Comparison of smoke release rate from building products

8811075

Birgit A - L Östman

Comparison of Smoke

Release Rate from

Building Products

Paper presented at the International

Conference 'Control the Heat - Reduce the

Hazard', London, October 24-25, 1988

Trätek

B i r g i t A-L. Ostman

COMPARISON OF SMOKE RELEASE RATE FROM BUILDING PRODUCTS

Paper presented a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference 'Control the Heat - Reduce the Hazard',

London, October 24-25, 1988 TräteknikCentrum, Rapport P 8811075 Nyckelord; building materials fire tests heat release smoke release Stockholm November 1988

C O N T E N T S Page Swedish summary A b s t r a c t 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 Experimental 2 L i g h t systems f o r smoke 4 R e p e a t a b i l i t y A Smoke p r o d u c t i o n 5 Gas p r o d u c t i o n 7 R e l a t i o n t o f u l l - s c a l e f i r e s 8 Conclusions 9 Acknowledgement 9 References 9

SAMMANFATTNING - Swedish summary

Rökalstringen från 13 o l i k a byggnadsmaterial har bestämts i en småskalig metod, den s k k o n k a l o r i m e t e r n . Metoden är u r s p r u n g l i g e n u t v e c k l a d för a t t mäta f r i -given värmeeffekt v i d brand, men ger också möjlighet a t t mäta andra parametrar som t i d t i l l antändning, massfÖrlust, rök- och g a s u t v e c k l i n g s a m t i d i g t , v i l k e t framstår som a l l t m e r angeläget i det i n t e r n a t i o n e l l a s t a n d a r d i s e r i n g s a r b e t e t . Andra småskaliga metoder för rökmätning är i allmänhet baserade på s t a t i s k a mätningar av uppsamlad rök i en box. För jämförelse med bränder i f u l l skala och för användning av matematiska modeller behövs e m e l l e r t i d data från dynamis-ka flödesförhållanden, t ex från k o n k a l o r i m e t e r n .

Röken har mätts med två o l i k a o p t i s k a system, d e l s e t t med l a s e r l j u s som före-slås i k o n k a l o r i m e t e r n , d e l s e t t med v i t t l j u s och en d e t e k t o r som e f t e r l i k n a r det mänskliga ögat. En jämförelse ansågs angelägen eftersom den s l u t l i g a a v s i k -ten är a t t underlätta utrymning v i d brand. R e s u l t a t e n med de båda o p t i s k a systemen är, något oväntat, p r a k t i s k t t a g e t i d e n t i s k a .

Rökutvecklingen för de o l i k a m a t e r i a l e n v a r i e r a r ganska k r a f t i g t . Träbaserade, s y n t e t i s k a och mer "obrännbara" m a t e r i a l samt kombinationer ingår i s t u d i e n . Gasutvecklingen, huvudsakligen mätt som kolmonoxid, CO, v a r i e r a r också k r a f -t i g -t .

R e s u l t a t e n har på e t t preliminärt sätt jämförts med data från Statens prov-n i prov-n g s a prov-n s t a l t , där exakt samma m a t e r i a l p r o v a t s v i d rumsbraprov-nd i f u l l s k a l a , överensstämmelsen är förvånansvärt god, men sambanden måste studeras b e t y d l i g t mer.

Rapporten ger en översikt som p r e s e n t e r a t s v i d en i n t e r n a t i o n e l l konferens. Fullständiga r e s u l t a t redovisas separat.

FIRE. CONTROLTHE HEAT .... REDUCE THE HAZARD

COMPARISON OF SMOKE RELEASE RATE FROM BUILDING PRODUCTS B i r g i t A-L. Ostman*

A b s t r a c t

The smoke p r o d u c t i o n s r a t e s f o r 13 d i f f e r e n t surface l i n i n g m a t e r i a l s have been determined i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r a t t h r e e i r r a d i a n c e l e v e l s : 25, 50 and

75 kW/m2. Two l i g h t systems have been used s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , a helium-neon l a s e r and a white l i g h t source, showing egual r e s u l t s . The smoke p o t e n t i a l s obtained i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r have been compared w i t h smoke p o t e n t i a l s c a l c u l a t e d from f u l l s c a l e room f i r e t e s t s . There seems t o be a reasonable agreement which must be f u r t h e r s t u d i e d .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

Measurements o f smoke p r o d u c t i o n from d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s has so f a r mainly been c a r r i e d o u t i n s t a t i c boxes, o f which t h e NBS Somke d e n s i t y chamber i s best known ( 2 ) . This t e s t has s e v e r a l disadvantages: t h e r a t e o f smoke produc-t i o n i s hard produc-t o f o l l o w a c c u r a produc-t e l y , produc-t h e v e r produc-t i c a l o r i e n produc-t a produc-t i o n o f produc-the specimen ex-cludes r e l e v a n t t e s t i n g o f t h e r m o p l a s t i c s , i t has no measurements o f mass l o s s and a l i m i t e d range o f i r r a d i a n c e l e v e l s . Some o f these disadvantages have been overcome i n l a t e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s , b u t t h e main problems w i t h a s t a t i c , accumula-t i v e accumula-t e s accumula-t meaccumula-thod s accumula-t i l l remain.

A dynamic, f l o w - t h r o u g h system has t h e r e f o r e been proposed ( 5 , 15) and expected t o have a b e t t e r p r e d i c t i v e c a p a c i t y f o r f u l l s c a l e and r e a l f i r e s . Such an i n -strument f o r s m a l l - s c a l e t e s t i n g i s now a v a i l a b l e i n t h e cone c a l o r i m e t e r ( 3 ) . I t was o r i g i n a l l y developed f o r r a t e o f heat release measurements b u t enables a l s o the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f smoke r e l e a s e , time t o i g n i t i o n e t c . However, some researchers have p o i n t e d o u t t h e importance o f measuring matured o r aged smoke (15, 1 6 ) , which might not be the case i n a flow-through system. Only l i m i t e d comparisons between s t a t i c and dynamic c o n d i t i o n s have been c a r r i e d o u t i n s m a l l scale ( 9 ) showing l e s s smoke p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g dynamic c o n d i t i o n s . The r e l a t i o n o f smoke p r o d u c t i o n i n small scale t o f u l l - s c a l e f i r e s i s o f main i n t e r e s t , even i f the progress so f a r i s l i m i t e d (15, 1 7 ) . The use o f a mass l o s s r e l a t e d smoke parameter as smoke p o t e n t i a l (16) or smoke e x t i n c t i o n area (4) has r e c e n t l y shown promising r e s u l t s ( 5 , 13) i n some cases b u t has so f a r been a p p l i e d t o o n l y a few s u r f a c e l i n i n g s ( 1 0 ) . The cone c a l o r i m e t e r f o r smoke measurements i n c l u d e s the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f mass loss and makes such comparisons e a s i e r .

* Swedish I n s t i t u t e f o r Wood Technology Research Box 5609, 5-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden

FIRE. CONTROLTHE HEAT REDUCE THE HAZARD

Smoke measurements i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r are performed by a l a s e r beam ( 3 ) i n c o n t r a s t t o most e a r l i e r measurements. The l a s e r has s e v e r a l advantages such as simple design, high l e v e l o f beam c o l l i m a t i o n and s i m p l i f i e d t h e o r e t i c a l r e l e -vance ( 5 , 1 2 ) . A l a s e r system may, however, c r e a t e some problems w i t h s i g n a l s t a b i l i t y and r e l a t i o n t o v i s i b i l i t y , which i s i m p o r t a n t f o r escape i n r e a l f i r e s i t u a t i o n . The s i g n a l s t a b i l i t y has been improved by a second c o n t r o l i n g photometer i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r a p p l i c a t i o n . But the r e l a t i o n t o v i s i b i l i t y has not yet been proved. Only one d i r e c t comparison between a l a s e r beam and a w h i t e l i g h t source has been p u b l i s h e d and was performed under s t a t i c c o n d i t i o n s

( 8 ) .

This study compares d i r e c t l y the l a s e r w i t h a w h i t e l i g h t source i n t h e cone c a l o r i m e t e r under dynamic c o n d i t i o n s . I t a l s o presents smoke p r o d u c t i o n data and smoke p o t e n t i a l s f o r a s e t o f d i f f e r e n t s u r f a c e l i n i n g s and makes a f i r s t attempt t o r e l a t e them t o a f u l l - s c a l e room f i r e t e s t .

Experimental

The experiments have been performed i n a cone c a l o r i m e t e r . F i g u r e 1 , which i s i n accordance w i t h the standard v e r s i o n ( 3 ) . I t i s a f u r t h e r development of an e a r l i e r v e r s i o n (14) used t o t e s t the e f f e c t o f specimen s i z e . New main items are the cone h e a t e r , the spark i g n i t e r , the hood and the exhaust duct. I t i s a l s o equipped w i t h two l i g h t systems t o measure smoke p r o d u c t i o n .

The cone heater and the spark i g n i t e r w i t h motor has been d e l i v e r e d from the U n i v e r s i t y of Ghent, Belgium. A square hood and a c i r c u l a r exhaust duct w i t h 110 mm inner diameter i s connected t o the e a r l i e r constant volume r a d i a l f a n , which i s s i t u a t e d about 10 m away from t h e cone h e a t e r . This p o s i t i o n o f the fan i s a r e a l advantage which does n o t r e q u i r e a high-temperature f a n and w i l l not i n f l u e n c e the f l o w or gas measurements. The volume f l o w can be v a r i e d by d i f f e r e n t dampers. The o r i f i c e p l a t e i s placed about 650 mm from the curve o f the exhaust duct and the s t r a i g h t f r e e s e c t i o n a f t e r i t i s about 650 mm long.

e x h a u s t duct 110 mm i d J ttiermocouple J

f

o o

r \

smoke c = ^ t o f a n o r i f i c e p l a t e cone t i e a t e r (ZZl s p a r k 1 p l u g specimen t i o l d e r t h e r m a l s h i e l d ) b a l a n c e to gas a n a l y z e r s (02-C0,C02) m e a s u r e m e n t s f r o m above detector g p h o t o c e l l 1 l a s e r ^ l a m p F i g u r e 1. The cone c a l o r i m e t e r .

FIRE. CONTROLTHE HEAT .... REDUCE THE HAZARD

The oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s measured by a paramagnetic c e l l (H&B Magnos 4G) and the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f carbon monoxide and carbon d i o x i d e by IR (Siemens

Ultramat 22 P ) . The gas sample i s taken from a r i n g sampler placed about 650 mm a f t e r t h e o r i f i c e p l a t e . The gas sample passes a c o l d t r a p where moisture i s removed, then a f i l t e r o f l o o s e l y packed glass wool and a tube w i t h w a t e r - f r e e CaS04 f o r e x t r a d r y i n g . The gas then goes through a pump and f i n a l l y passes a 2.7 um glass f i b e r f i l t e r . I n order t o minimize the t r a n s i e n t t i m e , a major p a r t o f the f l o w i s wasted a f t e r the pump.

The smoke i s measured by two d i f f e r e n t l i g h t systems placed c l o s e t o g e t h e r a t about 50 mm d i s t a n c e and about 100 mm a f t e r the gas sampler. At f i r s t , there i s a helium-neon l a s e r w i t h s i l i c o n photodiodes as main beam and reference detec-t o r s ( 3 ) d e l i v e r e d from Ghendetec-t U n i v e r s i detec-t y . Then detec-t h e r e i s a whidetec-te l i g h detec-t source from a 10 W tungsten f i l a m e n t lamp f o r which the beam i s made p a r a l l e l by a lens system. The d e t e c t o r has a s p e c t r a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d respons t h a t d u p l i c a t e s the human eye ( U n i t e d Detector Techn. USA). I n both cases t h e smoke release i s expressed as smoke p r o d u c t i o n r a t e i n ob-m^/s and smoke p o t e n t i a l i n

ob*m^/g according t o Rasbach ( 1 6 ) . The l a t t e r parameter i s d i r e c t l y propor-t i o n a l propor-t o propor-the s p e c i f i c e x propor-t i n c propor-t i o n area i n m^/g ( 3 ) .

The basic parameter i s a q u a n t i t y c a l l e d obscure ( o b ) . One ob i s the smoke conc e n t r a t i o n g i v i n g a l i g h t a b s o r p t i o n o f 1 dB/m, whiconch i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a v i s i -b i l i t y of a-bout 10 m. O-bscure, D|_, i s d e f i n e d as: D|_ = ( 1 0 / L ) * l o g (Iq/I) where L i s path l e n g t h i n m, I Q l i g h t i n t e n s i t y i n absence o f smoke and I l i g h t i n t e n s i t y i n presence o f smoke.

The smgke p r o d u c t i o n r a t e , Dgp, i s d e f i n e d as: Dgp = DL • V j (ob • m^/s) where Vj i s the volume f l o w o f gases i n the exhaust duct a t t h e a c t u a l tempe-r a t u tempe-r e i n m-'/s.

The smoke p o t e n t i a l , DQ, i s d e f i n e d as: DQ = Dgp / m (ob • m^/g) where m i s the mass l o s s r a t e i n g/s.

The t e s t m a t e r i a l s used a r e l i s t e d i n Table 1 . A l l o f them o r i g i n a t e from t h e same l o t which was i n i t i a l l y s e l e c t e d and used f o r s e v e r a l s t u d i e s on r e a c t i o n to f i r e w i t h i n Scandinavian f i r e l a b o r a t o r i e s (e.g. 1 , 10, 1 1 , 14, 19, 2 1 , 2 2 ) . TABLE 1. Tested l i n i n g m a t e r i a l s . M a t e r i a l Thickness Density mm kg/m^ R i g i d polyurethane foam 30 32 T e x t i l e w a l l - c o v e r i n g on rock-wool 42 + 0.5 150 I n s u l a t i n g f i b e r board 13 250 Expanded p o l y s t y r e n e 49 18 Medium d e n s i t y f i b e r board 12 655

Wood panel (spruce) 11 450

Paper w a l l - c o v e r i n g on p a r t i c l e board 10 + 0.5 670

P a r t i c l e board 10 670

Melamine-faced p a r t i c l e board 13 870

P l a s t i c w a l l - c o v e r i n g on gypsum board 13 + 0.7 725

T e x t i l e w a l l - c o v e r i n g on gypsum board 13 + 0.5 725

Paper w a l l - c o v e r i n g on gypsum board 13 + 0.5 725

FIRE; CONTROLTHE HEAT .... REDUCE THE HAZARD L i g h t systems f o r smoke

A l l smoke measurements were made s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h two l i g h t systems, a helium-neon l a s e r and a w h i t e l i g h t system. I n most cases they showed an ex-c e l l e n t agreement. I n o n l y some ex-cases very narrow peaks had somewhat d i f f e r e n t h e i g h t s . This can p r o b a b l y be overcome by a more f r e q u e n t data sampling (5 3 used h e r e ) . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e data are given i n F i g u r e 2.

0.2 0.1 h RSP (0D*in3/s) RSP (00*fn3/s) 75 kW/fir LASER LAMP INSULATING FIBER BOARD 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.11-0 LASER LAMP 75 kV/rn^ MELAMINE-FACED PARTICLE BOARD 25 kW/m' 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s) F i g u r e 2. Comparison o f a l a s e r and w h i t e l i g h t system f o r measuring r a t e o f smoke p r o d u c t i o n (RSP).

R e p e a t a b i l i t y

Most data presented here a r e from s i n g l e t e s t s . This may be j u s t i f i e d since t h e r e p e a t a b i l i t y seems t o be acceptable. Figure 3 g i v e s an example f o r a m a t e r i a l w i t h q u i t e low smoke p r o d u c t i o n . 0.2 h RSP (obKfn3/s) 0.1 PARTICLE BOARD LASER 50 kW/m' 100 200 300 400 TIME (s) 500 600 F i g u r e 3. R e p e a t a b i l i t y i n smoke measurements The f i g u r e shows l a s e r data f o r p a r t i c l e b o a r d at 50 kW/m2 as an example.

FIRE. CONTROLTHE HEAT. .. . REDUCE THE HAZARD Smoke p r o d u c t i o n

The smoke p r o d u c t i o n was measured a t t h r e e i r r a d i a n c e l e v e l s from the cone heater 25, 50 and 75 kW/m^ and w i t h two l i g h t systems. As t h e l i g h t systems give equal data, see a preceding s e c t i o n , j u s t t h e w h i t e l i g h t data a r e p r e -sented here.

F i g u r e 4 shows smoke p r o d u c t i o n r a t e i n r e l a t i o n t o r a t e o f heat r e l e a s e f o r some t y p i c a l m a t e r i a l s . The smoke may be r e l e a s e d somewhat e a r l i e r than t h e heat. The e a r l y smoke released before i g n i t i o n i s u s u a l l y w h i t e and d i f f e r e n t from the smoke a f t e r i g n i t i o n which i s more dark. I n some cases they appear as d i s t i n c t peaks.

Maximum p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s f o r a l l m a t e r i a l s t e s t e d a r e given a t 50 kW/m2 i n Table 2. Such peak data a r e l e s s accurate ( e s p e c i a l l y f o r m a t e r i a l s w i t h narrow peaks) but may s t i l l be o f i n t e r e s t f o r a g e n e r a l comparison.

0.2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0 h RSP (0D*m3/s] PAPER WALL-COVERING ON PARTICLE BOARD 75 kW/m-100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 h 0.1 0 h RSP (obi(m3/s) L I 75 kW/m^ 50 kW/m2 25 kW/m' TEXTILE WALL-COVERING ON GYPSUM BOARD 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (S) PAPER WALL-COVERING ON PARTICLE BOARD 400 h RHR (kW/m2) 300 200 100 0 . 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s) 800 600 h [- RHR (kW/m2) 75 kW/m^ 200 H 25 kW/m . 50kW/m^ TEXTILE WALL-COVERING ON GYPSUM BOARD 25 kW/m^ 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s)

F i g u r e 4. Rate o f smoke p r o d u c t i o n (RSP) and r a t e of heat r e l e a s e (RHR) f o r some l i n i n g m a t e r i a l s . (Note the d i f f e r e n t scales i n both cases.)

FIRE: CONTROLTHE HEAT . . . . REDUCE THE HAZARD

The smoke r e l e a s e may a l s o be given i n r e l a t i o n t o mass l o s s which i s expressed i n ob m^/g and c a l l e d smoke p o t e n t i a l a c c o r d i n g t o Rasbach ( 1 6 ) . A p r o p o r t i o n a l parameter i s smoke e x t i n c t i o n area expressed i n m^/g according t o ( 3 ) . The ge-n e r a l appearage-nce o f the smoke p o t e ge-n t i a l curves i s s i m i l a r t o those f o r smoke p r o d u c t i o n r a t e , s i n c e the mass l o s s r a t e i s c o n s t a n t d u r i n g major p a r t s o f t h e f i r e t e s t f o r many m a t e r i a l s . Data are g i v e n i n F i q u r e 5 and Table 2.

SP (oöKm3/g) 30 \- SP (oD»tm3/g) 50 kW/m' 20 • 10 oh 2 5 k W / m WOOD PANEL EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE 0-5 " 50 KW/m-25 k W / m ' 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 TIME (s) 500

Figure 5. Smoke p o t e n t i a l s (SP) f o r some m a t e r i a l s . (Note the d i f f e r e n t s c a l e s . )

TABLE 2. Smoke and gas p r o d u c t i o n data a t 50 kW/m2. Peak values

M a t e r i a l Smoke Smoke po- CO

produc-R i g i d p o l y u r e t h a n e foam

T e x t i l e w a l l - c o v e r i n g on rock-wool I n s u l a t i n g f i b e r board

Expanded p o l y s t y r e n e

Medium d e n s i t y f i b e r board Wood panel (spruce)

Paper w a l l - c o v e r i n g on p a r t i c l e board P a r t i c l e board

Melamine-faced p a r t i c l e board

P l a s t i c w a l l - c o v e r i n g on gypsum board T e x t i l e w a l l - c o v e r i n g on gypsum board Paper w a l l - c o v e r i n g on gypsum board Gypsum board t i o n r a t e t e n t i a l t i o n r a t e ob*m-^/s ob'm^/g ml/s 0.86 ( 5 s ) * 12.6 14.7 ( 10 s ) * 0.40 ( 20 s) 3.4 3.8 ( 25 s) 0.10 ( 20 s) 1.37 0.6 ( 30 s) 0.97 ( 90 s) 22.2 7.5 ( 85 s) 0.13 (110 s) 1.21 0.8 ( 75 s) 0.07 ( 30 s) 0.92 0.6 ( 45 s) 0.05 ( 70 s) 0.47 0.6 ( 85 s) 0.09 ( 90 s) 0.78 0.6 (115 s) 0.34 ( 40 s) 4.05 3.7 ( 90 s) 0.70 ( 10 s) 7.8 2.2 ( 75 s) 0.19 ( 30 s) 1.83 2.7 ( 80 s) 0.11 ( 25 s) 1.55 2.5 ( 80 s) 0.03 ( 30 s) 0.60 3.4 ( 75 s)

FIRE. CONTROLTHE HEAT REDUCE THE HAZARD Gas p r o d u c t i o n

The p r o d u c t i o n o f carbon monoxide and carbon d i o x i d e has a l s o been d e t e c t e d . Some examples o f CO p r o d u c t i o n a r e given i n r e l a t i o n t o smoke p r o d u c t i o n i n F i g u r e 6. Peak values a t 50 kW/m2 a r e given i n Table 2. G e n e r a l l y , t h e peak i n CO p r o d u c t i o n seems t o appear l a t e r than t h e peak i n smoke p r o d u c t i o n .

CO (ml/s) 1.5h 0.75 MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER BOARD 75 k W / m 50 k W / m ' 0 100 200 300 400 TIME (s) 500 600 CO (ml/s) 15 h 10 50 k W / m ' 2 5 k W / m ^

RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAM

100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME (s) 0.2 I- RSP (00»m3/s) 0.1 MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER BOARD 75 kW/m^ 50 k W / m ' 0 100 200 300 400 TIME (S) 500 600 1 O.B 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 h RSP (obi(m3/s) 50 kW/m' 25

RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAM

100 200 300 400 TIME (s)

500 600

F i g u r e 6. P r o d u c t i o n r a t e o f carbon monoxide, CO, i n r e l a t i o n t o smoke p r o d u c t i o n r a t e f o r some ma-t e r i a l s . (Noma-te ma-the d i f f e r e n ma-t scales i n boma-th cases.)

FIRE. CONTROLTHE HEAT REDUCE THE HAZARD R e l a t i o n t o f u l l - s c a l e f i r e s

Smoke p o t e n t i a l o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t term smoke e x t i n c t i o n area i s probably the best parameter f o r comparing smoke p r o d u c t i o n i n small-scale and f u l l - s c a l e

f i r e t e s t s ( 5 ) . I n f u l l - s c a l e t e s t s , however, the mass l o s s r a t e i s u s u a l l y n o t determined, but by using t h e e f f e c t i v e heat release obtained i n small s c a l e , the f u l l - s c a l e smoke p r o d u c t i o n data may be converted t o smoke p o t e n t i a l ( 1 0 ) . F u l l - s c a l e room f i r e data are a v a i l a b l e f o r e x a c t l y the same l i n i n g m a t e r i a l s ( 1 9 ) . They i n c l u d e smoke p r o d u c t i o n per heat released (ob-m^/MJ), which has been converted t o smoke p o t e n t i a l by m u l t i p l y i n g w i t h the average e f f e c t i v e heat release (MO/g) obtained a t 50 kW/m^ i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r . This e f f e c t i v e heat release i s constant d u r i n g major p a r t s o f the f i r e t e s t . The s m a l l -scale smoke p o t e n t i a l used a r e peak values a t 50 kW/m2. F i g u r e 7 shows a gene-r a l aggene-reement. Mean values i n small scale seemed t o g i v e l e s s aggene-reement. How-ever, more c a r e f u l and comprehensive s t u d i e s have t o be made t o f i n d t h e best c o r r e l a t i o n . More l i n i n g m a t e r i a l s have a l s o t o be i n c o r p o r a t e d . S t i l l , the rough r e s u l t s so f a r are promising.

full scale

smoke potential at floshover ob- m/^g small scale smoke potential peak at 50 kW/m^ ob • mVq 10 15 20 25 • P a r t i c l e board • I n s u l a t i n g f i b e r b o a r d n Medium d e n s i t y f i b e r b o a r d a Wood p a n e l ( s p r u c e ) A R i g i d p o l y u r e t h a n e foam • E x p a n d e d p o l y s t y r e n e o Gypsum board M e l a m i n e - f a c e d p a r t i c l e board Paper w a l l - c o v e r i n g on p a r t i c l e board Paper w a l l - c o v e r i n g on g . b . P l a s t i c w a l l - c o v e r i n g on g.b. T e x t i l e w a l l - c o v e r i n g on g.b. T e x t i l e w a l l - c o v e r i n g on rock-wool

Figure 7. R e l a t i o n between smoke p o t e n t i a l obtained i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r a t 50 kW/m2 and c a l c u l a t e d from a room f i r e t e s t ( 1 9 ) .

FIRE: CONTROLTHE HEAT . . . . REDUCE THE HAZARD Conclusions

Smoke p r o d u c t i o n can be measured w i t h good accuracy i n t h e cone c a l o r i m e t e r a l s o f o r m a t e r i a l s w i t h low smoke r e l e a s e .

A helium-neon l a s e r and a w h i t e l i g h t system g i v e equal r e s u l t s .

There seems t o be a general good agreement between smoke p o t e n t i a l s obtained i n the cone c a l o r i m e t e r and c a l c u l a t e d from r o o m - f i r e t e s t s . This has t o be f u r t h e r s t u d i e d . More accurate means t o o b t a i n smoke p o t e n t i a l s from r o o m - f i r e t e s t s have t o be found.

Acknowledgement

The author i s very g r a t e f u l t o Mr L. T s a n t a r i d i s who has performed the e x p e r i -ments and the data r e d u c t i o n s and t o Mr R. Nussbaum f o r d i s c u s s i o n s . The finan-c i a l support from the Swedish Board f o r F i r e Researfinan-ch t o p a r t o f t h i s work i s a l s o k i n d l y acknowledged.

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