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Urban design of winter cities: Winter season connectivity for soft mobility

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(1)DOC TOR A L T H E S I S. ISSN 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7790-189-1 (print) ISBN 978-91-7790-190-7 (pdf) Luleå University of Technology 2018. David Chapman Urban Design of Winter Cities. Department of Architecture, Architecture and Water, Department of Civil Division of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering. Urban Design of Winter Cities Winter Season Connectivity for Soft Mobility. David Chapman. Architecture.

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(3) Urban design of winter cities: Winter season connectivity for soft mobility. David Chapman. Architecture, Architecture and Water, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.

(4) Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2018 ISSN 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7790-189-1 (print) ISBN 978-91-7790-190-7 (pdf) Luleå 2018 www.ltu.se.

(5) ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ ŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–’Žƒ›•ƒ‡›”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡”‘”‹Š‹„‹–‘”‘ˆ—”„ƒ‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ••‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡’—„Ž‹  ”‡ƒŽ ƒƒ‡‹–‘”‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‡‘„‹Ž‡‘—–†‘‘”•ƒ†–‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹’—„Ž‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‘”‹– ƒ’—–’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆˆ˜‡–—”‹‰‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ ‡›—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•‹•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡˜‹”‘‡–•–Šƒ– ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹„‘–Š–Š‡™‹–‡”ƒ†–Š‡•—‡”Ǥ Ž‘•‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ Šƒ‰‡•‹™‡ƒ–Š‡”†—‡–‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ••‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–› Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”•–—†›‹‰–Š‹•‹•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Š‘™–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡—”„ƒˆ‘”ǡ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•Š—ƒ‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ

(6) –Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘‘—–†‘‘” ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹•‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ‘ ‡”–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡•’‡†ƒŽ‘™ ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‹‡‘—–†‘‘”•‹™‹–‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ ‹•–Šƒ––Š‹•–”‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‡†Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Šƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡•Ǥ ‘•–—†›–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•™Šƒ–ƒ––”ƒ –•ƒ†Š‹†‡”• •‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†Š‘™ ƒ–Š‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡—†‡”’‹ ‡™ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘” ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›‹™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ‘ ƒ††”‡••–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†•—•‡†ƒ”‡†‘ —‡–•–—†‹‡•ǡ•—”˜‡›•ǡ‡–ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‰ǡƒ†’Š‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•–—†›™‘”•ƒ––Š”‡‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†‰‘ƒŽ ‹•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‡™™ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡—”„ƒˆ‘” ƒ„‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ††‡•‹‰‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ††‹• —••‹‘ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ–‹™‹–‡” •‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡—”„ƒˆ‘”ƒ†™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘‹•ƒ ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ—”„ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† ƒ„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹  ”‡ƒŽƒ†‹–• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”Ǥ•–Š‡—”„ƒˆ‘”‹• †‡•‹‰‡†ǡ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”Š‘™–‘‹’”‘˜‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹ –Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†Ǥ  ϭ .

(7) ^ĂŵŵĂŶĨĂƚƚŶŝŶŐ Y˜‡”Š‡Žƒ˜¡”Ž†‡•’‡Žƒ”†‡—”„ƒƒ‹ŽŒÚ•ˆ‘”‡› ‡Ž”‘ŽŽ¡”†‡–‰¡ŽŽ‡”ƒ–– ÚŒŽ‹‰‰Ú”ƒ‡ŽŽ‡”ˆÚ”•˜¤”ƒˆÚ”„‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰‡ƒ˜˜ƒ”ƒƒ–‹˜—–‘Š—•ǡ•¤•‘Œ— ‘„‹Ž‹–‡–ͳǤ–ˆ‘”‹‰‡ƒ˜‘ˆˆ‡–Ž‹‰ƒ‘”¤†‡ƒ‰Ú”ƒ†‡–ƒ––”ƒ–‹˜–ˆÚ” „‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰‡ƒ––ˆÚ”ˆŽ›––ƒ•‹‰‘ Š†‡Ž–ƒ‹†‡–‘ˆˆ‡–Ž‹‰ƒŽ‹˜‡–ǡ‡ŽŽ‡”•¤ƒ†‡–ˆ¤ ’‡”•‘‡”ƒ––ƒ˜•–¤ˆ”¤ƒ––Ž¡ƒŠ‡‡–Ǥ ƒ˜•–ƒ†•’Žƒ‡”‹‰‡•Š—˜—†•ƒŽ‹‰ƒ—–ƒ‹‰ƒ”‹˜‹–‡”•–¡†‡”¡”ƒ––•ƒ’ƒ ‹ŽŒÚ‡”•‘—’’—–”ƒ”–‹ŽŽ—–‘Š—•ƒ–‹˜‹–‡–ƒŽŽƒ•¡•‘‰‡”Ǥ¡”Ž‹‰‰ƒ†‡ —–ƒ‹‰¡”ƒ––ˆÚ”•–¤Š—”¡†”ƒ†‡˜¡†‡”ˆÚ”Š¤ŽŽƒ†‡’¤‰”—†ƒ˜ Ž‹ƒ–ˆÚ”¡†”‹‰ƒ”ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ’¤¡‹•‘”•˜ƒŽƒ˜Œ—‘„‹Ž‹–‡–Ǥ ‡–¡”˜‹–‹‰–ƒ––ˆÚ”•–¤Š—”•ƒ„ƒ†‡ŽŽƒ—”„ƒˆ‘”ǡ˜¡†‡”ǡ •¡•‘‰•˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‡”‘ ŠŽ‹ƒ–ˆÚ”¡†”‹‰ƒ”’¤˜‡”ƒ”¡‹•‘”• —–‘Š—•ƒ–‹˜‹–‡–Ǥ–‰¤‰•’—–‡¡”ƒ––„‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰‡•’‡†‡”ƒ”‡Ž‹–‡ƒ†‡Ž ƒ˜•‹–‹†—–‘Š—•—†‡”˜‹–‡”•¡•‘‰‡Ǥ‡†ƒ••‘ ‹‡”ƒ†‡Ž¡‰”‡‹˜¤‡”ƒ˜ˆ›•‹• ƒ–‹˜‹–‡–ˆÚŽŒ‡”‡”ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜ƒ‡ˆˆ‡–‡”ƒ˜•‡‡†‡Š¡Ž•ƒ‘ Š˜¡Ž„‡ˆ‹ƒ†‡Ǥ ˜Šƒ†Ž‹‰‡•Š—˜—†•ƒŽ‹‰ƒˆ‘”•‹‰•ˆ”¤‰ƒ¡”ǣvaduppmuntrarochförhindrar mjukmobilitetundervinterhalvåretochhurkandennakunskapstödjanya övervägandenkringstadsplaneringföranslutningarförmjukmobiliteti vinterstäder?‡‡–‘†‡”•‘ƒ˜¡–•ˆÚ”ƒ––„‡Ž›•ƒˆ”¤‰ƒŠƒ”˜ƒ”‹– Ž‹––‡”ƒ–—”•–—†‹‡”ǡ‡¡–—†‡”•Ú‹‰ƒ”ǡ‘‰‹–‹˜ƒ”–Ž¡‰‰‹‰‘ Šˆ‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–‡”‹‰Ǥ ‡–ˆÚ”•–ƒ¤Ž‡–¡”ƒ––Žƒ”‰Ú”ƒ•ƒ„ƒ†‡ŽŽƒ•–ƒ†•‹ŽŒÚ‘ ŠŒ—‘„‹Ž‹–‡– —–‘Š—•’¤˜‹–‡”Ǥ‡–ƒ†”ƒ¡”ƒ––ˆÚ”•–¤Š—”ˆÚ”„‹†‡Ž•‡”Ǣ†‡¡–˜‡”ƒ˜˜¡‰ƒ” ‘ Š•–‹‰ƒ”•‘ÚŒŽ‹‰‰Ú”Œ—‘„‹Ž‹–‡–ǡ’¤˜‡”ƒ•ƒ˜•¡•‘‰ǡŽ‹ƒ–‘ Š˜¡†‡”Ǥ ‡––”‡†Œ‡¡”ƒ––‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡”ƒŠ—”†‡—”„ƒƒˆ‘”‡ƒ’Žƒ‡”ƒ•ˆÚ”ƒ––ˆ”¡Œƒ ڍƒ†Œ—‘„‹Ž‹–‡–—–‘Š—•—†‡”˜‹–‡”ŠƒŽ˜¤”‡–Ǥ

(8) •Ž—–•ƒ–•‡”ƒƒ”‰—‡–‡”ƒ•†‡–ˆÚ”Š—”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘‡‡ŽŽƒ—”„ƒˆ‘”‘ Š ˜‹–‡”•¡•‘‰¡”‡ƒ•’‡–ƒ˜—”„ƒ‘”ˆ‘Ž‘‰‹‹˜‹–‡”•–¡†‡”ǡ‘ ŠŠ—”†‡–ƒ ˜ƒ”ƒ‡†‡Žƒ˜’”‘ ‡••‡”‹‰Š—”†‡‘ˆˆ‡–Ž‹‰ƒ‹ŽŒÚˆ‘”ƒ•ǤŽ—–Ž‹‰‡‰‡• ”‡‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‡”•‘ƒ„‹†”ƒ–‹ŽŽƒ––ˆÚ”„‹†‡Ž•‡”ˆÚ”Œ—‘„‹Ž‹–‡–—†‡” ˜‹–‡”ŠƒŽ˜¤”‡–ˆÚ”„¡––”ƒ•˜‹†’Žƒ‡”‹‰‡ƒ˜†‡—”„ƒƒ‹ŽŒÚǤ  ϭ. DũƵŬŵŽďŝůŝƚĞƚ;ĞŶŐĞůƐŬĂ͗ƐŽĨƚŵŽďŝůŝƚLJͿ͘DćŶŶŝƐŬŽƌƐƐćƚƚĂƚƚĨƂƌĨůLJƚƚĂƐŝŐƵƚĂŶŵŽƚŽƌĚƌŝǀŶĂ ĨŽƌĚŽŶ͕ƚĞdžŐĞŶŽŵĂƚƚŐĊĞůůĞƌĐLJŬůĂ͕ǀŝůŬĞƚŚĂƌĞŶƌĞůĂƚŝǀƚůŝƚĞŶƉĊǀĞƌŬĂŶƉĊŵŝůũƂŶ͘ Ϯ . .

(9) ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ••‹•–‡†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

(10) ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ

(11)  ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ”‹•–‹ƒǤ‹Ž••‘ǡ‰ƒ–‹‘‹œœ‘Ƭ‰‡–ƒƒ”••‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–Ǥ ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‘–‡ǡ

(12) ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ›ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ. ϯ . .

(13) ŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ —ƒ”›     ƒƒˆƒ––‹‰     ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•     ”‘›•    . Ž‘••ƒ”›     ‹•–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’ƒ’‡”•    /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ    ‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•   ”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹•‹‰—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡• –Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›  ĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ    ‘Ž‹ › ‘–‡š–    —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–   Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡    ‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰     ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĚĞƐŝŐŶ    ‡•‡ƒ” Š”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡   ‹ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•   Š‡•‹•‘—–Ž‹‡    ‡•‡ƒ” Š†‡•‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡   ƒ•‡•–—†›    ‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘   ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™    › ŠƒƒŽ›•‹•    Š‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘    —‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡    ‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•   „•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•   ”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ–‹‘     dŚĞŽƌĞƚŝĐĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ   ”„ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›   ϰ . ͳ ʹ ͵ ͸ ͹ ͺ ϵ ͻ ͳͲ. ϭϭ ͳʹ ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͳͶ ϭϲ ͳ͸ ͳ͹ ͳͺ ͳͻ ʹͳ ʹʹ ʹ͵ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹ͸ ʹͺ ʹͻ ͵Ͳ ϯϭ ͵ͳ.

(14) —„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡  ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–› —ƒ‘˜‡‡–  Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ .    .    .  ZĞƐƵůƚƐ     —ƒ”›‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”•   ˜‡”ƒŽŽ•–—†›”‡•—Ž–•    ŶĂůLJƐŝƐ     ”„ƒˆ‘”    —„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡    ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›   —ƒ‘˜‡‡–    Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡    ”„ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›   ’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”™‹–‡” ‹–›—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰  ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ     ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ    ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•   —”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š     ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ   . . . ϱ . ͵ʹ ͵Ͷ ͵Ͷ ͵ͷ ϯϲ ͵͸ Ͷͻ ϱϮ ͷʹ ͷ͸ ͷ͹ ͷͺ ͷͻ ͷͻ ͸ͳ ϲϯ ϲϲ ͸ͺ ͸ͻ ϳϬ.

(15) ĐƌŽŶLJŵƐ ǣ––”ƒ –‹˜‡—‹Ž–˜‹”‘‡–• ǣ‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†–Š‡—‹Ž–˜‹”‘‡– ˆ ǣ—„ƒ” –‹  Ž‹ƒ–‡ȋڒ’‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ǣ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹–›—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ǣ ‘‡•ƒ†‘—‹–‹‡•‰‡ ›

(16) ǣ

(17) –‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ‡Ž‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ ǣ—Ž‡¤‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› 

(18) ǣ‘›ƒŽ‘™Žƒ‹‰

(19) •–‹–—–‡ ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘†‘  ǣ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘• ”ƒ‡™‘”‘˜‡–‹‘‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ ǣ‹–‡”‹–‹‡•••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ 

(20) ǣ‹–‡”‹–‹‡•

(21) •–‹–—–‡  ǣ‘”Ž† ‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ . . ϲ .

(22) 'ůŽƐƐĂƌLJ ConnectivityǣŠ‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹ Šƒ’Žƒ ‡‹• ‘‡ –‡†„›”‘—–‡•–‘‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ ‡•ƒ†–‘™Š‹ Š‹–•‘™’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ȋ‘™ƒǡʹͲͲͷǡ ’Ǥͺ͸ȌǤ PublicrealmǣŠ‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ–‘™ǡ‘” ‹–›ȋ™Š‡–Š‡”’—„Ž‹ Ž›‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž› ‘™‡†Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—– Šƒ”‰‡ǡˆ‘”‡˜‡”›‘‡–‘•‡‡ǡ—•‡ƒ†‡Œ‘› ȋ‘™ƒǡʹͲͲͷǡ’Ǥ͵ͳʹȌǤ Softmobilityǣ —ƒǦ’‘™‡”‡†ǡ‘Ǧ‘–‘”‹œ‡†™ƒ›•‘ˆ‰‡––‹‰ƒ”‘—†ǡ•— Šƒ• ™ƒŽ‹‰ǡ › Ž‹‰ǡ”‘ŽŽ‡”„Žƒ†‹‰‘”•‹‹‰ǡ–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‹––Ž‡‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥȋ‘™ƒǡ‹ –‹‘ƒ”›‘ˆ”„ƒ‹•ǡʹ†‡†‹–‹‘ǡˆ‘”–Š ‘‹‰ȌǤ Townscapeǣ”„ƒˆ‘”ƒ†‹–•˜‹•—ƒŽƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡Ǣ–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ•–”‡‡–•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆƒ•–”‡‡– ‘„‹‡‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‹•†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ –‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–›ȋ‘™ƒǡʹͲͲͷǡ’ǤͶͲͲȌǤ UrbangrainǣŠ‡’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†•‹œ‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ’Ž‘–•‹ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–Ǣƒ†–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹ Šƒƒ”‡ƒǯ•’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ•–”‡‡–Ǧ„Ž‘ • ƒ†•–”‡‡–Œ— –‹‘•‹•”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡–ǡ‘”Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†‹ˆ”‡“—‡– ȋ‘™ƒǡʹͲͲͷǡ’ǤͶʹʹȌǤ UrbanstructureǣŠ‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ”‘—–‡•ƒ†•’ƒ ‡•–Šƒ– ‘‡ –Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ† ‘”‡™‹†‡Ž›ǡƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ”‘—–‡•ƒ†‘’‡•’ƒ ‡•”‡Žƒ–‡–‘‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”ȋ‘™ƒǡʹͲͲͷǡ’ǤͶʹ͹ȌǤ . . ϳ .

(23) >ŝƐƚŽĨƉĂƉĞƌƐĂƚƚĂĐŚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĚŽĐƚŽƌĂůƚŚĞƐŝƐ Š‹•†‘ —‡–‹•ƒ ‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘–Š‡•‹•ƒ† ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘˜‡”‡••ƒ›ǡ ˆ‘—”• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’ƒ’‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–ǣ ƒ’‡”ͳǣŠƒ’ƒǡǤǡ‹Ž••‘ǡǤǤǡ‹œœ‘ǡǤǡƬƒ”••‘ǡǤȋ‹’”‡••ȌǤ’†ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–‡”ǣ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”™‹–‡”•‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ArcticYearbook.ȋ ‡’–‡†ȌǤ ƒ’‡”ʹǣŠƒ’ƒǡǤǡ‹Ž••‘ǡǤǤǡ‹œœ‘ǡǤǡƬƒ”••‘ǡǤȋˆ‘”–Š ‘‹‰ȌǤ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•‡•‹–‹˜‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰Ǣ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”Ǥ UrbanDesignInternationalȋ•—„‹––‡†ȌǤ ƒ’‡”͵ǣŠƒ’ƒǡǤǡ‹Ž••‘ǡǤǡƒ”••‘ǡǤǡƬ‹œœ‘ǡǤȋʹͲͳ͹ȌǤŽ‹ƒ–‹  „ƒ””‹‡”•–‘•‘ˆ–Ǧ‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”ǣ—Ž‡ƒǡ™‡†‡ƒ• ƒ•‡•–—†›ǤSustainable CitiesandSocietyǡ35ǡͷ͹ͶǦͷͺͲǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀŒǤ• •ǤʹͲͳ͹ǤͲͻǤͲͲ͵Ǥ ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†ȌǤ ƒ’‡”ͶǣŠƒ’ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤǮ‘’ƒ –‡Ǧ•–ƒ†•„‡Ž‡‹†ǯ‹•†‡ƒ†ǣŽ‘‰Ž‹˜‡–Š‡—– Š ‘’ƒ – ‹–›ǤMacJournalǡȋͷȌǡ’’ǤͶͺǦͷ͹Ǥȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†ȌǤ ‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–ƒ„•–”ƒ –ǣŠƒ’ƒǡǤȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤByDesign,fromdesignguidance tobuiltformȋ ‘”•‹‰•”ƒ’’‘”–Ȁ—Ž‡¤–‡‹•ƒ—‹˜‡”•‹–‡–ȌǤ—Ž‡¤Ǥ ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†ȌǤ  . . ϴ .

(24) /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–’Žƒ›•ƒ‡›”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡”‘”‹Š‹„‹–‘”‘ˆ—”„ƒ‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ••‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡’—„Ž‹  ”‡ƒŽ ƒƒ‡‹–‘”‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‡‘„‹Ž‡‘—–†‘‘”•ƒ†–‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹’—„Ž‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‘”‹– ƒ’—–’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆˆ˜‡–—”‹‰‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ . ^ŽĨƚŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŝŶǁŝŶƚĞƌĐŝƚŝĞƐ ‡›—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•‹•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡˜‹”‘‡–•–Šƒ– ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹„‘–Š–Š‡™‹–‡”ƒ†–Š‡•—‡”Ǥ Ž‘•‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ Šƒ‰‡•‹™‡ƒ–Š‡”†—‡–‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ••‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–› Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡šƒ –†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ™‹–‡” ‹–›ǡ”‡••ƒŠƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ–™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•—•—ƒŽŽ›•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ˆ‹˜‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡› ‘‘Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„‡Ž‘™Ͳιǡ–Š‡’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘–Š‡›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹•ƒ‹Ž›‹–Š‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆ•‘™ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‹–‡†Š‘—”•‘ˆ•—•Š‹‡ƒ††ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†–Š‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰ –Š”‡‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•Š‘Ž†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š•‹•— ‡••‹‘‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡Žƒ•– ‘†‹–‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‹” Ž‹ƒ–‡‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ”‡••ƒǡʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•‹•—•‡†Š‡”‡‹’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘„‡‹‰Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹” –‹ ‘”•—„ƒ” –‹ ”‡‰‹‘•„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ› ’Žƒ ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡™‹–‡”•‡––Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‘—–•‹†‡•— Š ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ

(25) –Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‰‘‘†—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰‹•†‡•‹‰ –Šƒ–‡Šƒ ‡• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•™ƒŽ‹‰ǡ › Ž‹‰‘” •‹‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹•ƒƒŒ‘”†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ ƒ‹‰ƒ„‘—–‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ȋ„”ƒŠ‹ƒ„ƒ†‹ǡ‹Ž••‘ǡƬ ‘Šƒ••‘ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ‡›’”‡‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘”‹•–Šƒ––Š‡„—‹Ž– ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”’Žƒ› ‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•‹†‡–‡”‹‹‰Š‘™’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡ –Š‡‘—–†‘‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒŽǤ „‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ† –Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‡‘—–†‘‘”•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡„›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ• ™ƒŽ‹‰ƒ† › Ž‹‰ȋ ‹˜‘‹ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ϵ .

(26) ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡”‡‰—Žƒ”’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ȋŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡’‘”–‡†‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›‘”™‡‡Ž›„ƒ•‹•Ȍƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ȋ‘ŠŽ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹǢ ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ•’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ –‹˜‡‘—–†‘‘”•‹™‹–‡”–‹‡ǡ–Š‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡—”„ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡••Š‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ””ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”‘”ˆ‘”Ž‡‹•—”‡ ȋ‡”‰Ž—†ǡ‘••ƒ˜ƒ‹‡ǡ‹Ž••‘ǡƬ‘•–‡‹—•ǡʹͲͳ͵Ǣ„”ƒŠ‹ƒ„ƒ†‹ǡ ‘Šƒ••‘ǡ Y„‡”‰ǡƬ‹Ž••‘ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ . WƌŽďůĞŵĂƚŝƐŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĨŽƌǁŝŶƚĞƌĐŝƚŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚLJĨŽƌƐŽĨƚŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ . Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘ —•‘‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹•‡•–Š‡ ‘ ‡”–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ •’‡†Ž‹––Ž‡–‹‡‘—–†‘‘”•†—”‹‰™‹–‡”ȋ‡•–‡”„‡”‰ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

(27) –‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡•’‡†‘Ž›ͳͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•‘—–•‹†‡ȋ˜ƒ•Ƭ ‘›ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‡›‡ƒ”Ǧ ”‘—†’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆŽ‹‹–‡†‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡‹ ™‹–‡”•‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ ‹Žƒ†•’‡†ƒ•Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ•ͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹” –‹‡‘—–†‘‘”•†—”‹‰ ‘Ž†’‡”‹‘†•ȋ¡‹‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡•‡Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›’‘•‡’”‘„Ž‡•ˆ‘”•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡•ȋ†‡‹•ǡŽÚ••‡”ǡƬ‘”‰Š‹ǡʹͲͳͲǢ ƒ•—‰‡”ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‹ƒ‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‘„‹•‘ǡƒ–•—†ƒǡ‹‘ŽǡƬŠ—™ƒ›Ǧ‘‘ǡʹͲͳ͵ǢŠ‘•Š‡•Ƭ†Ž‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡ •–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› ƒ –‹˜‡ǡƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •— Šƒ•™ƒŽ‹‰ƒ† › Ž‹‰ȋ ǡʹͲͲ͸ǢʹͲͳͷǢʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒ ‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǯ•‹••‹‘–‘’”‘‘–‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•–‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—–†‘‘”„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‹‰‡–™‘”•‘ˆ ‘‡ –‡†•–”‡‡–•ƒ†’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ȋ ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤŠ‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›„›Ž‹‹‰’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‹ƒ –‹˜‹–›–‘ͳǤ͸‹ŽŽ‹‘†‡ƒ–Š•‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ȋ ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘ —•‘ ‘—–†‘‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–•’‡†‹‰–‹‡‹‘—–†‘‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Šƒ•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ•— Šƒ••–”‡••”‡†— –‹‘ȋ‘––”—’ǡ –‹‰•†‘––‡”ǡƬ ”ƒŠǡʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‘—”—ŽƒƬƒ—–‹‘ǡʹͲͳͶǢ•—‡–•—‰—‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͵Ǣ Š‡‡Ž‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ. .  ϭϬ. .

(28) ĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ–—Ž‡ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ•ȋȌ ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ”‘—’ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡•‡––Ž‡‡–• ƒ†‘—–†‘‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡‹ ‘Ž† Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡™‘” ’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘‹–” –‹ ‰‡†ƒȋƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ǡ—Ž—‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ’Žƒ†ǡ”‘•‘‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ† ‡¤‹˜‡”•‹–›ȌǤ

(29) –ƒŽ•‘ˆƒŽŽ•™‹–Š‹ǯ•––”ƒ –‹˜‡—‹Ž–˜‹”‘‡–•ȋȌ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ”‡ƒƒ† ‘‡ –•™‹–Š–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ† ‡ƒŽ–Š ‹‡ ‡•”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ǯ•ˆ‘ —•‘ˆǮ ‡ƒŽ–Š‘Š‹

(30) ‡ǯǤ

(31) ǡƒ˜‹†Šƒ’ƒǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡˜‹•‹–‹‰‘”–Š‡”™‡†‡‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹• •‹ ‡ͳͻͻ͸ƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ”‘—’ƒ–•‹ ‡ ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ›„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ

(32) ƒƒ–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ƒ†–‘™’Žƒ‡”Ǥ

(33) ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†› ƒ Š‡Ž‘”‘ˆ”–•ȋ ‘•Ȍ‹” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ”‘Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ —††‡”•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ‰Žƒ†‹ͳͻͻͶǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†™‹–Šƒƒ•–‡”‘ˆ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‹ͳͻͻ͸ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Žƒ•‰‘™ Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ”–ȋ Ȍƒ†ƒƒ•–‡”‘ˆŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‹‘™ƒ† ‘—–”›Žƒ‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”–Ž‡–– Š‘‘Ž‘ˆŽƒ‹‰ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘†‘ȋȌ‹ʹͲͲͳǤ

(34) Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†ƒ•ƒ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‹• ’‡”‹‘†ǡ

(35) Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†‹„‘–Š–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”•Ǥ•ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –ƒ† —”„ƒ†‡•‹‰‡”ǡ›”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ‹Ž›ƒ––Š‡ ‹–›Ǧ™‹†‡‘” ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†• ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͲƒ†ʹͲͳͶǡ

(36) •ƒ–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†˜‹•‘”› „‘ƒ”†•ˆ‘”˜ƒ”›‹‰’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ

(37) ‰Žƒ†ǡ–Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡”„ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ ƒ‡Ž‘ˆ‘”•Š‹”‡ ‘”™ƒ”†ȋƒ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡ ›Ȍǡ–Š‡‡•‹‰‘†‡ ƒ„Ž‹‰ƒ‡Žƒ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†–Š‡ —‹Ž–˜‹”‘‡–ȋȌǡƒ†–Š‡—‡” Š‘‘Ž‘ˆǤ

(38)  ‘–Žƒ†ǡ

(39) ™ƒ•ƒ ‡„‡”‘ˆ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ϊ‡•‹‰ ‘–Žƒ†ǯ•ƒ„Ž‹‰ƒ‡Žƒ†‡•‹‰‡˜‹‡™ ƒ‡ŽǤ ›™‘”‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Šƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰’”‹œ‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ ”ƒ ‹•‹„„ƒŽ†•™ƒ”†ȋ”„ƒ‡•‹‰Ȍˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘–•™‘‘†š’‘ƒ•–‡”’Žƒƒ† ͳ•–’”‹œ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ ‡’–’Žƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–‘™Ž‘‘”‡ Žƒƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ƒǡ ‘‰‘‰Ǥ

(40) Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‰‹˜‡ƒ™ƒ”†•ˆ‘”’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘–Š‡‘›ƒŽ‘™Žƒ‹‰

(41) •–‹–—–‡ȋ

(42) Ȍƒ† ‘––‹•Š ‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ —”–Š‡”–‘–Š‹•ǡ

(43) Šƒ˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ„‘‘•‹ Ž—†‹‰FromDesignPolicy ϭϭ .

(44) toDesignQualityˆ‘”–Š‡

(45) ƒ†Qualityreviewer:appraisingthedesignquality ofdevelopmentproposalsˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‡•ƒ†‘—‹–‹‡•‰‡ ›ȋ ȌǤ Š‹•„ƒ ‰”‘—† ƒ„‡„‘–Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘„‡‹‰ —„‹ƒ•‡†Ǥ›‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰ ‘’Ž‡š —”„ƒ†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”ˆ‘”‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡•‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘†‹•–ƒ ‡ ›•‡Žˆˆ”‘–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ‘”–‘ƒ˜‘‹†Šƒ˜‹‰›Œ—†‰‡– ‘Ž‘—”‡†„› ’”‡˜‹‘—•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ†’”‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡†’‡” ‡’–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ›‘ˆ› ’”‘Œ‡ –•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰‡™‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†•™‹–Š†‡ˆ‹‡†•–”‡‡–•ǡ„Ž‘ •ǡ ƒ†’Ž‘–•ƒ†‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ

(46) Šƒ˜‡•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ—”„ƒˆ‘”ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ––‡”Ǥ •–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”’ƒ’‡”•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ǡ

(47) ™ƒ•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘” ‘†— –‹‰–Š‡‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ǡ’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡‹” ”‡•—Ž–•ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹™”‹–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•ǤŠ‡ ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’ƒ’‡”•ƒ”‡ ›ƒ‹ƒ† ‘Ǧ•—’‡”˜‹•‘”•ǡ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ƒ† ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰ƒ†Š‡Ž’‡†‹’”‘˜‡„‘–Š–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–Š‡ ’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ

(48) ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡‡š–‡†‡†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ††‘ —‡–•–—†‹‡•Ǥ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–Š‹•†‘ –‘”ƒŽ–Š‡•‹•™ƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡ˆ‘”›ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ȋ’Š‹ŽȌ‹‘™Žƒ‹‰ȋŠƒ’ƒǡʹͲͲͳȌǤŠ‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ȋŠƒ’ƒǡʹͲͲʹȌ—•‡†–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ•‹–•„ƒ•‹•Ǥ

(49) ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡• —–‹Ž‹•‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™ƒ†•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ˆ”‘–Š‡’Š‹ŽǤŠ‡ ŠƒŽ•‘–ƒ‡•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ƒ•‡•–—†›™‘”

(50) ™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†–Š‡—‹Ž–˜‹”‘‡–ȋȌǡǢ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ–Šƒ–™‘”ƒ”‡—•‡†ƒ•„ƒ ‰”‘—†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–ȋŠƒ’ƒǡ ʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ ›ƒ‹•—’‡”˜‹•‘”ˆ‘”–Š‹•Š–Š‡•‹•™ƒ•”‘ˆ‡••‘””‹•–‹ƒǤ‹Ž••‘ ȋ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ”‘—’ȌǤ› ‘Ǧ•—’‡”˜‹•‘”•™‡”‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‡”‘ˆ‡••‘”‰ƒ–‹‘‹œœ‘ ȋ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ”‘—’Ȍƒ†”Ǥ‰‡–ƒƒ”••‘ȋ ‡ƒŽ–Š ‹‡ ‡•ȌǤŽŽƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š—Ž‡¤‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ . WŽůŝĐLJĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ‘”—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰’‘Ž‹ › ‘–‡š–‹•–Š‡—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–. ‘ƒŽ••‡–‘—–„›–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š ϭϮ .

(51) ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–•‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ „‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ˆƒŽŽ•—†‡” ‘ƒŽͳͳǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–‘Dzƒ‡ ‹–‹‡•ƒ†Š—ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡–•‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ•ƒˆ‡ǡ”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥdz ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŽ‘‘•ƒ–•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Š—ƒ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰„‡‡ˆ‹–•–Šƒ– ƒ ‘‡ˆ”‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ‘ƒŽ͵ȋDz–‘‡•—”‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š› Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†’”‘‘–‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ–ƒŽŽƒ‰‡•dzȌǤ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‘‡•‘–ƒ††”‡•• Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ –‹‘ǡ‹–•„ƒ ‰”‘—†‹•‹ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡ ‡‡†–‘Dz–ƒ‡—”‰‡–ƒ –‹‘–‘ ‘„ƒ– Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‹–•‹’ƒ –•dzȋ ‘ƒŽͳ͵ȌǤ  ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Š‡”‡’‘”–Ǯ—”‘‘ —–—”‡ǯȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍƒ†–Š‡‹‘ƒ”–Š—‹– ȋͳͻͻʹȌ‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š‡„‡”• Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ•ƒ‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ

(52) —”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ǡ–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ•ƒ‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ ›Šƒ••‡‡ƒˆ‘ —•‘—”„ƒˆ‘”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‡†— ‡†‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

(53) ƒ› ƒ•‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•™‹–Š‹ ‘’ƒ – ‹–›’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ–Š‡•‡—”„ƒ ˆ‘”•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘ —•‡†‘•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ•ƒ‡›†‡•‹‰‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡ʹͳ•– ‡–—”›ǡ™ƒŽƒ„Ž‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ȃƒ’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ȂŠƒ˜‡ „‡‡ƒƒ‹•–”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ—”„ƒ’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ”‘‘–‹‰•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆ™ƒŽ‹‰ƒ† › Ž‹‰‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘Š‡Ž’†‡Ž‹˜‡”‘—– ‘‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘Š‡•‹‘ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†„‡––‡”Žƒ†‡ ‘‘›ȋƒ”‘ƒǡ —–‡”ǡƬŠƒ’ƒǡʹͲͲʹǢ‘™ƒǡ†ƒ•ǡŠƒ’ƒǡʹͲͳͲǢ ‘Šƒ••‘ǡ‹†‡ŽÚ™ǡ Ƭ‘•ƒ†‡”ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

(54) ’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ—”„ƒˆ‘”•–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–‘„‹Ž‹–›™‹–Š‘—– ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘‘–‘”‹•‡†˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ•Š‡Ž’‹‰–‘”‡†— ‡‡‹••‹‘•ƒ† ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ȋƒ”‘ƒǡ‹‡•†‡ŽŽǡ ‡ƒ–ŠǡƬ ǡʹͲͳͲǢ ‡•ǡ—”–‘Ƭ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š‹•˜‹–ƒŽˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘•Ž‘™†‘™ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ. Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡†ȋƒ††‹•’—–‡†Ȍ‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡƒ†‹• ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›„›‘•–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ȋ

(55) ǡʹͲͲͳǢƒ˜‘—†‹ǡ ”ƒ™ˆ‘”†ǡƬ‡Š‘‘†ǡʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

(56) „”‹‡ˆǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹• ƒ—•‡†„› –Š‡‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•‘™ƒ•‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǣ–Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‡•–Šƒ– ϭϯ .

(57) ƒ”‡‡‹––‡†Ǥ‡ˆƒ –‘”†‡–‡”‹‹‰‡‹••‹‘•‹•Žƒ†—•‡ƒ†Žƒ† ‘˜‡”ȋ‘•• ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ǡ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘—” ‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ™‘”‹‰•ƒ”‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡‹••‹‘•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•‡––Ž‡‡–•ƒ† –Š‡‘„‹Ž‹–› Š‘‹ ‡•–Š‡›ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡‹••‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒˆˆ‡ – Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ– ’”‡•‡–‹•–Š‡ƒ”‹•‰”‡‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†—†‡”–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘• ”ƒ‡™‘”‘˜‡–‹‘‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ȋ Ȍ‘‡ ‡„‡”ͳʹǡʹͲͳͷ ƒ† ƒ‡‹–‘ˆ‘” ‡‹ –‘„‡”ͷǡʹͲͳ͸ȋ ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤƒ‹–Š”—•–‘ˆ–Š‹• ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‹•–Š‡‡‡†–‘Ž‹‹––Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ  ‘Holdingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragetemperaturetowellbelow 2°CabovepreǦindustriallevelsandpursuingeffortstolimitthe temperatureincreaseto1.5°Caboveindustriallevels,recognizingthat thiswouldsignificantlyreducetherisksandimpactsofclimatechange’. ȋ ǡʹͲͳͺȌ  Š‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š„‡ ƒ—•‡”‹•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ǣ™‹–‡”•ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡™ƒ”‡”ǡ ™‹–ŠŽ‘‰‡”ˆ”‘•–Ǧˆ”‡‡’‡”‹‘†•ƒ†‘”‡’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•‘™ƒ†”ƒ‹‹•ƒŽ•‘‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡ȋ

(58) ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ — Š™‡ƒ–Š‡” Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‘„‹Ž‹–› Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‘•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”™‹–‡” ‘—‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•ǡ” –‹  –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Šƒ˜‡”‹•‡–™‹ ‡ƒ•“—‹ Ž›ƒ•–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋǡʹͲͳ͹Ǣ ‘”‡‹‰ƒ†‘‘™‡ƒŽ–Šˆˆ‹ ‡ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ”‡„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ’’ƒ”‡–— Š‘”‡“—‹ Ž›‹” –‹ ƒ†•—„Ǧ ƒ” –‹ ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ  tĞůůďĞŝŶŐ Š‹Ž‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ƒ‘–„‡ Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‘” ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ‹– ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡’Žƒ ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†•ƒˆ‡ˆ‘”‘—–†‘‘” ϭϰ .

(59) •‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ— Š’Žƒ ‡• ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‡‘”‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ –‹˜‡„› —•‹‰ƒ –‹˜‡‘†‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”––Šƒ–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹ ”ƒ–‡•ǡ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‡‹”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡƒ† ‘ˆ‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ Š‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡”‡ ‡–†‡ ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡•‡‡–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‹• „‡–™‡‡‘Ǧ ‘—‹ ƒ„Ž‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•ȋǤǤ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† —ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǣ‡‡‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡’Šƒ•‹•‘Š‘™–Š‡„—‹Ž– ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ

(60) ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹• ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹’”‘‘–‹‰„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–•–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹–› •— Šƒ•™ƒŽ‹‰‘” › Ž‹‰ȋǤǤ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† —ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ. . . ϭϱ .

(61) ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĚĞƐŝŐŶ Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”’”‡•‡–•–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ –Š‡•‹•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ

(62) –‹••Š‘™–Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‘•‡‡–Š‘†••—’’‘”–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– •–”‡‰–Š‡•–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‹‡•Ǥ . ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞ Š‡‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•–‘ƒ††”‡••™Šƒ– „”ƒŠ‹ƒ„ƒ†‹‡–ƒŽȋʹͲͳͷȌ•Š‘™‡†ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡ ™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ƒˆˆ‡ –• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„—‹Ž– ˆ‘”ǡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ȋƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‹•™‘” ™ƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡ǡŽ‹––Ž‡™ƒ•‘™ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ–‡”•–Š‡•‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

(63) –™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡƒ†Š‘™–Š‡›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰Ǥ ‘–Š‹•‡†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘† ‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„› –Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‡™™ƒ›•‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡—”„ƒˆ‘” ƒ„‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ††‡•‹‰‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‡”‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆ—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ƒ†—”„ƒˆ‘””‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡‹”‰”‘—’‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡•’ƒ ‡• ƒ†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ȋ‘™ƒǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ. ϭϲ .

(64)  &ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůĚŝĂŐƌĂŵŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶĨŽƌŵ͕ǁŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚLJĨŽƌƐŽĨƚŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ͘. Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•‰”‘—†‡†‹ƒ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šȋ‡””‹ƒǡʹͲͲͻȌ‹™Š‹ Š ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡–‘Š‘™–Š‡—”„ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡– ”‡ƒ–‡• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•‰”‘—†‡†‹—”„ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ . ŝŵĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐ ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘‹•whatattractsandhinderssoftmobilityduringthe winterseasonandhowcanthisknowledgeunderpinnewconsiderationsabout urbandesignforconnectivityinwintercities?Š‹•‹•ƒ•™‡”‡†„› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ˆ‘—”•—„Ǧ“—‡•–‹‘•ǣ x —‡•–‹‘ͳǣŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ —””‡–•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ –Š‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ x —‡•–‹‘ʹǣŠƒ–ƒ––”ƒ –‘”•ǡ’”‘‘–‡”•ǡƒ†Š‹†”ƒ ‡•–‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘” •‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ x —‡•–‹‘͵ǣŠƒ– Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡”•–‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ x —‡•–‹‘Ͷǣ ‘™Šƒ• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›„‡‡ƒ††”‡••‡†‹ ‘’ƒ – ‹–›’‘Ž‹ ›ǫ ϭϳ .

(65) dŚĞƐŝƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞ Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‹š•‡ –‹‘•ǣbackground,researchdesign,theory, results,discussionandconclusionǤ‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡•‡ –‹‘•ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡‡†•ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—”„ƒˆ‘”‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”Ǥ Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†•‡ –‹‘‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›–Š‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‹•™‘”„”‹‰•–‘•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒ„›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ Š‘™ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡—”„ƒˆ‘”ƒ†–Š‡™‹–‡” •‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ‹••‡ –‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š• ‹‡ ‡†‹• ‘—”•‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†Š—ƒ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–•‡–•‘—––Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•’‡”•‘ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‡•‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ†‘ —‡– •–—†‹‡•ƒ†‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š—•‹‰ ƒ•‡•–—†‹‡•ǡ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡ‡–ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‰ǡ’Š‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‡”‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ǤŠ‡ Š‘•‡‡–Š‘†•ƒ”‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ǡƒ†‹–‹••Š‘™Š‘™–Š‡›™‡”‡ ‘„‹‡†–‘ „‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘” Šƒ’–‡”’”‡•‡–•–Š‡‘”‹‡•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ—”„ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—”„ƒ•’ƒ ‡ǡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡŠ—ƒ‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡”‡•—Ž–••‡ –‹‘„”‹‡ˆŽ›•—ƒ”‹œ‡•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”’‡‡”Ǧ ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ǤŠ‡•‡™‘”• ƒ”‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ—ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡ‘—–Ž‹‹‰–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•–Š‡›ƒ††”‡••‡†ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‘†•—•‡†–‘ ƒ††”‡••–Š‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ †”ƒ™ǤŠ‹••‡ –‹‘•‡–•‘—––Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ƒ†‡Ž— ‹†ƒ–‡••›‡”‰‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ‘’‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”’‡‡”Ǧ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”– ƒ„•–”ƒ –ƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•ƒƒ’’‡†‹šǤ Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹• Šƒ’–‡””‡˜‹‡™•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘—– ‘‡•—•‹‰–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–• ‘—–Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡‘—– ‘‡•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ ˆ‘—”ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–ƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†—•‹‰–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ—”„ƒˆ‘”ǡ ϭϴ .

(66) —”„ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡ǡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡŠ—ƒ‘˜‡‡–ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‹‹•Š‡•™‹–Šƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ƒ––‡’–•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡•‘‡ƒ•™‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”‡•‡ƒ” Š “—‡•–‹‘ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‹•‡†•™‹–Šƒ†‹• —••‹‘ƒ†•‘‡„”‹‡ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•ƒ† •—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‹••‡ –‹‘ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–••‘‡‘—– ‘‡• –Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡††—”‹‰–Š‡™‘”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘ ƒ†‡š–•–‡’•Ǥ . ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĚĞƐŝŐŶƚĂďůĞ Š‡‡–Š‘†•—•‡†‹‡ƒ Š•–—†›™‡”‡ Š‘•‡–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ„‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹•‘–‘Ž‘‰›™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’‹’”‘˜‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ‘–Š‹•‡†ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†ˆ‘”ƒ „ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒ•™‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ†•—„”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’‹–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‘†— –‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•–—†‹‡•–‘”‡˜‹‡™ –Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ‹™‹–‡”•‡––Ž‡‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†•–‡’‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—– ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ

(67) –™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ‘Š‘™™‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡• ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡•ǡƒ†Š‘™’‡‘’Ž‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡„ƒ””‹‡”•–‘ƒ† ‡ƒ„Ž‡”•‘ˆ•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”ǤŠ”‡‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†• ™‡”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǣ‡–ƒŽƒ’’‹‰ǡ’Š‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹–›—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ȋȌǤ ”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ••‘—” ‡•‘ˆ„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡˆ‘—”Š‘—•‹‰ǦŽ‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –• ‘†— –‡†‹–Š‡™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ• ƒ•‡•–—†‹‡•‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•™‡”‡ ‘”†‹ƒ ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡Ȍǡ”‘™–”‡‡–ȋ Žƒ•‰‘™Ȍǡ —Šƒ”ˆȋŽ›‘—–ŠȌǡƒ†’–‘ ȋ‘”–Šƒ’–‘ȌǤ

(68) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•–—†‹‡•ǡ•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–—†‹‡• ‘†— –‡†‹”‹–ƒ‹ƒ†–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•™‡”‡—•‡† ϭϵ .

(69) ƒ••‘—” ‡•‘ˆ„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—– ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹ ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡††ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡—•‡†–‘†‹• —••–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆwhat attractsandhinderssoftmobilityduringthewinterseasonandhowcanthis knowledgeunderpinnewconsiderationsabouturbandesignforconnectivityin wintercities?Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹••—ƒ”‹•‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ dĂďůĞϭ͗ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĚĞƐŝŐŶƚĂďůĞ͘. SubǦresearch question Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ —””‡– •–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘–Š‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ Šƒ–ƒ––”ƒ –‘”•ǡ ’”‘‘–‡”•ǡƒ† Š‹†”ƒ ‡•–‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹  ”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ. Šƒ– Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧƒ† ™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡† „ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ† ‡ƒ„Ž‡”•–‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǫ ‘™Šƒ• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›„‡‡ ƒ††”‡••‡†‹ ‘’ƒ – ‹–›’‘Ž‹ ›ǫ. Typeofinformation required  ƒ†‡‹ „‘‘•ǡ’‡‡”Ǧ ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ †‡•‹‰‰—‹†‡•ˆ‘” ™‹–‡”•‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ. Methods. Participants/ materials LiteratureReviewǣ ͵ͷȋȌ ‘ —‡–‡† • Š‘Žƒ”Ž› ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ—”„ƒ †‘ —‡–• †‡•‹‰ˆ‘”™‹–‡” •‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ

(70) ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Š‘™ƒ Mentalmapping ͳʹȋȌ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†ǯ• andphoto ‡•‹†‡–• ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› elicitation:  ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–› ƒ ‡–ƒŽƒ’•‘ˆƒ  „‡ƒŽ–‡”‡†„›–Š‡ ƒ•‡•–—†›  ™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†‹  ™‹–‡”ƒ†•—‡”Ǥ    Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ͺȋȌ‡•‹†‡–• ‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ„ƒ””‹‡”• ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡”•–‘ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”Ǥ

(71) ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ EAMQǦClimate: ʹͳʹȋȌ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ —‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡„ƒ•‡† ‡•‹†‡–• –Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ† ‘™Š‹ Š’—„Ž‹  ™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘‘•‘ˆ– ”‡ƒŽƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‘†‹–‹‘•‹Š‹„‹–‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

(72) •‹‰Š–‹–‘Š‘™•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•˜‹‡™‡† „›–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ ‹†—•–”›—†‡” ‘’ƒ – ‹–›’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ. Background research: „•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•ƒ†•‡‹Ǧ •–”— –—”‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ˆ‘”Ͷ ƒ•‡ •–—†‹‡•Ǥ. . ϮϬ . ͺȋȌ  ƒ†‡‹ •Ƭ Žƒ‡”• .

(73) ĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJ Š‡ ƒ•‡™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ȋ‹ǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ ™‹–‡” ‹–›ƒ•ƒ ‹–›–Šƒ–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ž‘‰•‘™Ǧ ‘˜‡”‡†™‹–‡”•Ǥ‘–Š‡” ”‹–‡”‹‘™ƒ•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽǣ™‡‡‡†‡†–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ™‘”•Š‘’•ǡ•‘‹–™ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘•‡Ž‡ –ƒ•–—†›‡˜‹”‘‡–”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž› Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•„ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ ‹–›‘ˆ—Ž‡¤Šƒ•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–‡” •‡ƒ•‘ƒ†–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›ȋȌƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”™‘”‡†‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ—Ž‡¤‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†͸͸Ǥͷ͸ʹʹιȋŽƒ–‹–—†‡Ȍƒ†ʹʹǤͳͷ͸͹ιȋ‘‰‹–—†‡Ȍǡƒ†Šƒ•ƒ •—„Ǧƒ” –‹ ȋ ”‘—’Ȍ Ž‹ƒ–‡„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ •—„ ƒ–‡‰‘”›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ ڒ’‡Ǧ ‡‹‰‡”Ž‹ƒ–‡Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ–Š‡” ‡”˜‹ ‡ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ”‡‰‹‘•‹–Š‹••—„ ƒ–‡‰‘”›Šƒ˜‡•‡˜‡”‡™‹–‡”•ǡ‘†”›•‡ƒ•‘ǡ ƒ† ‘‘Ž•—‡”•Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡ ‹–› ƒ”‡ƒ ŠΪ͵Ͳ鋐–Š‡•—‡”ƒ† Ǧ͵Ͳ鋐–Š‡™‹–‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ‹•ˆ”‘œ‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‘—†͸Ǧ͹‘–Š•’‡”›‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›„‡Ž‘™Ͳ鄇–™‡‡‹†Ǧ‘˜‡„‡”ƒ†‹†Ǧ ƒ” Šȋ„”ƒŠ‹ƒ„ƒ†‹‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ—Ž‡¤Šƒ•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘˜‡”͹ͷǡͲͲͲ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ‘ˆ™Š‘ƒ”‘—†ͶͷǡͲͲͲŽ‹˜‡‹–Š‡ ‹–›‹–•‡Žˆȋ—Ž‡¤ ‘—ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ.  &ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗>ƵůĞĊ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶŝŶƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƌĐƚŝĐŝƌĐůĞ͘. Ϯϭ .

(74)  Š‡ ƒ•‡•–—†›™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†‹–Š‡ŒÚŽ—††‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†‘ˆ—Ž‡¤ǡ™Š‹ Š Šƒ•ƒ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͵ǡͶͻͳ™‹–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆͶ͸›‡ƒ”•ƒ†ƒƒŽ‡ –‘ˆ‡ƒŽ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳ͹Ͳͺǣͳ͹ͺ͵ȋ—Ž‡¤‘—ǡʹͲͳͶȌǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‹š‡†Ǧ—•‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†™‹–Šƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‹‰„‘–Š•‹‰Ž‡Ǧƒ†—Ž–‹Ǧˆƒ‹Ž› Š‘—•‡•Ǥ

(75) –••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡• ‘’”‹•‡ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ ‡–”‡ǡ’Šƒ”ƒ ›ǡ†‡–‹•–ǡ ƒ† Š—” Šǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ Š‘‘Žȋ Ǧ͵Ȍǡƒ Ǧ• Š‘‘ŽȋͶǦͻȌǡƒ—”•‡”›• Š‘‘Žǡƒ† ƒ ƒ”‡Š‘‡Ǥ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹ Ž—†‡ƒ•—’‡”ƒ”‡–ƒ†Ž‡‹•—”‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•ƒ•’‘”–•ŠƒŽŽǡˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽǡŠ‘ ‡›ǡƒ†–‡‹•’‹– Š‡•ǡƒ‘’‡Ǧƒ‹” ’‘‘Žǡƒ†ƒƒ”‹ƒǤ. DĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ Š‡‡–Š‘†•—•‡†‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹ Ž—†‡†ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™ǡ‡–ƒŽƒ’’‹‰ǡ ’Š‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ǡ•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ.  &ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗dŚĞĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͕ƉŚŽƚŽ ĞůŝĐŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕ΘƚŚĞDYͲůŝŵĂƚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƚŽĐůĂƌŝĨLJŚŽǁ ƉĞŽƉůĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞƐŽĨƚŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŝŶƚŚĞǁŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĂƐŽŶ͘. ϮϮ .

(76) >ŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌĞǀŝĞǁ ‘‰‡–ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡ƒ”–‹”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ†•‘ˆ– ‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǡƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†—•‹‰–Š‡ ‘’—•ƒ† ‡„‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡†—•‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ –Š‡‡›™‘”†•Ǯ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǯǡǮ—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ǯǡǮ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǯƒ†ǮŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǯǤŠ‡ —„‡”‘ˆŠ‹–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ʹ͵͵Š‹–•™Š‡Ǯ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǯƒ†Ǯ—”„ƒ †‡•‹‰ǯ™‡”‡—•‡†–‘•‹šŠ‹–•™Š‡ƒŽŽ‡›™‘”†•™‡”‡—•‡†Ǥ

(77) –‘–ƒŽǡʹ͵͵Š‹–• ™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹ Šͳ͵™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ† ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ž‹•–•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ͳ͵†‘ —‡–•™‡”‡–Š‡—•‡†–‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽʹʹ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

(78) –‘–ƒŽ͵ͷ†‘ —‡–•ƒ††”‡••‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–›—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰™‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ǤŠ‡•‡†‘ —‡–• ‘’”‹•‡†ʹʹŒ‘—”ƒŽƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ‹‡„‘‘•ǡ–™‘—”„ƒ †‡•‹‰‰—‹†‡•ǡƒ†–™‘ƒ ƒ†‡‹ –Š‡•‡•ǤŠ‡͵ͷ†‘ —‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†ƒ† †‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡”‡•—Ž–••‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ Š‘•‡†‘ —‡–•™‡”‡‡šƒ‹‡†—•‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹• ȋ ”ƒ‡Š‡‹Ƭ—†ƒǡʹͲͲͶǢ”‹’’‡†‘”ˆˆǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š†‘ —‡–™ƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹•‡†—•‹‰ƒ•–‡’™‹•‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ȋƒ›”‹‰ǡʹͲͲͲȌ™Š‡”‡„›–‡š–™ƒ•‡š–”ƒ –‡†ˆ”‘•‡–‡ ‡•ƒ†’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š• „ƒ•‡†‘‡›™‘”†•‘”–Š‡‡•Ǥ ‘”™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•‡–Š‡‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ•—ǡ™‹†ǡ•‘™ǡ†ƒ”‡••ǡ”ƒ‹ǡ ‘Ž†ǡƒ†•‘™Ǧ‘”‹ ‡Ǧ ‘˜‡”‡† –‡””ƒ‹Ǥ ‘”ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž–ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘•‹–‹‰ƬŽƒ›‘—–ǡ Š‡‹‰Š–Ƭƒ••‹‰ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ƭ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒŽƬŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ† „—‹Ž–ˆ‘”ȋ •‹‡Šƒ†Šƒ‘ǡʹͲͲͷȌ™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ•–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–‡š–•‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‡†–‡š–™ƒ•–Š‡—•‡†–‘’‘’—Žƒ–‡ƒƒ–”‹š–Šƒ–Œ—š–ƒ’‘•‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ Ž‹ƒ–‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ—”„ƒˆ‘”Ǥ Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǯ• ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ—”„ƒˆ‘”—†‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•™ƒ•–Š‡”ƒ‡†—•‹‰ƒ–”ƒˆˆ‹ Ž‹‰Š–•›•–‡ǣ‰”‡‡™ƒ•—•‡† –‘†‡‘–‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡†‹• —••‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‘”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘” ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‘†‡”ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†”‡†ˆ‘” ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡‘” ‘ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ

(79) –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ‰ƒ’•‹†‡•‹‰’‘Ž‹ › ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ƒ–ƒ‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡

(80) ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ† ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ‰‡ ‹‡•‹–Š‡‘”†‹  ‘—–”‹‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‘ —‡–• Ϯϯ .

(81) ™‡”‡—•‡†‹†‹• —••‹‘•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›–ƒ‹Ž‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

(82) –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–•Ǥ Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ††‘ —‡–•–—†›ƒ‹‡†–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—––Š‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ™‹–‡” ‹–‹‡•Ǥ••— Šǡ–Š‡‹”’—”’‘•‡™ƒ•–‘‰ƒ–Š‡” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘Whatisthecurrentstateof knowledgeandpracticerelatingtotheurbandesignofwintercities?Š‡”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ’‡”ǣŠƒ’ƒǡǤǡ‹Ž••‘ǡǤǤǡ‹œœ‘ǡǤǡƬ ƒ”••‘ǡǤȋ‹’”‡••ȌǤ’†ƒ–‹‰™‹–‡”ǣ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•‡•‹–‹˜‡ —”„ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”™‹–‡”•‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡArcticYearbookȋƒ ‡’–‡†ȌǤ . >LJŶĐŚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ Š‡‡–ƒŽƒ’’‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡—•‡†‹–Š‹•™‘”™ƒ•–Šƒ–‘—–Ž‹‡†„›‡Ž˜‹ › Š‹TheImageoftheCityȋͳͻͻʹȌ.Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”‡–Š‘†•™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡ –Š‹•‡–Š‘†™ƒ• Š‘•‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡‘”›‘ˆƒ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ

(83) –‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†‡–Š‘†–Šƒ–‹• ‘‘Ž› —†‡”•–‘‘†‹—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž› ”‡ ‘‡†‡†—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰„‘‘•ƒ–—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ȋ”ƒƒ„‹ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ ‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡–Š‡™‹–‡”ƒ†•—‡” ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‹‡† ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†ȋŒÚŽ—††‡Ȍǡƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ™‘”•Š‘’•ƒ†•‡– Šƒ’’‹‰ ‡š‡” ‹•‡•™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†‹ʹͲͳ͹ƒ†ʹͲͳͺǤ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ•–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™™‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†ǡ™‘”•Š‘’•™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡††—”‹‰ ‡„”—ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ” ŠǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘†”ƒ™ –Š‡‹”‡–ƒŽƒ’•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†ǡƒ†‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‡–ƒŽƒ’• ™‡”‡•Š‘™Ǥ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ƒ†‘‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ–Ž‡†–Š‡•‡™‘”•Š‘’•Ǥƒ Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–™ƒ•ƒ•‡†–‘ǣ ͳǤ ”ƒ™ƒ“—‹ •‡– Šƒ’‘ˆŒÚŽ—††‡•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ† ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡƒ†‰‹˜‹‰ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡”‡‘—‰Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘‘˜‡ ƒ„‘—–™‹–Š‘—––‘‘— Š†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒŒ‘”„ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ ʹǤ ƒ‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”•‡– Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‘—–‡ƒ†‡˜‡–•ƒŽ‘‰ƒ–›’‹ ƒŽ–”‹’ȋ‡‹–Š‡” ™ƒŽ‹‰‘” › Ž‹‰Ȍˆ”‘ŒÚŽ—††‡–‘–Š‡‹–›‡–”‡Ǥ  ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ǡ–Š‡•‡•‡– Šƒ’•™‡”‡ ‘„‹‡†„››•‡Žˆ–‘‰‹˜‡–™‘”‡•‹†‡– ƒ’•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†ǡ‘‡‹™‹–‡”ƒ†‘‡•—‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ’•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ. Ϯϰ .

(84) ”‡†”ƒ™–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡• ƒŽ‡—•‹‰› Šǯ••–ƒ†ƒ”†‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–Šǡ†‰‡ǡ‘†‡ǡ ‹•–”‹ –ǡƒ†ƒ†ƒ”ȋ› ŠǡͳͻͻʹȌǤ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‡–‹‰™ƒ•Š‡Ž†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›†—”‹‰™Š‹ Šƒ ’Žƒ‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•„”‹‡ˆ‡†‘–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ › Š–›’‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†ǤŠ‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ƒ†‡‘‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†Ǥ . WŚŽƚŽĞůŝĐŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ‘†‡‡’‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–ƒŽƒ’’‹‰‡š‡” ‹•‡ƒ†‰ƒ–Š‡”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–Ž‘ ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”•–‘ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡”•‘ˆ•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡•–—†› ƒ”‡ƒǡ–Š‡’Š‘–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†™ƒ•—•‡†ȋ ƒ”’‡”ǡʹͲͲʹǢ‡–‡ŽŽ‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‘–‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ˜‹•—ƒŽ•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–—•‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•–‘ ‘„–ƒ‹˜‹•—ƒŽ ‘‡–•ƒ„‘—–ƒ’Žƒ ‡ƒ† ‘—‹–›Ǥ

(85) ‡™™‘”•Š‘’•ǡƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†–Šƒ––Š‡›’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ‘” „ƒ””‹‡”•–‘–Š‡‹”‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ‹–”‘†— –‘”›‡‡–‹‰™ƒ•Š‡Ž†™‹–Š ”‡•‹†‡–•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‹•ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ‡”ƒ•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹•–‡ƒ† Š‘•‡–‘—•‡–Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘„‹Ž‡’Š‘‡•Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–™‘Ǧ™‡‡’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š–‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†–Šƒ–ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†‘” Š‹†‡”‡†‘—–†‘‘”•‘ˆ–‘„‹Ž‹–›‹™‹–‡”Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘‡ƒ‹Ž–Š‡‹” ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡‡–‹‰•‘–Š‡› ‘—Ž†„‡ ’”‹–‡†Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡‡–‹‰ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒˆ—ŽŽ•‡–‘ˆ’”‹–•‘ˆ –Š‡‹”’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ•–‘Ž†–‘™”‹–‡ƒ„”‹‡ˆ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‘‹–•”‡˜‡”•‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡‘”†‡”–Š‡ǡ’Žƒ ‹‰–Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– „ƒ””‹‡”ˆ‹”•–ƒ†–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‡ƒ„Ž‡”ȋ‘”•ƒŽŽ‡•–„ƒ””‹‡”‹ˆ‘‡ƒ„Ž‡”•Šƒ†„‡‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡†ȌŽƒ•–Ǥƒ Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡Š‹•‘”Š‡” ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ†”ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‹•’”‹‘”‹–‹•ƒ–‹‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡‹••—‡•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡•–‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ†‹• —••‹‘•ƒ”‘—†‡ƒ Š•‡–‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡†‹• —••‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•™‡”‡—•‡†ǣ. Ϯϱ .

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