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GENDERED JOURNALISM CULTURES Strategies and Tactics in the Fields of Journalism in Britain and Sweden Margareta Melin (Fil. Kand, Fil. Lic)

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GENDERED JOURNALISM CULTURES

Strategies and Tactics in the Fields of Journalism in Britain and Sweden

Margareta Melin (Fil. Kand, Fil. Lic)

(margareta.melin@mah.se)

School of Arts and Communication (K3), Malmö University Doctoral dissertation presented at

the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Göteborg.

English text, 254 pages.

ISBN 978-91-88212-58-0 ISSN 1101-4652

Abstract

The aim of the dissertation is to explore the way journalism works in two social fields of journalism, those of Britain and Sweden, from 1989 to 2002. The focus of the study is on creation and re-creation of value systems, power-struggles, and on their gendered nature.

The dissertation is placed in the theoretical crossroads of sociology of journalism, femi- nism and cultural studies and this theoretical abduction process is summarised in the con- cept journalism culture. The tools used to analyse the fields were appropriated from the theoretical worlds of Pierre Bourdieu and Michel de Certeau. Three studies have been done:

one large questionnaire to 1500 Swedish journalists in 1989, and two thematic interview studies of 33 British journalists between 1992 and 2002. In addition, secondary research material of both quantitative and qualitative nature has been used.

The conclusion of the book is that similarities outweigh the differences between the two journalism cultures of Britain and Sweden. And both cultures are similarly permeated by the gendered logic of journalism.

The author argues that continuous battles on the fields were going on over doxa (a belief-system of what journalism “is”, and how to do it). And she shows that the doxas, through these battles, show both stability and change. She argues that the powerful elite was under attack by new groups of journalists, and that the elite use various strategies to ward off the new groups, who in turn use tactics to gain access to the fields and to positions of power, and to cope in their everyday work. Four tactics were identified. Issues of femini- sation and gentrification of journalism are also discussed.

Keywords

Journalism culture, gendered, feminism, Bourdieu, social field, doxa, strategies, tactics, women journalist, feminisation, gentrification, education, gendered logic

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GENDERED JOURNALISM CULTURES

Strategies and Tactics in the Fields of Journalism in Britain and Sweden

Margareta Melin (Fil. Kand, Fil. Lic)

Akademisk avhandling för avläggande av filosofie doktors examen i journalistik och mass- kommunikation, som med tillstånd av Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten vid Göteborgs universitet framläggs för offentlig granskning, fredagen den 30 maj 2008 klockan 13,15 i Annedals Seminariet sal 302.

Svenskt abstract

Avhandlingens syfte är att förstå journalistik genom att undersöka brittiska och svenska journalistikkulturer mellan 1989 och 2002. Fokus är lagt på om/skapandet av värdesystem och på maktkampers könade karaktär. Tre studier ligger till grund för avhandlingen: en enkätstudie till 1500 svenska journalister 1989, samt två intervjustudier av 33 brittiska journalister mellan 1992 och 2002. Dessutom har sekundärt forskningsmaterial om båda ländernas journalistik använts.

Avhandlingens teoretiska grund är placerad i korsningen mellan journalistikforskning, feminism och kulturstudier, med begreppet journalistikkultur som sammanfattande hu- vudfokus. Användbara begrepp approprierades från Pierre Bourdieus och Michel de Cer- teaus teoretiska världar.

Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen är att de två undersökta journalistikkulturerna har mer gemensamt än vad de har som skiljer dem åt. Främst visar det sig genom den genomgående könade logiken, som genomsyrar kulturerna.

Författaren visar att de oavbrutna maktkamperna på de två journalistiska fälten rörde sig om en kamp om doxa (verklighetsuppfattning om vad journalistik ”är” och vad som görs inom yrket). Till följd av dessa maktkamper har doxa både förändrats och förblivit stabila. Eftersom den journalistiska eliten ständigt är under attack av nya grupper av jour- nalister, använde sig den av olika strategier för att försvara doxa. Avhandlingen har främst fokuserat på kvinnliga journalisters kamp att ta sig in på journalistikens fält, nå maktposi- tion, samt att klara av den journalistiska vardagen. För att klara detta använder de olika taktiker. Fyra sådana taktiker hittades. Slutligen diskuteras journalistikens feminisering och gentrifiering, samt konsekvenserna av detta.

Nyckelord

Journalistikkultur, könad, feminism, Bourdieu, socialt fält, doxa, strategier, taktiker, kvinnliga journalister, feminisering, gentrifiering, journalistutbildning, genuslogik,

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