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Monetary Union and Precationary Labour-Market Reform

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Figure 1. The determination of equilibrium unemployment

û Unemployment

EB

EA Marginal loss, marginal gain

u1 u2

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Marginal political loss of reform Marginal loss of unemployment = marginal gain of reform

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