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IT, work environment and health

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IT, work environment and health

Bengt Sandblad

http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

IT and the work environment

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Stress at work

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Successful introduction of IT...

 Requires that users are not harmed, not exposed to health risks...

 We must create good, healthy and

sustainable work, where people can

be efficient and where they like to

stay....

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Besvär från rörelseapparaten, andel "ja" svar

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Nacke/skuldror/axlar Armbåge/armbågar Händer/handleder Ryggens nedre del

Kvinnor Män

Physical problems - pain

Have problems, pain daily when working with computers

> 50% of the day

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Physical problems

 E.g. pain in arm, shoulder, back, stomach, head, sleeping disorders

….

 …is not only caused by physical load, but also by psychosocial or cognitive load and by stress!

 E.g. a user interface that

“overloads” our short term memory can cause physical pain and

damage.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Work environment

Physical - ergonomics

Psychosocial – relations, support etc

Cognitive

 You are not “allowed” to work efficiently

 Something prevents us from using our competencies and skills in an efficient way.

 Are extremely important to understand

in computer supported work.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Cognitive work

environment problems

 Give some examples….

 Why do they occur?

 How can they be prevented?

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Ergonomics

 Much is known….

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Ergonomics

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

The law?

Swedish work environment law:

all work must be characterized by:

 variation,

 social contact and cooperation,

 consistency between work tasks,

 possibilities for personal and professional development,

 self control,

 professional responsibility.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Laws and regulations

Arbetsmiljöverkets (AV) föreskrift ASF

1998:5, ”Arbete vid bildskärm” (work at computer screens):

 Rules and advice concerning physical and psychosocial factors when working with computers, including software and IT- systems.

7§ : ”Arbete vid bildskärm som är starkt styrt eller bundet i fysiskt eller psykiskt avseende eller är ensidigt upprepat får normalt inte förekomma.” (Work that is strongly controlled, in a physical or

psychic (mental) way, or is monotonously

repeated, must not normally occur.)

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

ASF 1998:5 forts.

10§ systems and programs must:

 Be properly designed in relation to users and user tasks.

 Be easy to use, adaptable to users’ knowledge and skills,

 Give feed-back about performed work,

 Show information in format and pace adapted to the users’ needs.

 Especial considerations should be taken to ergonomic principles regarding the ability to perceive, understand and process information.

 Monitoring of the employees’ work via the

system must not be done without the subject’s

knowledge.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Look at some computer systems……

 Do they meet requirements in

relation to laws and regulations?

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

In many work situations, the

demands are high

We are in many respects still a cave man..

…experience

heavy loads

and react

with stress!

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

A good and sustainable - or dangerous work

Demands

low

Control

stron g

weak

Support

low high

high

Karasek – Teorell (DCS-model)

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

How do we feel at work?

 (Increased) Use of computers often leads to (experienced) increased demands.

 This must be combined with increased self control and social support.

 Today we often see the opposite!

Experienced self control and social support is decreased.

 This will result in work environment

problems.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Health aspects

“Chefen kan göra dig sjuk”

Nyberg, Anna: The Impact of

Managerial Leadership on Stress and Health Among Employees

 http://diss.kib.ki.se/2009/978-91-7409-614-9/

(This is about the effects of bad leadership.

Can the results be relevant for bad

computer systems?)

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Demands, control and support?

 Give examples of demand aspects.

 Give examples of self control aspects.

 Give examples of social support

aspects.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Stress

 The unbalance between demands and possibilities (resources) to live up to these demands.

 Long term stress is extremely harmful. The result can be

irreversible damage.

 Stress requires recovery periods.

 Stress amplifies other (e.g. physical)

problems.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

The largest work

environment problem

 …is to fell that you are not doing a good work.

 Nothing must prevent us from

doing so!

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

To measure things

 Can we e.g. measure demand, control, support?

 Yes, one example.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

After Before

Hur länge arbetar du i genomsnitt med datorstöd?

Mindre än 1 tim/dag 1 - 2 tim/dag 2 - 4 tim/dag 4 - 6 tim/dag Mer än 6 tim/dag

Changes in time at computer

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Future

Now

Anser Du att systemet gör att Du kan arbeta effektivare?

Mycket effektivare Något effektivare

Varken eller Något mindre effektivt Mycket mindre effektivt

Expectations

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Egen kontroll av arbetsprestationen

Möjlighet att i arbetsgruppen påverka

planering

Omväxling i arbetet Möjligheter att påverka

egna

arbetsförhållandena Ansvar som innebär

utveckling

Vad anser Du att införandet av det nya systemet inneburit beträffande

Minskat Ingen förändring Ökat

Changes in positive factors

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Ansvar som innebär påfrestning

Krav på

uppmärksamhet och koncentration Andras kontroll av arbetsprestationen

Vad anser Du att införandet av det nya systemet inneburit beträffande

Minskat Ingen förändring Ökat

Changes in negative factors

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Efter Före

Hur uppfattar du datorns roll?

Alltid som styrande Oftast som styrande Ibland som styrande Sällan som styrande

Changes in self control

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

The example

 The introduction of the new system

resulted in severe work environment

problems.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

References, sources

 See the separate document listing several different sources of

information!

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Assignment (No 2)

Work environment and IT- supported work

 Select and define the assignment subject (see suggestions below)

 Perform the assignment work.

 Write a report

 Present your work orally (Thursday,

Nov 22)

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Assignment examples

 Study a workplace and analyse the work environment (e.g. somebody working with administration at the IT-department…). Observations, interviews, different work

environment aspects….

 Read a PhD thesis on the subject and write a short summary and analysis.

 Study a work environment report in

detail and analyse it.

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Assignment examples cont.

 Search for work environment statistics from different sources and write a report about the present situation (in Sweden or another country. Or compare basic data from different countries).

 Compare the Swedish work environment law with similar laws from other

countries. How are they applied in practice?

 Write a (theoretical, or apply it to your assignment 1??) report on the

possibilities to base a work environment analysis on the result from a vision

seminar process. (Preliminary methods

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IT a nd w ork en vi ron m en t

Assignment report

 Write a proper scientific report (even if it is short)

 Background, problem, theory, method, activities, results,

evaluation, discussion, references…

 The report can be handed in as paper or electronically

 Collect all your assignment reports

in a folder!

References

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