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Difference in foreign exchange

risk management between family

and non-family owned firms

(Bachelor thesis in business administration)

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Bachelor’s Thesis in Finance

Title: Difference in foreign exchange risk management between family and non-family owned firms

Author: Dalia Garsa Mahmod, Goran Rubil, Temesgen Sibhatu Tutor: Jan Greve

Date 2005-05-19

Subject terms: Family firms, Non-family firms, Hedging, Foreign Exchange

Abstract

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Table of Contents

1

Introduction... 1

1.1 Background ...1

1.2 Problem definition and research questions...1

1.3 Purpose and objectives ...2

2

Theoretical framework... 3

2.1 Family firms vs. Non-family firms...3

2.2 Definition of family business ...4

2.3 Earlier research works on financial aspects of family businesses ...4

2.4 Description of hedging...6

2.5 To hedge or not to hedge ...6

2.6 Three types of currency exposures ...7

2.7 Hedging techniques...7

3

Method... 9

3.1 Philosophies in methodology ...9 3.2 Research method ...9 3.2.1 Types of sampling...9 3.3 Method of analysis...10

3.4 The process of data gathering ...11

3.5 Delimitations ...11

3.6 Reliability and validity ...12

4

Empirical findings... 13

4.1 Survey results...13

4.2 Foreign exchange market...16

5

Analysis... 20

5.1 Hedging differences between the two types of firms ...20

5.2 Awareness of foreign exchange risks ...21

5.3 Exchange rate movement and hedging decision ...22

5.4 Family member involvement and hedging ...23

5.5 Hedging techniques...24

6

Conclusion and recommendation ... 26

6.1 Conclusion...26 6.2 Recommendation ...27 6.3 Discussion ...27

7

References ... 28

8

Appendix ... 30

8.1 Appendix 1...30 8.2 Appendix 2...31 8.3 Appendix 3...33

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,

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

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1.2 Problem definition and research questions

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1.3 Purpose and objectives

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9

2 Theoretical framework

2.1 Family firms vs. Non-family firms

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$ $analyses organizations in terms of conflicts of interest between principals (owners) and agents (managers). Fama (1980) argues that non-owner managers are less motivated than owner-managers and their goals differ. Principals can not fully ascertain whether or not their interests are best served by decisions of the agents. Consequently, the need to monitor the performance of managers exists. Thus, non-family firms where owners are less likely to be managers have a higher need to utilize control systems.

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2.2 Definition of family business

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2.3 Earlier research works on financial aspects of family

businesses

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2.4 Description of hedging

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2.5 To hedge or not to hedge

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2.6 Three types of currency exposures

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2.7 Hedging techniques

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1

3 Method

3.1 Philosophies in methodology

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3.2 Research method

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3.3 Method of analysis

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3.4

The process of data gathering

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3.5 Delimitations

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3.6 Reliability and validity

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4 Empirical findings

4.1 Survey results

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4.2 Foreign exchange market

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5 Analysis

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5.1 Hedging differences between the two types of firms

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5.2 Awareness of foreign exchange risks

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5.3 Exchange rate movement and hedging decision

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5.4 Family member involvement and hedging

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(27)

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5.5 Hedging techniques

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2F

6 Conclusion and recommendation

&

6.1 Conclusion

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2I

6.2 Recommendation

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6.3 Discussion

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2D

7 References

Allayannis, G., & Ofek, E. (2001). Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency de-rivatives. Journal of International Money and Finance. 20, 273-296.

Arbnor, I., & Bjerke, B. (1997). Methodology for Creating Business Knowledge (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Inc.

Astrachan, J., H., & Shanker M., C.. (2003) Family businesses' contribution to the U.S. economy: A closer look, 16(3), 211

Balnaves, M., & Caputi, P. (2001). Introduction to quantitative research methods : an investigative ap-proach. London: Sage Publications Inc.

Churchill, N. C., & Lewis, V. L. (1986). Bank lending to new and growing enterprises, 1(2), 193-206 Daily, C. M., & Dollinger M. J. (1993). Alternative methodologies for identifying family- versus non-family-managed businesses. Journal of Small Business Management. 31(2), 79

Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. (1991). Family firms are different. Review of Business. 13 (1), 3-5 DeMarzo, P.,& Duffie, D.(1995). Corporate incentives for hedging and hedge accounting, The Review of Financial Studies, 95 (8), 743-771.

Eitman, D. K., Stonehill, A. I., & Moffet, M. H. (2004). Multinational Business Finance (10th ed.). United States: Addison Wesley.

Equis International (2001). MetaStock Professional (7.0) [Datorprogram] Salt Lake City: Equis Interna-tional A Reuters Company.

Fama, E. F. (1980). Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm. Journal of Political Economy. 88, 288-307.

Filbeck, G., & Lee, S. (2000). Financial management techniques in family businesses. Family business review. 13 (3), 201-216.

Froot, K., Scharfstein, D., & Stein, J. (1993). Risk management: coordinating corporate investment and financing policies. Journal of Finance 48 (December), 1624-1658.

Gallo, M., A., & Vilaseca, M. (1996). Finance in Family Business. Family business review. 9 (4), 388-400

Leland, H. (1998). Agency costs, risk management and capital structure. 53, 1213-1243

Malindretos, J., & Tsanacas, D. (1995). Hedging preferences and foreign exchange exposure manage-ment. Multinational Business Review, Fall 1995 (3), 56.

Riley, M., Wood, R. C., Clark, M. A., Wilkie, E., & Szivas, E. (2000). Researching and Writing Disserta-tions in Business and Management. London: Thomson Learning.

Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe. J. (2005). Corporate Finance (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Samuelsson, M. (1999). Swedish family and nonfamily enterprises, demographic and performance con-trast, Jönköping, Jönköping International Business School, 1999

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21

Sanders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students (3rd ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Smith, C., & Stulz, R. M. (1985). The determinants of firm's hedging policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. 20, 391-405.

Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. 9, 8 –24 Wramsby, G., & Österlund, U. (2003). Företagets finansiella miljö (7th ed.). Wramsby/Österlund förlag.

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95

8 Appendix

8.1 Appendix 1

Observed values

Hedging decision

Type of ownership Hedge Not hedge Total

Family owned 16 24 40

Non-family owned 23 8 31

Total 39 32 71

Expected value

Hedging decision

Type of ownership Hedge Not hedge Total

Family owned 21,97183099 18,02816901 40 Non-family owned 17,02816901 13,97183099 31 Total 39 32 71 p-value 0,082901353 Observed values Awareness

Type of firm Concern shown Concern not shown Total

Family firm 28 12 40

Non-family firm 22 9 31

Total 50 21 71

Expected value

Awareness

Type of firm Concern shown Concern not shown Total

Family firm 28,16901408 11,83098592 40

Non-family firm 21,83098592 9,169014085 31

Total 50 21 71

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9,

8.2 Appendix 2

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99

8.3 Appendix 3

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Denna tankekarta låg sedan till grund för min grafik av hur systemet fungerar.. Förståelsen av grafiken testades löpande under arbetet

I fallstudie I har Lotta Nyblad fotograferat vissa av konstnärernas skisser vilket är angivet intill dessa foton (tillsammans med konstnärens namn), i några fall i samma studie