Consequences of Poor Housing: Essays on Urban and Health Economics

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(1)Economic Studies 187 Fredrik Hansson Consequences of Poor Housing.

(2) Department of Economics, Uppsala University Visiting address: Kyrkogårdsgatan 10, Uppsala, Sweden Postal address: Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden Telephone: +46 18 471 00 00 Telefax: +46 18 471 14 78 Internet: http://www.nek.uu.se/ _______________________________________________________ ECONOMICS AT UPPSALA UNIVERSITY The Department of Economics at Uppsala University has a long history. The first chair in Economics in the Nordic countries was instituted at Uppsala University in 1741. The main focus of research at the department has varied over the years but has typically been oriented towards policy-relevant applied economics, including both theoretical and empirical studies. The currently most active areas of research can be grouped into six categories: * Labour economics * Public economics * Macroeconomics * Microeconometrics * Environmental economics * Housing and urban economics _______________________________________________________ Additional information about research in progress and published reports is given in our project catalogue. The catalogue can be ordered directly from the Department of Economics..

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(4) Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hörsal 2, Ekonomikum, Kyrkogårdsgatan 10, 753 13 Uppsala, Monday, 1 June 2020 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Aline Bütikofer (Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics). Abstract Hansson, F. 2020. Consequences of Poor Housing. Essays on Urban and Health Economics. Economic studies 187. 143 pp. Uppsala: Department of Economics, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2822-7. Essay I: Research shows that low fetal doses of radiation from nuclear catastrophes and atmospheric test bombings of nuclear weapons cause cognitive birth defects. These events are uncommon and the radioactive isotopes they create rarely reach harmful levels in nature. The findings would have greater external validity if they could be extrapolated to other more common isotopes and sources of everyday radiation exposure. Two such isotopes are uranium and radon, which exist in various concentrations across the globe. In this paper, I study the in utero impact of indoor radiation from radon gas and uranium rich concrete on cognitive ability. The results show no evidence suggesting that everyday levels of indoor radiation may affect children’s human capital development. Essay II: This paper studies if indoor radiation from uranium and radon is capitalized into housing prices. Using detailed measurements on the level of radiation, I estimate housing price elasticities with respect to radiation among both single-family detached homes and apartments in multi-story buildings. The results for the single-family homes show that both uranium in the bedrock and indoor radon levels are negatively correlated with the housing price. While the estimates for the single-family homes might be biased due to omitted geographical variables that are correlated with the level of radiation, the capitalization of radiation among apartments in multi-story buildings can be estimated using only within-building variation in the level of radiation. I use building-fixed effects to test for the existence of a vertical pollution price component to the vertical rent curve. Radon gas is heavier than average indoor air and higher concentrations are mostly found on lower floors in areas with high uranium concentrations in the bedrock. Theory predicts that apartments on higher floors will be priced higher relative to the first floor in more polluted areas, but I find no empirical support for this hypothesis. Essay III: This paper tests for asymmetric effects of changes in population and housing prices on subjective well-being among homeowners and renters. I first look at some descriptive facts and find that housing is an important determinant of subjective wellbeing and that residents in suburbs are slightly less happy than both inner city and countryside residents once homeownership and individual characteristics are controlled for. Looking at subjective well-being across cities, I analyze the effect of population growth on happiness and show that homeowners and renters experience asymmetric happiness effects from city growth. This leads me to test the hypothesis that the asymmetric effect is due to differences in wealth from migration-induced increases in housing prices and rents. The findings suggest that unexpected dynamic fluctuations in housing prices and asymmetric wealth effects among homeowners and renters cause spatial differences in subjective wellbeing that persist over time and space. Keywords: Urban, health, education, in utero, pollution, radiation, uranium, radon, housing prices, happiness, well-being, urbanization, growth Fredrik Hansson, Department of Economics, Box 513, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. © Fredrik Hansson 2020 ISSN 0283-7668 ISBN 978-91-506-2822-7 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-406987 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-406987).

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