• No results found

Housing A Nomad

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Housing A Nomad"

Copied!
50
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

IN

DEGREE PROJECT ARCHITECTURE, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS

STOCKHOLM SWEDEN 2020 ,

Housing A Nomad

TRITA-ABE-MBT-20324

MINJMAA ENKHBAT

(2)

Minjmaa Enkhbat Studio Searching for Ma

KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Architecture and The Built Environment Supervisors:

Leif Brodersen Teres Selberg +

5 Introduction

7 Clarification of terminology - ger + ger district 17 (A brief) history of Ulaanbaatar City

City development plans 27 Interview

37 Ger district redevelopment plans Proposal

47 Site

55 Design process 61 Final proposal 97 Afterword

CONTENTS

(3)

The thesis is set in Mongolia, looking specifically at Ulaanbaatar City. As a native Mongolian with an educational background in a European context, an opportunity was presented to offer a critical appraisal of the city from an outsiders perspective informed by a deeper cultural understanding of the context.

The city is observed from a masterplanning scale starting from the beginnings of its built urban history to its current state. The development plans for 2020/

2030 and research conducted during a site visit in January provides the basis for a housing proposal.

The design proposal acts as a criticism on the development seen during the urbanization of Ulaanbaatar and is a reactionary response to the problems identified during the first half of the thesis.

A unit and tower typology is developed that attempts to study the traditional form of dwelling, a ger, while also being informed by the soviet architecture and decoration seen throughout the city.

The site strategy employed addresses issues of preservation of ger districts, the downsizing of green public spaces within the city and a lack of architectural intent in the recent housing tower blocks that is invading the city fabric.

INTRODUCTION

(4)

CLARIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGY -

GER + GER DISTRICT

(5)

Fig. 1. Ger elevations.

GER = HOME

A ger is a nomadic dwelling specific to the Mongolian context. ‘Ger’ is also a word meaning ‘home’ in the Mongolian language. It is a type of yurt, a tent like structure, that can be assembled and dismantled as nomadic herders move throughout the country. They are generally found in isolation or with one or two other gers. The ger is simple in presentation; a white cotton canvas covers the yurt with a decorative timber door being the sole form of decoration seen from the outside, fig. 1. It is always oriented South as nomadic life follows the suns movements.

Construction

Basic wooden structures provide form and stability while felt and fabric elements protect from the elements. First a wooden floor is placed on site.

A wooden ring beam called a toono is held up by two wooden/ steel posts at the center of the plan, fig. 2. Timber roof poles connect from the toono and transfer their load to latticed wooden curved walls. Layers of felt, cotton fabric and canvas and waterproofing are then secured by horsehair ropes to the structure. Mongolia is exposed to extreme heat (up to +40*C) in the summer and extreme cold (below -40*C) in winter. A ger is adaptable to this varied climate by removing or adding these layers as needed.

There are no windows in a ger. The only source of light is received from the roof through the toono which also doubles as a ventilation system. The door takes the role of a traditional window and offers views out. As the ger is a single space, all functions are arranged around the center of the yurt.

A walk through

Upon entry one leaves their herding equipment to the left by the entrance and progresses to the low rise dining table. They pass by the bed and position themselves in from of the alter behind. There is a direct visual connection to the door and this space, at the deepest in plan is seen as the most sacred/

important. As you move around the toono you pass another bed to the

cooking area. This is the largest space occupied by a function as it shares

the space by and under the toono for the fire stove. Then one can leave the

ger once more. Movement in the ger is always clockwise, similar to how one

moves through a Buddhist temple.

(6)

poly-cotton canvas outer cover

horsehair ropes

2* crown supports

4* lattice wall sections

1* door + door frame 1*wooden flooring

1* cotton liner + felt insulation + waterproof PVC cover 1* cotton liner + felt insulation + waterproof PVC cover

1* crown wheel 66* roof poles

Fig. 2. Ger construction, exploded axonometric. Fig. 3. Ger section, plan layout analysis showing circulation path and core light source.

Sleeping / personal storage Sleeping / personal storage

Altar / eating / entertaining

Entrance (always faces east)

Cooking

Herding equipment / food storage

(7)

Within the city core

General plot dimensions: 15/ 20m * 20/ 30m

2

Fig. 4. Ger district plot study.

Along the city core

General plot dimensions: 15/ 20m * 20/ 30m

2

At the periphery of the city

General plot dimensions: 20/ 30m * 30/ 50m

2

GER DISTRICT

Ger districts are areas where the ger has been placed in the urban context and has become static, forming permanent housing for residents within the city. They lack basic infrastructure such as plumbing, heating and running water but is the most economically viable form of housing for majority of the incoming populous.

These settlements are uniform in fashion and are determined by the landscape terrain. The fences demarcating the small plots determine the unbuilt streets with a suggestion of the permanent infrastructure that may follow. A reactionary formation within the city.

The plots of land are on average 20m*20m. The ger is usually the first form of accommodation with a later addition of a four walled structure made of various materials, usually quite informal. An outdoor latrine is found in the plot with the rest of the space being used for storage, maintenance works and car park space. Localised wells provide water for the neighbourhood. Recent development has seen road infrastructure being formalised and street lights, data cables and electricity being provided in these ger districts.

The city has experienced waves of mass influx of people, nomadic herders

making up the vast majority, with resulting urban sprawl in the form of ger

districts. A common motivator being forced displacement due to climate

change aggravating the already difficult conditions of nomadic life. As

Ulaanbaatar city sprawls out the plots closer to the core get denser, fig. 4,

more subdivisions, more people.

(8)

Gers Outdoor latrines

Formal roads Street lighting

Pitched houses

Informal streets

Wooden fences

Electricity poles + wiring

(9)

(A BRIEF) HISTORY OF ULAANBAATAR CITY

The history of Ulaanbaatar as a built city is short, compacting many events that helped shape its urban form into a single century.

A brief time-line:

Mongolia is a nomadic country suited to the harsh climate and arid landscape.

It falls under the Qing dynasty in the 17th century and sees little urban development. Buddhism is introduced into the country and the religion is adopted alongside the traditional shamanistic belief system.

Ulaanbaatar city is first recorded under the name Urga at the start of the 19th century. A painting of the settlement, fig.5, shows several timber monasteries as markers of formal architecture with nomadic gers arranged around the Buddhist temples in the core.

1911. Mongolia declares independence from China. Urga is renamed Niislel

Khuree under Bogd Khan. China accepts the declaration in 1921.

(10)

fig.5. Urga, 1912

(11)

Fig. 6. Ulaanbaatar City development plans, 1911 - 1998.

Fig. 7. Four masterplans for Ulaanbaatar City.

First masterplan, 1954 (proposed pop. 125,000)

Third masterplan, 1971 (proposed pop. 550-600,000)

Second masterplan, 1963 (proposed pop. 230,000-250,000)

Fourth masterplan, 1986 (proposed pop. 850,000)

The Mongolian People’s Republic is founded as a Socialist state in 1924.

Niislel Khuree is renamed Ulaanbaatar.

Ulaanbaatar becomes a satellite city of the USSR. Russia provides development plans for Ulaanbaatar from 1911 to 1998, fig. 6. Pre-cast concrete housing blocks are erected under the traditional soviet city planning regiment. Sewage and basic infrastructure such as heating, and electricity is introduced across the city.

Work in the production and building sector along with the improved living conditions see an influx of nomads into Ulaanbaatar. Environmental change also plays a factor as the climate becomes harsher for herders to sustain a nomadic lifestyle.

Mongolia receives assistance from China and Russia during the industrialisation of Ulaanbaatar in the 1950’s. A further four iterations of masterplans are drawn up for the city, fig. 7. The USSR helps with the construction of felt-rolling mills, water supply plants, leather-processing factories, etc. China sends labourers to build roads, bridges and housing. The most significant milestone of Mongolia’s industrialization was the launching of the Trans-Mongolian Railway in 1956. It showcased the friendly relations among the three states.

The Sino-Soviet Split took place from 1956 to 1966. Mongolia’s’ loyalty shifts in favour of the Soviet Union. Mongolia’s’ relationship with China sours and is soon cut in 1964. Development during the 1960’s and 1970’s suffers.

Key

1. 1911 Ulaanbaatar early urban settlements 2. 1944 Ulaanbaatar Plan (Population 41, 000) 3. 1954 Ulaanbaatar Plan (Population 82, 500) 4. 1970 Ulaanbaatar Plan (Population 361, 000) 5. 1987 Ulaanbaatar Plan (Population 520, 500) 6. 1998 Ulaanbaatar Plan (Population 638, 400)

Legend Capital building Single building Ger area

Industrial building warehouses Special purpose building Parks and recreation Temple, landmark buildings Green area

1.

1.

2.

2.

3.

3.

Түлхүүр

1. 1911-оны Улаанбаатар хот эрт суурин

2. 1944-оны Улаанбаатар хотын төлөвлөгөө (Хүн амын тоо 41, 000) 3. 1954-оны Улаанбаатар хотын төлөвлөгөө (Хүн ам 82, 500) 4. 1970-оны Улаанбаатар хотын төлөвлөгөө (Хүн ам 361, 000) 5. 1987-оны Улаанбаатар хотын төлөвлөгөө (Хүн ам 520, 500) 6. 1998-оны Улаанбаатар хотын төлөвлөгөө (Хүн ам 638, 400)

Таних тэмдэг Капитал барилга Дан барилга Гэр хороолол Үйлдвер агуулах Тусгай зориулалт Ногоон байгууламж Сүм дуган, дурсгалт барилга Ногоон газар

4.

4.

5.

5.

6.

6.

(12)

Fig. 8. Green Corridor Plan, 1975.

The Green Corridor Plan of 1975, fig. 8, for the city is drawn up and adopts Ebenezer Howards’ Garden City Movement as a significant design motivator.

Ulaanbaatar would be a soviet city where people live in harmony with nature, just as they have in their nomadic heritage. The plans began to be realised and Ulaanbaatar becomes an industrial city with an urban fabric shaped by Stalinist architecture and an abundance of green spaces, fig. 9, as evidence of a soviet society.

The anti-communist revolutions of 1989 end in a peaceful revolution in 1990.

A new multi-party government system is adopted in 1992 and Mongolia falls into the free market.

Stalinist architecture in the city is taken down, such as Sukhbaatars’

mausoleum and statues of Stalin across the city. Historic buildings within the city still echo the soviet building style but in parallel sport Mongolic decoration and ornamentation seen in brick patterns and concrete panels to plant holders and steel and timber fences.

With an underdeveloped culture of maintenance and conservation, many of the first buildings in Ulaanbaatar are being demolished, labelled ‘unfit for purpose’ or to make way for new development by private developers for the prime land real estate. Unplanned, messy urbanization takes hold of the city.

Green public parks, axis of views set out under the green corridor plan have begun to be engulfed by this recent process of urbanization, fig. 10, 11.

Fig. 9. Aerial photograph of city circa 1980.

(13)

Children’s Park, 2014

Children’s Park, 2020

Fig. 10. Development invasion into public green parks, loss of axis of views. Fig. 11. Loss of green spaces in city.

Green space in the city, 2014

Green space in the city, 2020

(14)

INTERVIEW + GER DISTRICT

DEVELOPMENT PLANS

A site visit in January of 2020 allowed me to carry out an interview with the deputy director at the planning department who provided a fundamental insight into approaches towards development and planning in Mongolia. The discussion opened up topics of building regulations and standards, attitudes towards conservation and preservation, sustainability and public green spaces.

Through this contact I was informed of the 2020/ 2030 development plans for Ulaanbaatar city. An interrogation of this document presented ger districts as an area within the urban fabric of the city that was being targeted for large scale development. Two separate documents for redeveloping ger districts were studied to analyse the architectural proposals.

The proposals often looked to densify the low rise low density residential ger

district areas to 200% more than their current housing provision. The form of

these proposals feel generic and are not sympathetic to the existing sites in

terms of scale or design.

(15)

Q.1. What is your impression of life in Mongolia?

We are a new society since 1990, we chose and value freedom. There are of course many mistakes, more mistakes than correct moves but we are living life for the better.

Q.1. Та Монголчуудын ахуй амьдрал, хөгжил дэвшлийн талаар ямар сэтгэгдэлтэй байна вэ?

1990 оноос хойш шинэ нийгэм, ардчиллыг Монголчууд бид сонгосон юм.

Алдаа оноотой ч бидний амьдрал улам сайн сайхан болж байна.

Q.2. How do you see the development in Ulaanbaatar? What do you think of the development of new housing in the city?

Development is inarguably linked to finance. It depends on money and the existing condition of the city. Ulaanbaatar is experiencing an influx of people and the development trends follow that, where housing and public services such as kindergartens are being built. However, it has gone up in a messy manner, where construction has overtaken the planning process.

The city was planned when it was first built, now it is a matter of whether we can continue a planned development of the city. Architects and planners are trying to follow a planning methodology but the conditions for these to be realised are not currently present. The current norms and standard of building are based off an older model which were sufficient then but need to be updated now. The Russian state have updated their standards of building to match the European standards, but we have not followed suit.

Q.2. Улаанбаатар хотын хөгжлийг та хэрхэн харж байна вэ? Хотод шинэ орон сууц xороолол барих талаар та юу гэж бодож байна вэ?

Ямарваа хөгжил цэцэглэлтийг санхүү тодорхойлно. Үндсэндээ мөнгө санхүү, хотын одоогийн нөхцөл байдалтай холбоотойгоор Улаанбаатар хот хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн, хөгжлийг дагаж олон арван сургууль цэцэрлэг, орон сууц мөн нийтийн үйлчилгээний газруудыг босгож байна.

Гэсэн хэдий ч барилгын ажил төлөвлөгөөгүй замбараагүй байдлаар явагдлаа.

Уг хотыг анх төлөвлөлтийн дагуу барьж байсан бол одоо бид бүтээн байгуулалтыг төлөвлөлтийн дагуу хөгжуулж чадахгүйд хүрсэн.

Архитекторууд, төлөвлөгчид төлөвлөлтийн аргачлалыг дагаж мөрдөхийг хичээдэг боловч эдгээрийг хэрэгжүүлэх нөхцөл одоогоор байхгүй байна.

Байшин барилгын өнөөдрийн норм, стандарт нь хуучирсан загвар дээр үндэслэсэн өнөөдөр шинэчлэгдэх шаардлагатай болсон. Оросын муж улс барилгын стандартаа Европын стандартад нийцүүлэн шинэчилсэн боловч бид үүнийг дагаж мөрдөөгүй байна.

Tulga Tserendash Deputy director at the Urban Development and Master Planning Agency of Capital City.

Тулга Цэрэндаш Нийслэлийн Хот Байгуулалт, Төлөвлөлтийн Газрын Дэд Дарга.

Q.3. What is your opinion on the output or production in Mongolia?

Ulaanbaatar city takes up only 0.3% of the land mass in Mongolia. However almost half of the population is in the city. Around 60/70% of the industry is based in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia’s financial climate is controlled by the mining industry. Money from the mining industry coming into the state is being spent on the social facilities that the state provides. The focus of the income from this industry is focused on the capital and we now see a need to spread out this central focus out to the rest of the country. We as a state need to attempt to cater for this move.

Q.3. Монголоос гардаг үйлдвэрлэлийн талаар таны бодол юу вэ?

Улаанбаатар хот нь Монгол орны газар нутгийн массын дөнгөж 0.3 хувийг эзэлж байна. Гэсэн хэдий ч хүн амын бараг тал нь энэ хотод байдаг. Үйлдвэрлэлийн 60/70 хувь нь Улаанбаатар хотод төвлөрдөг.

Монгол улсын санхүүгийн уур амьсгалыг уул уурхайн салбар удирддаг.

Уул уурхайгаас төрд орж ирэх мөнгийг нийгмийн байгууламжид төр зарцуулж байна. Энэ салбараас олсон орлогын ихэнх нь нийслэл хотод төвлөрч байгаа бол бид одоо энэ хүү төвлөрсөн төвлөрлийг бусад хот суурин газруудад хуваарилах шаардлагатай байгааг харж байна. Бид улс нийгмээрээ энэ алхмыг хангахыг хичээх хэрэгтэй.

Q.4. I was just introduced to the 2020/30 development plans for the city.

Have these ideas been incorporated in this document?

The two main ideas we just discussed of forward thinking of the state and the planning of the city in times of influx have been incorporated. In parallel we have just developed a 2050 development plan for a more long-term development strategy. A focal point of this document is Ulaanbaatar city.

Where we are sitting, beside Sukhbaatar Square where all the government buildings, the national schools and universities are located around has been the concentration of development. We are attempting to disperse this activity to the rest of the city.

Q.4. Дөнгөж сая хотын хөгжлийн 2020/30 оны төлөвлөгөөг танилцуулсан. Эдгээр санааг энэ баримт бичигт тусгасан уу?

Хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөний үед улс орноо хөгжүүлэх, төлөвлөлт хийх талаар бидний дөнгөж ярьсан хоёр үндсэн санааг тусгасан. Үүнтэй зэрэгцэн бид илүү урт хугацааны хөгжлийн стратеги болгож 2050 оны хөгжлийн төлөвлөгөө боловсрууллаа. Энэхүү баримт бичгийн гол цэг нь Улаанбаатар хот юм. Бидний сууж буй Сүхбаатарын талбайн хажууд засгийн газрын бүх барилга байгууламж, үндэсний сургууль, их дээд сургуулиуд байрладаг нь хөгжлийн төвлөрөл болсон. Бид энэ байгууллагуудыг хотын бусад хэсэгт тараахыг оролдож байна.

Q.5. How much of the 2020 development plan has been realised?

Around 30% of the plans were realised.

Q.5. 2020 оны хөгжлийн төлөвлөгөө хичнээн хувь нь хэрэгжсэн бэ?

Төлөвлөгөө 30 орчим хувь нь биелсэн.

Q.6. What landmarks do you navigate the city using?

Mongolia does not have a history of navigating by street names like majority

of the western world. We navigate by objects and buildings. We have now

named all the streets, but no one knows what they are.

(16)

Q.6. Та ямар газрын тэмдэглэгээр зүг чигийн баримжаа авдаг вэ?

Монгол Улс барууны ихэнх орнууд шиг гудамжны нэрээр зүг чигийн баримжаа авдаг түүх байдаггүй. Бид объект, барилга байгууламжийг баримжаа болгодог. Бүх гудамжуудыг нэрлэсэн боловч нэрийг нь хэн ч мэддэггүй.

Q.7. Where do you gain your daily news and information from? How open is the media in Mongolia?

We have public websites from public offices that provide information to the public regarding each of their sectors. Public offices have a shared platform within themselves where exchange of information is transparent. Of course, there are platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, but they are not official sources.

Q.7. Та өдөр тутмын мэдээ, мэдээллийг хаанаас олж авдаг вэ?

Монголд хэвлэл мэдээлэл хэр нээлттэй вэ?

Бид өөрсдийн салбар тус бүрийн талаар олон нийтийг мэдээллээр хангадаг олон нийтийн мэдээллийн хэрэгслүүдтэй. Төрийн алба нь мэдээлэл солилцоо ил тод байх чиглэлээр хамтран ажилладаг платформтой. Мэдээжийн хэрэг Твиттер, Facebook зэрэг платформууд байдаг боловч албан ёсны эх сурвалж биш юм.

Q.8. How do you imagine the future?

Of course, in a positive manner!

Q.8. Та ирээдүйгээ хэрхэн төсөөлж байна вэ?

Мэдээжийн хэрэг, өөдрөг байдлаар!

Q.9. Who is controlling / driving the development and building within the city?

What bodies are shaping the property market?

We have the building market. It is predominantly lead by private developers.

The state provides regulations, guidelines and documentation control.

The state contributes by developing public transport, public schools and hospitals. The state does not provide housing.

Q.9. Хотын доторх бүтээн байгуулалт, барилгыг хэн төлөвлөж, удирддаг вэ? Эд хөрөнгийн зах зээлийг ямар байгууллага бүрдүүлж байгаа вэ?

Бидэнд барилгын зах зээл бий. Үүнийг хувийн компаниуд голчлон хангаж байна. Төрөөс зарим зохицуулалт, удирдамж, баримт бичгийн хяналтыг өгдөг. Нийтийн тээвэр, улсын сургууль, эмнэлгийг барьж байгуулах ажлыг мэдээж төр гүйцэтгэдэг . Төр орон сууцаар хангадаггүй.

Q.10. Can the basic wages afford to live in housing provided by these private developers? When cities see rapid development property value in the core increase and a sprawl is generated of, let’s say ger districts, in the Mongolian context.

The developers are viewing the market through the means of making a profit.

So no, not everyone can afford to live in these housing developments. The financial mortgage market is not able to support everyone. With influx, we see a rising market in housing, yet the provision is not within the financial

capacity of the incoming populous. There is not yet a medium between the two case and this is a problem.

Q.10. Эдгээр хувийн компаний барьсан орон сууцанд амьдрахын тулд үндсэн цалин хөлс авдаг хүн ам авах боломжтой юу? Хотын үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн үнэ цэнэ огцом өсч, үржил шим үүсэхэд гэр хороол үүсдэг – Монголд жич гарагахад.

Барилгын компаниуд ашиг олох арга замаар зах зээлийг харж байна.

Харин орон сууцны үнэ нь хүн амын орлогын түвшинтэй харьцуулахад харьцангуй өндөр тул худалдан авах чадвар муу байна. Санхүүгийн лизингийн зах зээл хүн бүрийг дэмжих боломжгүй байдаг. Хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөнийг дагаад орон сууцны зах зээл өсч байгааг бид харж байгаа боловч хэрэглэгчдийн санхүүгийн чадавхид нийцэхгүй байна.

Үүнийг зохицуулах механизм байхгүй байгаа нь асуудал юм.

Q.11. Where is the concentration of development and focus of resources in the city now?

Where there is infrastructure to support development. The core of

Ulaanbaatar does not have space to expand any further. Therefore, the focus is forced to be spread to other parts of the city.

Q.11. Хөгжлийн төвлөрөл ба баялгийн төвлөрөл нъ хаана байна вэ?

Хөгжлийг дэмжих дэд бүтэц <газарт> байгаа. Улаанбаатар хотын төвийг нь гадагшаа өргөжүүлэх орон зай байхгүй байна. Тиймээс анхаарлаа хотын бусад хэсэгт төвлөрүүлж тараана.

Q.12. Does the city have the capacity for this expansion?

Not yet but plans of creating sub centres throughout the city will hopefully allow for this.

Q.12. Хот тэлэх боломжтой юу?

Одоогоор хараахан болоогүй байгаа ч хотод дэд төвүүд байгуулах төлөвлөгөө маань тэлэх боломж олгоно гэж найдаж байна.

Q.13. Cities generally have a scale. Hong Kong is a high-rise city for example. Ulaanbaatar follows a valley between two mountains, does the city have a scale?

Yes. Ulaanbaatar gives to the landscape and follows its mountain forms. The early developments were low rise but not the city scape is getting taller and taller. The city is around 35,000 hectares and divided into 47 parts. We do have height restrictions for each of these areas.

Q.13. Хотууд ерөнхийдөө масштабтай байдаг. Хонконг бол жишээ нь өндөр хот. Улаанбаатар нь хоёр уулын хоорондох хөндийг дагадаг, хот нь ямар масштабтай вэ?

Тийм шүү. Улаанбаатар хот байгалаа хүндэлж, уулын хэлбэрээ дагадаг.

Анхан шатдаа бүтээн байгуулалт намхан өндөртөө байсан ч хотын хүрээ

улам өндөр болж байна. Одоо хот 35,000 га орчим бөгөөд 47 хороогоор

хуваагддаг. Эдгээр хороо тус бүрт өндөрт нь хязгаарлалт тавьдаг.

(17)

Q.14. What scale are incoming design proposals?

As we said, development follows infrastructure. The city core has the infrastructure but not enough space for a large-scale project. Now, development is beginning to take the scale of a block.

Q.14. Орж ирж байгаа дизайн саналууд ямар цар хүрээтэй байдаг вэ?

Бидний хэлсэн хөгжил дэд бүтцийг дагана. Хот нь төвлөрсөн дэд бүтэцтэй тул томоохон хэмжээтэй төсөл хэрэгжүүлэхэд хангалттай нөөц байдаггүй. Харин саяхнаас хэд хэдэн дэд бүтцийн асуудлыг шийдсэнээр хорооллын хэмжээний төслийг хүлээж авдаг хэрэгжүүлдэг болж байна.

Q.15. Has public space and green spaces been taken into consideration in the development plans?

Yes. There small-scale projects in the development plans.

Q.15. Хөгжлийн төлөвлөгөөнд нийтийн эзэмшлийн зам талбай, ногоон байгууламжийг анхаарч үздэг үү?

Тийм. Жижиг хэмжээний төслүүд хөгжлийн төлөвлөлтөнд тусгагдсан байгаа.

Q.16. Does the extreme cold effect the high-density high-rise buildings that are shaping the face of the city?

It is more to do with finance than with the climate.

Q.16. Хэт хүйтэн нь хотын өндөр нягтралтай өндөр барилгуудын өнгө төрхийг бүрдүүлэн нөлөөлж байна уу?

Энэ асуудал нь уур амьсгалаас илүү санхүүтэй холбоотой.

Q.17. Do you think the nomadic way of life affects our attitude towards housing? Our perception of what a ‘neighbour’ is?

I think our attitudes have gotten worse since the Soviet era in Mongolia. The residents in an apartment used to be long term and there was not a culture of short-term renting. This sense of impermanence and imminent change seems to result in a more closed community.

Q.17. Нүүдэлчин амьдралын хэв маяг нь орон сууцыг бид яаж тусгаж авдаг т нөлөөлдөг гэж та бодож байна уу? “Хөрш” гэж юу вэ?

Миний хувийн бодлоор Монголд Зөвлөлт засгийн үеэс хойш бидний хандлага улам муудсан. Орон сууцанд амьдардаг хүмүүс удаан хугацаагаар амьдрах ёс зүйтэй байсан одоогийн богино хугацаанд түрээслэх соёл байдаггүй байв. Энэхүү хөдөлгөөнт тогтворгүй байдал, гэнэтийн өөрчлөлт нь илүү хүйтэн хаалттай нийгэм үүсгээд байх шиг байна.

Q.18. Does Mongolia contribute or take part in the global discussions of sustainability and climate change?

Climate change affects our country too. Like now, in January, temperatures used to be below -20*C during the day and -30*C during the night but now it’s getting warmer and just hitting those temperatures. As a result, the earth is getting drier and we see a lot of sandstorms. The mining industry is also a huge contributor to the effects. We have a green party in the government, but

we are not offering much to the solution and no steps are seen for dealing with our emissions.

Q.18. Тогтвортой байдал, цаг уурын өөрчлөлтийн талаархи дэлхийн хэлэлцүүлэгт Монгол улс хувь нэмэр оруулж оролцдог уу?

Цаг уурын өөрчлөлт нь манай улсад бас нөлөөлж байна. Өнөөдрийн нэг жишээ , 1-р сард, өдөртөө -20 * C, шөнөдөө -30 * C-аас доош байдаг байсан бол, хамаагүй илүү дулаарч, температур нь дөнгөж одоо л 1 сард буурч байна. Үүнээс болж дэлхий хуурайшиж, цөлжилт үүсдэг. Үүнд уул уурхайн үйлдвэрлэл маш их нөлөөтэй байдаг. Бид засгийн газарт ногоон намтай, гэхдээ төдийлөн дуу хоолойгоо хүргэж чадахгүй байгаагаас гэр хорооллоос ихэвчлэн үүсдэг утааг зогсоох талаар шийдтэй зөв алхам хийгдэхгүй удаж байна.

Q.19. How is the current situation with the provision of infrastructure for ger districts?

We have local communal wells for clean water. We have also developed a strategy for provision for infrastructure to these areas. The development takes the ger districts in three rings, the inner rig=ng having access to more infrastructure.

Q.19. Гэр хорооллыг дэд бүтцээр хангах өнөөгийн байдал ямар байна вэ?

Бидэнд цэвэр усны зориулалттай орон нутгийн нийтийн худаг байгаа.

Эдгээр газруудад дэд бүтцийг хангах стратеги боловсруулсан. Уг бүтээн

байгуулалт нь гэр хорооллыг гурван бүст хувааж ангилдаг ба хамгийн

дотоод бүст дэд бүтэц нь илүү хүртээмжтэй байна.

(18)

Housing development after 1992 Soviet housing development Ger housing districts

(19)

GER DISTRICT

REDEVELOPMENT

PLANS

(20)

Ulaanbaatar City Улаанбаатар Хот

(21)

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал Ботаник

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

12-хороо

02

02 “В” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 384 нэгж талбар, Нийт 25.6 га

БОТАНИКИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГТ ХҮРЭЭЛЭНГИЙН

БАРУУН ТАЛД

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

12-хороо

04

04 “Д” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 330 нэгж талбар, Нийт 31.2 га

БОТАНИКИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГТ ХҮРЭЭЛЭНГИЙН

УРД ТАЛД ЖАНЖИН КЛУБ

ОРЧИМ

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ Ботаник Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

12-хороо

05

05 “Е” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 259 нэгж талбар, Нийт 23.3 га

БОТАНИКИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГТ ХҮРЭЭЛЭНГИЙН ЗҮҮН УРД ТАЛД

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

Ботаник

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

13-р хороо

06

06 “Ё” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 384 нэгж талбар, Нийт 18,7 га

ОРОН СУУЦНЫ 14 ДҮГЭЭР ХОРООЛОЛ

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

БЗД-ийн ЗДТГазар

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

13-р хороо

07

07 “З” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 172 нэгж талбар, Нийт 9.4 га

ОРОН СУУЦНЫ 14 ДҮГЭЭР ХОРООЛОЛ

БЗД-ийн ЗДТГазар

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД 09

13,14-р ХОРОО

09 “Д” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 219 нэгж талбар, Нийт 11.3 га

ОРОН СУУЦНЫ 14 ДҮГЭЭР ХОРООЛОЛ

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

Цагаанхуаран консалтинг

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

2,4-хороо

01

01 “В” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай, Нийт 3.24 га

Мамбадацан орчим

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

КТМС-ийн сургууль

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал Толгойтын зам

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-СХД

20-хороо

01

10 “А” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 246 нэгж талбар, Нийт 28.2 га

ЦЭРГИЙН ХОТХОН, ТОЛГОЙТЫН

ЗАМ ДАГУУ

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал Ботаник

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД

12-хороо

03

03 “Г” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 426 нэгж талбар, Нийт 32.8 га

БОТАНИКИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГТ ХҮРЭЭЛЭНГИЙН

БАРУУН УРД ТАЛД

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-БЗД 08

13-р ХОРОО

08 “Ж” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 257 нэгж талбар, Нийт 15.1 га

ОРОН СУУЦНЫ 14 ДҮГЭЭР ХОРООЛОЛ

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

Ахмадын хороолол

СОДОН ХОРООЛОЛ ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ

БАЙРШИЛ

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-СХД

23-хороо

02

11 “А, Б” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 313 нэгж талбар, Нийт 24 га

ХАНГАЙ ЗАХЫН ЗҮҮН

ТАЛД

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

11 га“А”

13 га“Б”

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө

Харагдах байдал

ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТ, ХӨГЖЛИЙН ГАЗАР

Хот дахин хөгжүүлэх хэлтэс Улаанбаатар хот 2020 он

Харагдах байдал

Монголын үндэсний телевиз

Баянбүрдийн уулзвар

ЧД-02

6-хороо

ГХ-ЧД 01

8, 9-р ДЭНЖИЙН

МЯНГА ОРЧМЫН ХЭСЭГЧИЛСЭН

ЕРӨНХИЙ ТӨЛӨВЛӨГӨӨ

12 “В” Хэсэгчилсэн талбай 281 нэгж талбар, Нийт 50.4 га

ТӨЛӨВЛӨЖ БУЙ БАЙРШИЛ

Ерөнхий төлөвлөгөө Одоогийн байдал

Харагдах байдал

(22)

Ulaanbaatar City Улаанбаатар Хот

(23)
(24)

11.08.2015

PROPOSAL - SITE

The chosen site is a large plot measuring 530m*160m. It was previously a ger district before it was raised with six plots currently remaining. The site previously housed 123 plots.

Two main roads to the north and west frame the site with new high rise housing blocks of 16-22 stories characterising the north, south and west and low rise ger districts to the east and south-east.

An elevation study of the surrounding context provides an insight into

façades, decoration and colours present.

(25)

18.10.2007

Old site lines

Current site lines

(26)

Elevation study of pre-cast concrete panel housing Elevation studies of decoration + facade relief + windows around site

(27)

Elevation studies of fences/ gates/ walls around site showing decoration Elevation studies of decoration + windows around site

(28)

DESIGN PROCESS

As one of the observations from the redevelopment plans was the lack of character and sympathy of the new development proposal towards Mongolian heritage, I began from designing a unit that begin to incorporate some of the attributes of the ger.

The unit design extrapolates from the ger, in terms of having a core object to circulate around. The functions are arranged so that importance is given to the kitchen and then living space. The circular form has also been carried forward.

The arrangement of the units in a tower typology came through model studies. The generosity afforded to the circulation core is further reinforced by a roof light as in the ger, a step up in scale from the unit to the tower.

A courtyard typology was explored as a higher end of the spectrum for representing this concept.

The tower typology also acts as a comparison to the housing blocks on the

site as well as offering a mediating height between the high rise towers to the

north and west and row rise ger districts to the east.

(29)

Volume + function visualisation model Ger district study model

(30)

3-unit tower typology study model

Unit arrangement study models 10-unit courtyard tower typology study model Final unit model

(31)

FINAL PROPOSAL -

SITE The site strategy employed carries forward the observations made in the research part of the thesis; preservation of the existing city fabric, lack of green public spaces and architecture without care for the vernacular.

A cluster of four 7 storey residential tower blocks are introduced to the west of the site where the development of high rise apartment blocks are currently located. A cluster of three 4 storey residential towers are proposed to the east end of the site. The lower cluster brings the scale of development down to be more sympathetic to the scale of the ger. These clusters are surrounded by green spaces in-between and are accessible by footpaths. On street parking removes the need for vehicle access for the residents however access is possible for bin collection, fire truck access etc. Multi-purpose communal spaces are also provided in between for recreational activities for the residents.

There are currently six remaining plots on the site and a further 22 new ones have been added. This is a means of preserving the site grain and reintroducing the continuity that was previously on the site. As the ger districts do not have adequate infrastructure these plots are imagined to have an opportunity to be developed into row house typology housing by the residents, possibly with communal effort.

A large park is proposed at the core of the site for both the residents and the community surrounding the site.

The original density of the site was 123 households and the current proposal

houses 144 households, an increase of 17%.

(32)

Site plan - existing

(33)

Site plan and section - proposal

1.

3.

3.

4.

Key

1.Cluster of 7 storey towers 2. Cluster of 4 storey towers

3. Additional 22 plots to the 6 existing ger plots on site. The one situated to the north- west has been relocated to the south-west. The boundary fence for the plot to the north has been altered to match the new plot grid, with the same area without having to move the house.

4. Public park

2.

3.

3.

(34)

Site cross section

(35)

Ground floor plan of 4 storey cluster

(36)

General floor plan of 4 storey cluster

(37)

Roof floor plan of 4 storey cluster

(38)

Roof plan of 4 storey cluster

(39)

The towers consist of three units around a generous stair core. The units are designed as three bed apartments with a gross floor area of 92 sq.m.

to account for the multi-generational family structure predominantly seen in Mongolia. The only exception is seen on the ground floor where a bedroom is lost to accommodate a generous entrance. The towers are elevated with a stair and ramp access as well as seating at the entrance.

The tower has a stepped vertical circulation with two units on a floor and one unit at a half level. This stepping breaks up the homogeneity of threes expressed in plan and in form while also allowing for an extra unit. The stepping also shields the roof garden on the top floor from the rest of the towers, and accommodates a sunken garden for the lower ground floor unit.

The staircase has a large roof-light above and mimics that of the structural core and a light core in a ger at the scale of the tower. Each unit also mimics this with a kitchen becoming the core of the apartment in which to navigate the rest of the spaces. The kitchen is given importance as in a gers functional arrangement, and the living and dining spaces are accessible directly between one another. The visual connection with the dining space from the entrance as observed in a ger is also carried through in the unit design.

The unit takes advantage of the circular form in the main living spaces and rectilinear rooms house supporting functions; a main toilet and bedrooms.

FINAL PROPOSAL -

UNIT DESIGN

(40)

Lower ground floor plan Ground floor plan

(41)

General floor plan Roof plan

(42)

Unit section

(43)

Unit section

(44)

4 storey tower front elevation

Unit elevation - 7 storey

(45)

Facade detail

(46)

View to living room and kitchen from entrance.

(47)

View from bedroom to kitchen and study space.

(48)

View from living room to dining space.

(49)

This thesis has been an exercise of exploration. The proposal was the testing ground for the strong impressions I collected from the research and site visit, attempting to form an alternative to the current trend of development within Ulaanbaatar City. Many underlying factors such as climate, economy, affordability have informed decisions but are not fully considered.

This proposal is an appraisal of traditional form, decoration and ways of living observed in the Mongolian lifestyle, with an emphasis on public green space. I think a similar dialogue within architectural design and the new developments throughout the city can be encouraged.

Q. What does it mean to live a nomadic lifestyle?

A: To live one step away from nature.

AFTERWORD

(50)

It is the 18th largest and most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world with a density of 2 people per sq.km..

Ulaanbaatar City is the coldest capital in the world. The annual average temperature in the city is -1.3*C/ 29.7*F.

Mongolia has a natural disaster unique to its mountainous steppe called ‘Zud’. It is a period of extreme cold where livestock die due to the cold itself.

The northern most part of Mongolia is the same latitude as Berlin.

The southern most part is roughly on the same latitude as Rome.

The Gobi Desert takes up the south of the country.

The Trans Mongolian Railway follows an ancient tea-caravan route to connect Russia and China by way of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia.

30% of the population is nomadic.

Illiteracy is virtually eliminated.

The main energy source is thermal.

Fun facts about Mongolia

TRITA -ABE-MBT-20324

References

Related documents

Timber frames: As its name implies, timber frame construction is a method of building, which relies on a timber frame as a means of structural support.. Timber frame construction

As the new generation from the nomadic family, when I was studying the lighting design course, there was an idea in my mind all the time that if it is possible to do something

Detsamma gäller för svensk allmän pension – den får också beskattas i både Sverige och Spanien. Dessa bestämmelser gäller bara dem som är svenska

Following the above-mentioned neoliberalization of the housing market in the country after the economic crises and depression of the 1990s, cutbacks in the welfare state and

The first floor is where the housing areas start together with a large open courtyard. The second floor and upwards is weaved together with housing

As what presented in the section of problem definition and aims. The idea of temporary housing as student housing is a result of housing shortage that occurs in both student

Respondenternas upplevelser av hur det är att arbeta och leva som digitala nomader och vad som motiverar dem till att vara digitala nomader presenteras nedan i följande teman

marknadshyra vilket ska resultera i ett socialt blandat bostadsbyggande. Inclusionary housing skiljer sig också för att det är implementerat på lokal nivå och inte på statlig