 users of sprinklers scattered well

over the entire state. This use covered practically

every kind of application. The visits to these users

ranged in number from once to as many as a dozen times

and although the information was not complete for all

of these users, we did obtain an idea of what the uses

were, what difficulties might have been encountered, the

general satisfaction and the cost of using this method

of irrigation.

Yours very truly,

W. E. Code

Irrigation Engineer

WECipb

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

EAST LANSING

October 20, 1953

William E. Code Assoc. Irrig. Eng. Colo. A & M College Ft. Collins, Colorado Dear Mr. Code:

The Committee on Sprinkler Irrigation Research, Soil and Water Division, American Society of Agri-cultural Engineers is preparing a report on "Current and Proposed Sprinkler Irrigation Research in the United States" for nresentation at the winter meet-ing of ASAE in Chicago on December 8, 1953. This report will contain a table similar to the attached Table II from our 1950 report. The committee will

greatly appreciate a report on (1) The type of sprinkler irrigation research now being conducted and (2) Proposed sprinkler irrigation research projects in your state by both state and federal agencies. We would also like your comments on research needed on sprinklerirrigation and any new developments in sprinkler irrigation in the past few years.

A report from you or someone on your staff by November 23, 1953 will be greatly appreciated.

Easvz Enc. 1

Very truly yours,

Pr,

E. H. Kidder, Associate Prof. Chairman ASAE Committee on Sprinkler Irrigation Research

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