By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere,currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1

GOAL OR TARGET IN THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Is there published evidence of the GERD contributing to and/or preventing the achievement of theTarget? Cooperation

needed REASONING SAMPLE REFERENCES

SYNERGY withtarget TRADE-OFF withtarget Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

1,1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1 1 0 (1) Lack of energy, including electricity, discourages people to live producDve lives. For example, lights help the ability to work at nights which can support poverty reducDon. Therefore a synergy exists. Another report (2) showed in a study that the relaDonship between level of electricity access and poverty reducDon is vague. It’s more important to combine electricity access with other factors to reduce poverty. However, this is perceived as a synergy because electricity is involved. (3) Moreover, Ethiopians that are economically dependent on land and water resources may have a tough situaDon to adjust to a non-agriculture labour. Therefore, there is a risk that GERD increases poverty. (1) Guruswamy, L., 2015. InternaDonal energy and poverty: the emerging contours. Routledge. p.2 (2) Wilcox, M. et al., 2015. UDlising Electricity Access for Poverty ReducDon. p. 2 (3) Chen, H., & Swain, A., 2014. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: EvaluaDng its sustainability standard and geopoliDcal significance. Energy Development FronDer, 3(1), 11. p. 13 1,2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proporDon of men, women andchildren of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to naDonal definiDons 1 1 0As 1,1 1,3 Implement naDonally appropriate social protecDon systems andmeasures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substanDal coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 1 0 0 According to ILO (1) the social protecDon floor should guarantee access to health care and basic income security for children, unemployed people and older people. Electricity can contribute to be^er access to health care services (see goal 3.1 – 3.8). Therefore, a synergy exists. (1) ILO, 2017. SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOOR. (h^p://www.ilo.org/secsoc/areas-of-work/policy-development-and-applied-research/social-protecDon-floor/lang--en/index.htm) [retreived 020318] 1,4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in parDcular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 1 1 0 (1) The hydropower plant will generate 6 GW which will meet Ethiopia’s electricity demands. The project is in line with Ethiopia’s plan to become a middle income country. Becoming a middle income country involves having access to basic services. Therefore, a synergy exists. The target also has a trade-off because of the same reason as for 1.1. (1) Yohannes Yihdego, Alamgir Khalil & Hilmi S. Salem., 2017. Nile River’s Basin Dispute: PerspecDves of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: B Geography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Science & Disaster Management. Volume 17, Issue 2, Version 1.0, Year 2017. p. 16 1,5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situaDons and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters 1 1 0 (1) Building resilience includes for instance improved local food systems and eradicaDng poverty, which GERD can contribute to (see target 2,1 and 1,1). Environmentally resilient development also includes decentralised energy which GERD will not contribute to. This is a trade-off. Decentralized energy implies naDonal security. (2) Centralized electricity relies on a remote and large power staDon. If the large power staDon shuts down, the naDonal security will be affected negaDvely. (1) Green Alliance, 2013. EradicDng poverty through environmentally resilient development. p. 4 (2) EON, n.d. What is decentralised energy? (h^ps://www.eonenergy.com/for-your-business/large-energy-users/manage-energy/energy-efficiency/decentralised-energy-experts/What-is-decentralised-energy) [retreived 100318] 1.a Ensure significant mobilizaDon of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperaDon, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in parDcular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1 0 0 (1) GERD leads to an efficient use of Ethiopia's water resource. 83 % of Ethiopians lack access to electricity. To achieve economic development, Ethiopian Government prioriDze renewable energy producDon like hydroelectric power. This indicates an efficient use of natural resources, therefore a synergy exists. GERD is built with the (1) intenDon to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). One of MDGs goals is to eradicate poverty. (1) Chen, H., & Swain, A., 2014. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: EvaluaDng its sustainability standard and geopoliDcal significance. Energy Development FronDer, 3(1), 11. p. 12 and p. 14 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the naDonal, regional and internaDonal levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensiDve development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradicaDon acDons 0 0

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture

2,1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in parDcularthe poor and people in vulnerable situaDons, including infants, to safe, nutriDous and sufficient food all year round 1 1 1 (1) (2) ElectrificaDon can contribute to reducDon of harvesDng losses through freezing. Also, electricity can be used for irrigaDon which increases food producDon. (3) (4) The project can lead to reduced downstream water to Egypt and Sudan. This can lead to a negaDve impact on the agriculture in both countries which affects the food security. (1) DFID, 2002. Energy for the poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals. Department for InternaDonal Development (DFID) , Crown, London p. 27 (2) Anderson, D.,2004. World energy assessment: overview: 2004 update. United NaDons PublicaDons. p. 80 (3) Wheeler, K.G. et al., 2016. CooperaDve filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Water InternaDonal, 41(4), pp.611–634. s. 615, p. 630 (4) El-Nashar & Elyamany, 2017. Managing risks of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, pp.Ain Shams Engineering Journal. p. 5 2,2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutriDon, including achieving, by 2025, the internaDonally agreed targets on stunDng and wasDng in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutriDonal needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactaDng women and older persons 1 1 0 (1) (2) More food can meet the nutriDonal need. More food is available because electrificaDon can contribute to reducDon of harvesDng losses through freezing. Also, electricity can be used for irrigaDon which increases food producDon. (3) One trade-off is that the dam can affect the agriculture negaDvely because of land usage. Also, less water for irrigaDon is available since hydropower plants also need water. This affects the food producDon. (1) DFID, 2002. Energy for the poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals. Department for InternaDonal Development (DFID) , Crown, London p. 27 (2) Anderson, D.,2004. World energy assessment: overview: 2004 update. United NaDons PublicaDons. p. 80 (3) FAO, 2008. Hydropower resource assessment in Africa. Report of the ministerial conference 15 - 17 December 2008. p. 141-142 2,3 By 2030, double the agricultural producDvity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in parDcular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other producDve resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportuniDes for value addiDon and non-farm employment 1 1 1 (1) The agricultural producDvity may increase since electricity can improve food storage. In other words, reduced food losses. (1) The dam can affect the agriculture negaDvely because of land usage. Also, less water for irrigaDon is available since hydropower plants also need water. (2) (3) The project can lead to reduced downstream water to Egypt and Sudan. This can lead to a negaDve impact on the agriculture in both countries. (1) FAO, 2008. Hydropower resource assesment in Africa. Report of the ministerial conference 15 - 17 December 2008. p. 141-142 (2) Wheeler, K.G. et al., 2016. CooperaDve filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Water InternaDonal, 41(4), pp.611–634. s. 615, p. 630 (3) El-Nashar & Elyamany, 2017. Managing risks of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, pp.Ain Shams Engineering Journal. p. 5 2,4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food producDon systems and implement resilient agricultural pracDces that increase producDvity and producDon, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptaDon to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality 0 2,5 By 2020, maintain the geneDc diversity of seeds, culDvated plants and farmed and domesDcated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the naDonal, regional and internaDonal levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the uDlizaDon of geneDc resources and associated tradiDonal knowledge, as internaDonally agreed 0 1 Building the Dam can impact nearby forests. This can affect the forest’s biodiversity. Also, the Dam can have an impact on the natural habitat for at least 150 species of fish. The source doesn’t clarify if it is a posiDve or negaDve impact. We have assumed that the dam has a negaDve impact. (1) Yohannes Yihdego, Alamgir Khalil & Hilmi S. Salem. 2017. Nile River’s Basin Dispute: PerspecDves of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: B Geography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Science & Disaster Management. Volume 17, Issue 2, Version 1.0, Year 2017. p. 8 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced internaDonal cooperaDon, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural producDve capacity in developing countries, in parDcular least developed countries 0 0 0 2.b Correct and prevent trade restricDons and distorDons in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel eliminaDon of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 0 0 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper funcDoning of food commodity markets and their derivaDves and facilitate Dmely access to market informaDon, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volaDlity 0 0

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages

3,1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality raDo to less than 70 per 100,000 live births 1 0 0 (1) The maternal mortality raDo in Ethiopia is esDmated to be more than 650. Evidently this is an important issue. (2) (3) 14 % of Ethiopian health-care faciliDes had no access to electricity in 2008. Electricity access provides a wide range of services, such as be^er obstreDc emergency care, light for giving birth in the night and be^er access to clean water and hygiene. (1) Koblinsky, M., 2014. Reducing Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Through a Community CollaboraDve Approach: IntroducDon to a Special Issue on the Maternal and Newborn Health in Ethiopia Partnership (MaNHEP. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 59(s1), pp.S1–S5. p. 1 (2) World Health OrganizaDon., 2015. Access to Modern Energy Services for Health FaciliDes in Resource-Constrained Sesngs. p. 11-17 (3) Adair-Rohani, H. et al., 2013. Limited electricity access in health faciliDes of sub-Saharan Africa: a systemaDc review of data on electricity access, sources, and reliability. Global health, science and pracDce, 1(2), pp.249–61. p. 250 3,2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births 1 0 (1) (2) Cooking with tradiDonal fuels can cause pneumonia among children under 5 years. Diarrhoea caused by lack of clean water kills many children under 5 years. Electricity access can provide safer air condiDons as well as be^er access to clean water. (1) World Health OrganizaDon., 2015. Access to Modern Energy Services for Health FaciliDes in Resource-Constrained Sesngs. p. 11-17 (2) World Bank. Progress Toward Sustainable Energy 2015. Global Tracking Framework Report. InternaDonal Bank for ReconstrucDon and Development /The World Bank and the InternaDonal Energy Agency Resource. p. 260-266 3,3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria andneglected tropical diseases and combat hepaDDs, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases 1 1 Synergies as 3.2 and 6.1. Access to electricity is important for access to clean water, and water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea might thereby be prevented. (1) Due to new breeding habitats for mosquitos when a dam is made, as well as people being moved to new areas, GERD might lead to a higher risk for malaria in its proximiDes. According to (2), a buffer zone of 5 km will be prevent malaria from increasing in the area. However, there is a risk that GERD will contribute to the spreading of other parasiDc diseases. (1) Yewhalaw, D. et al., 2009. Malaria and water resource development: The case of Gilgel-Gibe hydroelectric dam in Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 8(1), p.21. p. 8

(2) Abdelhady, D. et al., 2015. The Nile and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Is There a Meeting Point between Nationalism and Hydrosolidarity? Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 155(1), pp.73–82. p. 77

3,4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevenDon and treatment and promote mental health and well-being 1 0 As 3.2. (1) Pneumonia and other non-communicable diseases caused by indoor polluDon, due to cooking with tradiDonal fuels or lighDng by kerosene lamps, might be prevented by access to electricity and accompanying modern cooking and lighDng devices.

(1) International Energy Agency. Energy and Air Pollution. World Energy Outlook Special Report (2016). p. 13-15 3,5 Strengthen the prevenDon and treatment of substance abuse, including narcoDc drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol 0 0 3,6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents 1 0 Synergy as 11.2(1)(2). Although insufficient lighDng is a minor factor when it comes to traffic accidents in Ethiopia, it is considered a contribuDng factor. 3,7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproducDve health-care services, including for family planning, informaDon and educaDon, and the integraDon of reproducDve health into naDonal strategies and programmes 1 0 As 3.1. Electricity access is important for many reproducDve health-care services. 3,8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protecDon, access to quality essenDal health-care services and access to safe, effecDve, quality and affordable essenDal medicines and vaccines for all 1 0 (1) Access to electricity is essenDal for the provision of many health-care services,e.g. refrigeraDon for vaccines and blood, the pumping of water for drinking and sanitaDon, lighDng and equipment for sterilizaDon. (1) World Health OrganizaDon., 2014. Access to Modern Energy Services for Health FaciliDes in Resource-Constrained Sesngs. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 11-17 3,9 By 2030, substanDally reduce the number of deaths and illnessesfrom hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil polluDon and contaminaDon 1 0 As 3.4.

3.a Strengthen the implementaDon of the World Health OrganizaDonFramework ConvenDon on Tobacco Control in all countries, as

appropriate 0 0 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essenDal medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha DeclaraDon on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibiliDes to protect public health, and, in parDcular, provide access to medicines for all 1 0 (1) Electricity is needed for the refrigeraDon of vaccines and medicines. (1) World Health OrganizaDon., 2015. Access to Modern Energy Services for Health FaciliDes in Resource-Constrained Sesngs. p. 11-19 3.c SubstanDally increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retenDon of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States 1 0 (1) Access to electricity generally facilitates retenDon and recruitment of health care workers. (2) In a study made in the neighbouring country Kenya, electricity was one of the factors that health care workers put forward as a requirement for good working condiDons. (1) World Health OrganizaDon., 2015. Access to Modern Energy Services for Health FaciliDes in Resource-Constrained Sesngs. p. 11-19 (2) Ojakaa, D. et al. Factors affecDng moDvaDon and retenDon of primary health care workers in three disparate regions in Kenya. Human Resources for Health Human Resources for Health 12, 33 (2014). p. 9-10 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in parDcular developingcountries, for early warning, risk reducDon and management of naDonal and global health risks 0 0

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all

4,1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable andquality primary and secondary educaDon leading to relevant and effecDve learning outcomes 1 1 (1) In 2014, 81 % of Ethiopian schools lacked access to electricity. Electricity access facilitates educaDon in many ways, for example through "lighDng and extended studying hours" and "facilitaDon of ICT". (2) A study that shows the benefits of giving students access to solar powered light in Ethiopia's neighbouring country Kenya. The results on educaDon were posiDve. From (3) it is understood that ICT is a component of "General educaDon quality" in the EducaDon Sector Development Programme V of Ethiopia. Electricity has to be provided for this to be achieved. Even though GERD is not the only soluDon, it might contribute. (4) This study, conducted in Ghana, concludes that access to electricity improved students' grades. (5) ElectrificaDon does someDmes lead to increasing distracDons for children, for instance from access to television. This can affect educaDon negaDvely, hence the trade-off. (1) UNDESA., 2014. Electricity and educaDon: The benefits, barriers, and recommendaDons for achieving the electrificaDon of primary and secondary schools. p. 5-14 (2) Hassan, F. & Lucchino, P., 2016. Powering EducaDon. p. 14-16 (3) Federal Ministry of EducaDon in Ethiopia, 2015. EducaDon Sector Development Programme V p. 23, 70-71 (4) Adamba, C., 2018. Effect of school electrificaDon on learning outcomes: a subnaDonal level analysis of students’ pass rate in English and mathemaDcs in Ghana. EducaDonal Research for Policy and PracDce, 17(1), pp.15–31. p. 29-30 (5) Sovacool, B. K. & Ryan, S., 2016. The geography of energy and educaDon: Leaders, laggards, and lessons for achieving primary and secondary school electrificaDon. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58, 107–123. p. 116 4,2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality earlychildhood development, care and pre-primary educaDon so that they are ready for primary educaDon 1 0 Synergies: As 4.1. Even though it is not explicitly stated, access to electricity might improve the quality of pre-primary educaDon in similar ways as in 4.1, since this type of educaDon is a subset of educaDon in general. (1) The access to pre-primary educDon varies greatly within Ethiopia. Children in urban areas generally have be^er chances of a^ending a three-year kindergarten educaDon. Other forms of pre-primary educaDon does not provide as good a preparaDon for primary school as this type of kindergarten does. (1) Federal Ministry of EducaDon in Ethiopia, 2015. EducaDon Sector Development Programme V. p. 14 4,3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordableand quality technical, vocaDonal and terDary educaDon, including university 1 0 As 4,1. 4,4 By 2030, substanDally increase the number of youth and adults whohave relevant skills, including technical and vocaDonal skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship 1 1 As 4,1. The idenDfied trade-off is the same as in 4.1, since distracDons from studying relates to the relevant skills outcome from educaDon. 4,5 By 2030, eliminate gender dispariDes in educaDon and ensure equal access to all levels of educaDon and vocaDonal training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabiliDes, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situaDons 1 As 4,1. (1) Women and girls are generally responsible for collecDng firewood and water, and also for doing household chores such as cooking. Access to electricity (as well as supplementary components) might decrease the Dme spent on these responsibiliDes, and therefore enhance the possibliDes of a^ending educaDon. (2) Ouen the electricity, when gained, is used for other things than for cooking devices, e.g. television, light and communicaDon. The posiDve effects on women's and girl's educaDon described above are therefore not necessarily a result following electrificaDon, although this cannot be seen as a trade-off. (1) United NaDons Commission for Trade and Development., 2011. Applying a Gender Lens to Science, Technology and InnovaDon. p. 10 (2) Sovacool, B. K. & Ryan, S., 2016. The geography of energy and educaDon: Leaders, laggards, and lessons for achieving primary and secondary school electrificaDon. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58, 107–123 p. 115 4,6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substanDal proporDon of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy 1 0 As 4.1 and 4.5. 4,7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through educaDon for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promoDon of a culture of peace and non-violence, global ciDzenship and appreciaDon of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribuDon to sustainable development 1 0 As 4.1 and 4.5. Access to electricity and thereby ICTs gives access to more informaDon, for example from the internet or from tv programmes. Therefore one might conclude that access to electricity will facilitate for the achievement of this Target. (1) Internet can inform people of their rights and lead to social movements that aims to give the people their human rights. (1) Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap., 2012. Internet. (h^p://www.sakerhetspoliDk.se/SakerhetspoliDk/media-och-paverkan/Internet/) [retreived 180418]

4.a Build and upgrade educaDon faciliDes that are child, disability andgender sensiDve and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and

effecDve learning environments for all 1 0 (1) Electricity provides light for studying that is more effecDve than other technologies, e.g. kerosene lamps. Electrified pumping water can provide be^er access to hygiene and sanitaDon, which will lead to a safer learning environment. (2) Kerosene lamps creates indoor air polluDon, which can damage the health. If electricity replaces kerosene lamps for lighDng a safer learning environment will be created. (1) Sovacool, B. K. & Ryan, S., 2016. The geography of energy and educaDon: Leaders, laggards, and lessons for achieving primary and secondary school electrificaDon. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58, 107–123. p. 111-113 (2) InternaDonal Energy Agency., 2016. Energy and Air PolluDon. World Energy Outlook Special Report. p. 13-15 4.b By 2020, substanDally expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in parDcular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher educaDon, including vocaDonal training and informaDon and communicaDons technology, technical, engineering and scienDfic programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries 0 0 4.c By 2030, substanDally increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through internaDonal cooperaDon for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States

1 0 (1) Access to electricity and ICT can enhance teacher training. (1) Sovacool, B. K. & Ryan, S., 2016. The geography of energy and educaDon: Leaders, laggards, and lessons forachieving primary and secondary school electrificaDon. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58, 107–123. p. 112

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 5,1 End all forms of discriminaDon against all women and girls everywhere 1 1 Synergies as 4.5. A trade-off exists because GERD can contribute to discriminaDon against women. (1) Large-scale projects like GERD ouen lack viewpoints from women. Therefore, it can be hard to achieve a gender-sensiDve development. GERD lacks parDcipatory processes. It is assumed that the perspecDve of women is not taken into account. (1) Abdelhady, D. et al., 2015. The Nile and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Is There a MeeDng Point between NaDonalism and Hydrosolidarity? Journal of Contemporary Water Research & EducaDon, 155(1), pp.73–82. p. 77 5,2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in thepublic and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitaDon 1 1 (1) Sufficient electricity decrease the risk of women and girls being sexually harassed and assaulted. (1)(2) Public lightning, for example, can make women and girls feel safer. Trade-off as 16,1(2). (1) UN-Habitat., 2012. Gender Issue Guide: Urban Planning and Design. Nairobi. p. 18, p. 33 (2) AcDonaid, 2014. Safe CiDes for Women - from reality to rights. p. 23 5,3 Eliminate all harmful pracDces, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital muDlaDon 0 0 5,4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domesDc work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protecDon policies and the promoDon of shared responsibility within the household and the family as naDonally appropriate 0 0 5,5 Ensure women’s full and effecDve parDcipaDon and equalopportuniDes for leadership at all levels of decision-making in poliDcal, economic and public life 0 0 5,6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproducDve health and reproducDve rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of AcDon of the InternaDonal Conference on PopulaDon and Development and the Beijing Plaxorm for AcDon and the outcome documents of their review conferences 1 0 As 3,1. 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with naDonal laws 0 0 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in parDcular informaDonand communicaDons technology, to promote the empowerment of women 0 0 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislaDon forthe promoDon of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels 0 0

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

6,1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 1 1 1 (1) (2) Generally, energy affects water since processes like distribuDon and pumping of water as well as wastewater treatment and desalinaDon are inDmately linked to energy access. This energy seems to be mostly in the form of electricity. Therefore, GERD could lead to be^er access to drinking water. (3) (4) GERD might affect the quality of drinking water in Egypt because of changes in sedimentaDon processes. How much depends on the filling rate. Note that no data regarding impact on the affordability of the drinking water was found. However, one might draw the conclusion that more or less access to water might affect the affordability posiDvely and negaDvely, respecDvely. (1) IEA. 2016. Water Energy Nexus: Excerpt from the World Energy Outlook. p. 5 (2) UNDESA. Water and Energy | InternaDonal Decade for AcDon ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015. (h^p://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_and_energy.shtml) [Retrieved 220518] (3) El-Nashar & Elyamany, 2017. Managing risks of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, pp.Ain Shams Engineering Journal. p. 4 (4) Abdelhaleem, F. S., & Helal, E. Y., 2015. Impacts of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on different water usages in upper Egypt. Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol, 8(5), 461-483. p. 469 6,2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitaDon andhygiene for all and end open defecaDon, paying special a^enDon to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situaDons 1 0 Synergies: as 6,1. (1) Access to sanitaDon and water depends on the availability of energy. (2) Access to electricity might generally make women and girls feel safer around public toilets. (3) Electrified water pumping in schools leads to be^er access to sanitaDon and hygiene, which is especially criDcal for girls to carry out their studies. (1) IEA, 2016. Water Energy Nexus: Excerpt from the World Energy Outlook. p. 7 (2) Belur, J. et al., 2016. PercepDons of gender-based violence around public toilets in Mumbai slums. InternaDonal Journal of ComparaDve and Applied Criminal JusDce, 41(1-2), pp.63–78. p. 17 (3) Sovacool, B. K. & Ryan, S., 2016. The geography of energy and educaDon: Leaders, laggards, and lessons for achieving primary and secondary school electrificaDon. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58, 107–123. p. 112-113 6,3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing polluDon, eliminaDng dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proporDon of untreated wastewater and substanDally increasing recycling and safe reuse globally 1 0 A synergy exists with the part of the target that concerns untreated wastewater. (1) Electricity can be used for wastewater treatment. (2) In Sub-Saharan Africa, less than 30 % of the wastewater is treated. Lack of electricity is one of the main barriers for wastewater treatment. (3) The Ethiopian Government states that their mission is to provide a "high-quality wastewater management system delivery", and are implemenDng an Urban Wastewater Management Strategy (UWWM). GERD might provide electricity for projects included in this strategy, since it is probable that they will need increased access to electricity for implementaDon. (1) IEA, 2016. Water Energy Nexus: Excerpt from the World Energy Outlook. p. 28 (2) Brandoni & Bošnjaković 2017. HOMER analysis of the water and renewable energy nexus for water-stressed urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Cleaner ProducDon, 155, pp.105–118. p. 117 (3) Urban Wastewater Management Strategy, Ministry of Water IrrigaDon and Electricity. p. "FORWARD", 7 6,4 By 2030, substanDally increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substanDally reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 1 1 1 (1) Since Ethiopia has large potenDal of using water for hydropower, the water-use efficiency in the energy sector could be said to increase because of GERD. (2) However, the water consumpDon – and thereby the water efficiency – in hydropower plants is site-specific. As far as we know, there might be exist a trade-off here, but no evidence is found. Trade-off as 6,1. Especially during the iniDaDng filling period of the GERD, there is a risk of water scarcity in the riparian state Egypt. (1) Melesse, A.M., 2011. Nile River Basin hydrology, climate and water use 1.. ed., Dordrecht: Springer. p. 295, 321-334 (2) IEA., 2016. Water Energy Nexus: Excerpt from the World Energy Outlook. Sci. 6, 161–171, 2016. p. 16 6,5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperaDon as appropriate 1 1 1 Regarding the second half; "through transboundary cooperaDon as appropriate", many arDcles are affirming that this very issue is very important for stability, peace and welfare in the region. The impacts on Egypt and Sudan are keenly debated, and different conclusions are drawn as to whether the effects of the dam will affect the riparian states negaDvely or posiDvely. Everybody seems to agree, however, that cooperaDon is essenDal for a posiDve outcome. If Ethiopia comes to an agreement with Egypt and Sudan, that might be seen as a synergy since GERD would affect the transboundary cooperaDon posiDvely. If GERD leads to conflict, a trade-off exists. Therefore, cooperaDon is needed. (1) Liersch, S. et al., 2017. Management Scenarios of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Their Impacts under Recent and Future Climates. Water, 9(10), p. 2 6,6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 0 1 0 (1) The reservoir for the GERD will change the ecosystem in its area to a great

extent. A risk for lost biodiversity exists. This is considered a trade-off. (1) Chen, H., & Swain, A., 2014. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: EvaluaDng its sustainability standard andgeopoliDcal significance. Energy Development FronDer, 3(1), 11. p. 14-15 6.a By 2030, expand internaDonal cooperaDon and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitaDon-related acDviDes and programmes, including water harvesDng, desalinaDon, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 0 0 0 6.b Support and strengthen the parDcipaDon of local communiDes in improving water and sanitaDon management 0 0

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

7,1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 1 1 GERD will be Africa’s largest hydropower plant. Author (1) states that hydroelectric power can be used to achieve environmental, social and economic development in a country. (2) On the contrary, a hydropower plant in Ethiopia can risk reduced generated power from the EgypDan hydropower plant due to less water availability. This is perceived as a trade-off. (1) Chen, H., & Swain, A., 2014. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: EvaluaDng its sustainability standard and geopoliDcal significance. Energy Development FronDer, 3(1), 11. p. 11 (2) Wheeler, K.G. et al., 2016. CooperaDve filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Water InternaDonal, 41(4), pp.611–634. p. 615 7,2 By 2030, increase substanDally the share of renewable energy in the

global energy mix 0 (1) Hydropower is renewable. (1) EERE., n.d. How Hydropower Works. (h^ps://energy.gov/eere/water/how-hydropower-works) [Retrieved

220518] 7,3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energyefficiency 0 7.a By 2030, enhance internaDonal cooperaDon to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 1 0 0 (1) The Italian construcDon company Salini have signed a contract to build the dam. (2) Also, Ethiopian Electric Power CorporaDon (EEPCo) and the Chinese company China Electric Power Equipment and Technology Co. (CET) have signed the contract of building “The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam-Dedesa-Holeta 500 KV Power Transmission line”. GERD involves internaDonal cooperaDon, a cooperaDon with the theme clean energy technology. A synergy exists. (1) Chen, H., & Swain, A., 2014. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: EvaluaDng its sustainability standard and geopoliDcal significance. Energy Development FronDer, 3(1), 11. p. 12 (2) Ezega, n.d. Chinese Company to Build Transmission Lines for Grand Dam. (h^ps://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails?Page=heads&NewsID=3446) [Retrieved 040418] 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in parDcular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respecDve programmes of support 1 0 GERD is an infrastructure project. By building GERD, there is a synergy with the part “expanding infrastructure” of the target. (1) Also, hydroelectric power is considered to be “renewable energy that can be used for large-scale producDon to achieve environmental, social and economic development”. This is perceived as sustainable. (1) Chen, H., & Swain, A., 2014. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: EvaluaDng its sustainability standard andgeopoliDcal significance. Energy Development FronDer, 3(1), 11. p.1

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

8,1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with naDonalcircumstances and, in parDcular, at least 7 per cent gross domesDc product growth per annum in the least developed countries 1 1 1 (1) The GDP growth rates has been exceeding 7 % the last years. A naDonal target of GDP growth is 11 %. (2) According to this arDcle, Ethiopia will have economic growth owing to GERD. Sudan will benefit economically as well. The EgypDan economy might be affected negaDvely during the impounding period, hence the trade-off and the needed cooperaDon. When GERD is operaDng, Egypt might also get benefits from the dam. This source also states that only a marginal risk that Ethiopian economy would be affected by the "dutch disease" exists. (1) Worldbank., 2018. The World Bank In Ethiopia. (h^p://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview) [Retreived 040418] (2) Kahsay et al., 2015. EsDmaDon of the transboundary economic impacts of the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Water Resources and Economics, 10, pp.14–30. p. 22-27 8,2 Achieve higher levels of economic producDvity throughdiversificaDon, technological upgrading and innovaDon, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors1 0 0 Synergy as 8,1. (1) Development of the industrial sector in Ethiopia demands access to energy. The electricity supply from GERD can enhance this development, which might lead to technological upgrading and innovaDon. (2) Lack of electricity access is generally a constraint for many kinds of businesses in sub-Saharan Africa. Hence GERD can contribute to successful businesses. (1) Kahsay et al., 2015. EsDmaDon of the transboundary economic impacts of the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Water Resources and Economics, 10, pp.14–30. p. 15 (2) CDC, 2016. Development Impact Evaluation: What are the links between power, economic growth and job creation? p. 20