RESEARCH REPORTS
FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF UMEÅ
Margareta Gisselberg
ATT STÂ VID SPISEN OCH FÖDA BARN
— Om hushållsarbete som kvinnoarbete
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF UMEÅ, UMEÅ 6, SWEDEN
- Om hushållsarbete som kvinnoarbete Margareta Gissel berg
Avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen enligt Kungl Majrts kungörelse den 23 maj 1969 (SFS 1969:327), att offentligen försvaras i Hörsal 1, Skogshögskolan i Umeå, fredagen den 24 januari 1986, kl 10.00.
Umeå universitet
Sociologiska institutionen
Umeå University S-901 87 UMEA Umeå University
S-901 87 UMEA Date of issue Author
1985-12-06 Margareta Gisselberg Title and subtitle
ATT STÅ VID SPISEN OCH FÖDA BARN. Om hushållsarbete som kvinnoarbete.
(WOMAN'S PLACE IS IN THE HOME. About housework as women's work).
This thesis examines the complex problems concerning woman's "hidden labor" in the home and woman's role as "crypto-servant". These expressions illustrate housework as a production alloted no economic value. They also illustrate woman's acceptance of the responsibility of that labor and - more or less unconsciously - a subordinate role,a social position without societal influence.
The theoretical points of departure take economical as well as social factors into consideration. The principles of Scientific (Home) Management, Home Economic theo
ries and theories of gender division of labor are presented, and various combina
tions of principles of rationality - economical/technical,social - and concepts of gender are discussed.
Housework - the daily labor with food,cleaning and wash - has changed drastically during the last hundred years. The bourgeois culture has influenced its values and modern industrial society has formed its conditions. The phases in this change are outlined and describe woman's work, from the demanding household production of the late 19:th century, to the elaborate home-making and the professional housewife of the early 20:th century, and the rational and scientific housework of the modern industrial society . The description ends with an empirical study of the conditi
ons of housework and housewifes of today.
Women as relatively economically independent individuals are a recent phenomenon.
As yet we can see no tangible changes in the gender division of labor. Women still remains with one foot in the household work and this prevents their participation on equal terms in the labor market. This is creating a conflict between the demands of production and the demands of reproduction, a conflict previously shouldered by women alone but now spreading outward, in the home and in the society, as a result of ongoing economic changes.
The analysis of values and conditions is based upon a study of relevant literature, parliament protocols,public investigations and official statistics. The conditions of housewifes of today have been studied through surveys and interviews in north
ern Swedish households from 1976 to 1981.
Key words
Reproduction, Household production, Housework conditions, Gender, Female culture.
ISSN and key title ISBN 91-7174-221-2 0566-7518
Research Reports from the Department of Sociology, Umeå University (No 87)
Language Swedish
Number of pages 286
Price 50 Skr
Distribution by (name and adress) Department of Sociology, Umeå University, S-90187 UMEA I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and Dissemi
nate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation.
Signature*^"^^^ ^-^; Date 1985-12-06
T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F S O C I O L O G Y , U N I V E R S I T Y O F U M E Â R R N O 8 7 1 9 85
A T T S T A V I D S P I S E N O C H F Ö D A B A R N O m h u s h å l l s a r b e t e s o m k v i n n o a r b e t e
A v
M a r g a r e t a G i s s e l b e r g
v
*J. 3 m SU M E Å 1 9 8 5
S o c i o l o g i s k a i n s t i t u t i o n e n U m e å u n i v e r s i t e t
1 9 8 5
I S S N 0 5 6 6 - 7 5 1 8 I S B N 9 1 - 7 1 7 4 - 2 2 1 - 2
Umaå University S-901 87 UMEA Umaå University
S-901 87 UMEA Date of issue Author
1985-12-06 Margareta Gisselberg Title and subtitle
ATT STA VID SPISEN OCH FÖDA BARN. Om hushållsarbete som kvinnoarbete.
(WOMAN'S PLACE IS IN THE HOME. About housework as women's work).
Abstract
This thesis examines the complex problems concerning woman's "hidden labor" in the home and woman's role as "crypto-servant". These expressions illustrate housework as a production alloted no economic value. They also illustrate woman's acceptance of the responsibility of that labor and - more or less unconsciously - a subordinate role,a social position without societal influence.
The theoretical points of departure take economical as well as social factors into consideration. The principles of Scientific (Home) Management, Home Economic theo
ries and theories of gender division of labor are presented, and various combina
tions of principles of rationality - economical/technical,social - and concepts of gender are discussed.
Housework - the daily labor with food,cleaning and wash - has changed drastically during the last hun dred years. The bourgeois culture has influenced its values and modern industrial society has formed its conditions. The phases in this change are outlined and describe woman's work, from the demanding household production of the late 19:th century, to the elaborate home-making and the profession al housewife of the early 20:th century, and the rational and scientific housework of the modern industrial society . The description ends with an empirical study of the conditi
ons of housework and housewifes of today.
Women as relatively economically independent individuals are a recent phenomenon.
As yet we can see no tangible changes in the gender division of labor. Women still remains with one foot in the household work and this prevents their participation on equal terms in the labor market. This is creating a conflict between the demands of production and the demands of reproduction, a conflict previously shouldered by women alone but now spreading outward, in the home and in the society, as a result of ongoing economic changes.
The analysis of values and conditions is based upon a study of relevant literature, parliament protoc ols,public investigations and official statistics. The conditions of housewifes of today have been studied through surveys and interviews in north
ern Swedish households from 1976 to 1981.
Key words
Reproduction, Household production, Housework conditions, Gender, Female culture.
ISSN and key title ISBN 91-7174-221-2 0566-7518
Research Reports from the Department of Sociology, Umeå University (No 87)
Number of pages 286
Language Swedish
Price 50 Skr
Distribution by (name and adress) Department of Sociology, Umeå University, S-90187 UMEA I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and Dissemi
nate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation.
Signature Date 1985-12-06
l j u v h e t o c h ö m h e t i r ö s t e n. . . M e n n ä r d e t a l a r o m a n n a t ä n h u s h å l l e t , d u g e r d e i n t e m y c k e t t i l l . Ä v e n o m d e h a r t i l l r ä c k l i g t m e d o r d , f i n n s d e t s a k e r o c h t i n g s o m d e i n t e f ö r s t å r s i g p å . D e m t a l a r d e o e r h ö r t d u m t , o r e d i g t o c h v i r r i g t o m . D ä r a v v i s a r d e t s i g , a t t k v i n n a n ä r s k a p a d a t t s k ö t a o m h u s h å l l e t o c h a t t m a n n e n ä r s k a p a d a t t h å l l a o r d n i n g , s t y r a, k r i g a o c h d ö m a . "
M a r t i n L u t h e r i
" B o r d s s a m t a l " o m k r i n g 1 5 3 0 .
V ä g e n t i l l e n f ä r d i g a v h a n d l i n g ä r l å n g o ch k n a g g l i g . U t a n h j ä l p k o m m e r m a n i n t e f r a m . M å n g a h a r h j ä l p t m i g , m e n a v u t r y m m e s s k ä l k a n j a g b a r a n ä m n a n å g r a h ä r , n å g r a s o m s t ö t t m i g i a v g ö r a n d e s t u n d e r . T a c k v a r e r e k t o r B i r g i t He m g å r d s v ä l v i l j a o c h u p p m u n t r a n k o m j a g ö v e r h u v u d t a g e t i g å n g m e d m i n a s t u d i e r . M i n k o l l e ga M . S c . B r i t a S t i n a N o r d e n s t e d t h a r i n s p i r e r a t g e n o m å r e n o c h g e n e r ö s t l åt i t m i g b o t a n i s e r a i h e n ne s v ä l f y l l d a b o k h y l l o r . M i n h a n d l e d a r e , t i l l i k a p r o je k t l e d a r e i f l e r a å r , F D L a rs E r i k W o l v é n , h j ä l p t e m i g i g å n g m e d m i n f o r s k ar u t b i l d n i n g o c h h a r o f ö r t r u t e t k n u f f a t m i g f r a m å t ö v e r o j ä m n h e t e r n a . M e r p a r t e n a v d e f o r s k n i n g s a n s l a g s o m f ö r s ö r j t m i g , h a r j a g a t t t a c k a K o n s u m e n t v e r k e t f ö r.
P r o f e s s o r R u n e Å b e r g s k o n s t r u k t i v a r å d h j ä l p t e m i g a t t s l u t f ö r a m i t t a r b e te o c h d o c e n t S t a f f a n M a r k l u n d ö p p n a d e m i n a ö g o n f ö r e n d e l s v a g h et e r . F D G e r d L i n d g r e n v i s a d e p å e n a n v ä n d b a r a n a l y s m o d e l l n ä r a l l t i n g l å s t s i g o c h F K A n it a G ö r a n s s o n f i c k m i g a t t g å i f ö r n y a d k a m p m e d k v i n n o f o r s k n i n ge n s t e o r e t i k e r .
I " L u n c h s e m i n a r ie t " - i n g e n n ä m n d o c h i n g e n g l ö m d - g a v s f r i k o s t i g t g o d a r å d o c h v ä rd e f u l l a i n s i k t e r f ö r u t o m k a m r a t l i g t s t ö d . F K A b b y P e t e r s on e r b j ö d s i n h j ä lp m e d ö v e r s ä t t n i n g e n , v i l k e n t a c k s a m t m o t
t o g s .
B r i t t A n d e r s s o n o c h G u n - M a r i e G a b r i e l s s o n å s t a d k o m e t t p r y d l i g t m a n u s p å a n m ä r k n i n g s v ä r t k o r t t i d , o c h E r i k A n d e r s i n o c h G ö r a n S ö d e r b e r g m å n g fa l d i g a d e d e t s y n n e r l i g e n f ö r t j ä n s t f u l l t .
T a c k , a l l a n ä m n d a o c h a l l a n i a n d r a s o m a v o ch t i l l u p p m u n t r a t m i g !
U m e å i o k t o b e r 1 9 85 M a r g a r e t a G i s s e l b e r g
I I N L E D N I N G
1 I N T R O D U K T I O N 1
1 . 1 P r o b l e m o m r å d e t 1
1 . 2 U t g å n g s p u n k t e r o c h u p p l ä g g n i n g 2
1 . 2 . 1 S y f t e 4
1 . 2 . 2 D e f i n i t i o n e r 5
2 T E O R E T I S K A U T G Å N G S P U N K T E R 9
2 . 1 R e p r o d u k t i o n e n s d u b b l a n a t ur 9 2 . 2 D e n t e k n i s k - e k o n o m i s k a r a t i o n a l i t e te n 1 4 2 . 2 . 1 H u s h å l l e t ï e k o n o m i s k t e o r i 1 5 2 . 2 . 2 B e g r ä n s n i n g a r i e k o n o m i s k t e o r i 1 8 2 . 2 . 3 R a t i o n e l l a r b e t s o r g a n i s a t i o n 2 0 2 . 2 . 4 H u s h å l l e t s o r g a n i s a t i o n s t e o r i 2 1 2 . 2 . 5 B e g r ä n s n i n g a r i h u s h å l l e t s o r g a n i s a
t i o n s t e o r i 2 2
2 . 3 A n s v a r s r a t i o n a l i t e t 2 4
2 . 3 . 1 K v i n n o p e r s p e k t i v p T a r b e t s o r g a n i s a
t i o n 2 6
3 S Y N E N P Ä D E S O C I A L A K Ö N S K A R A K T Ä R E R N A 3 2
3 . 1 I d e n t i d i g a d e b a t t en 3 2
3 . 2 N y a i d é e r 3 9
3 . 3 M o t l i k h e t o c h j ä m s t ä l l d h et 4 2 3 . 4 S ä r a r t s - o c h l i k h e t s t a n k e n i d e
p o l i t i s k a i d e o l o g i e r n a 4 5
I I H U S H Å L L S A R B E T E T I E T T T I D S P E R S P E K T I V 4 7
4 N Ä R M O R M O R V A R H U S M O R 4 9
4 . 1 D e t o m g i v a n de s a m h ä l l et 4 9
4 . 2 A r b e t e t i h u s h å l l e t o c h d e s s v i l l k or 5 1 4 . 2 . 1 D e t b o r g e r l i g a i n f l y t a n d e t 5 2
4 . 2 . 2 T j ä n a r i n n o r n a 5 4
4 . 2 . 3 U n d e r v i s n i n g e n i " h u s l i g e k o n o m i " 5 6
4 . 3 D e n n y a t i d en 5 8
4 . 3 . 1 E n n y t i d s h u s h å l l n i n g 5 8
4 . 3 . 2 - i A m e r i k a i s y n n e r h e t 5 9
4 . 4 K r i g s t i d e r o c h k r i s t i d er 6 1
4 . 4 . 1 H u s h å l l e t
I
k r i s t i d e r 6 34 . 4 . 2 F ö r e n k l i n g o c h r a t i o n a l i s e r i n g 6 4
5 N Ä R M O R V A R H U S H O R 6 9 5 . 1 D e t f r a m v ä x a n d e f o l k h e m m et 6 9
5 . 1 . 1 B o s t a d s f r å g a n 7 2
5 . 1 . 2 B o s t a d e n s o m s o c i a l r ä t t i g h e t 7 2
5 . 1 . 3 B o s t a d e n s f u n k t i o n e r 7 4
5 . 1 . 4 K o l l e k t i v h u s t a n k e n 7 6
5 . 1 . 6 H u s h å l l s t e k n o l o g i n 8 3
5 . 2 H u s m o r i f ö r v ä r v s a r b e te 8 6
5 . 2 . 1 D e l t i d s a r b e t e t 8 9
5 . 2 . 2 D e n d u b b e l a r b e t a n d e h u s m o d e r n 9 0 5 . 3 U t b i l d n i n g f ö r h u s h å l l s a r b e t e 9 2
5 . 3 . 1 U n g d o m s s k o l a n 9 2
5 . 3 . 2 D e n h ö g r e u t b i l d n i n g e n 9 5
5 . 4 H u s h å l l s a r b e t e t s r a t i o n a l i s e r i ng 9 8 5 . 4 . 1 E f f e k t i v h u s h å l l n i n g , d e n a m e r i k a n s k a
f ö r e b i l d e n 9 9
5 . 4 . 2 E f f e k t i v h u s h å l l n i n g p å s v e n s k a 1 0 2 5 . 4 . 3 D e n p r o f e s s i o n e l l a h u s m o d e r n 1 0 4
6 H U S H Å L L S A R B E T E T I M I N T I D 1 0 7
6 . 1 D e t m o d e r n a h u s h å l l e t s m i l jö 1 0 7
6 . 2 H a n d l a - b ä r a h em 1 0 8
6 . 3 K o n s u m e n t p o l i t i k e n o c h h u s h å l l e n s
a r b e t e 1 1 0
6 . 4 H u s h å l l s u n d e r v i s n i n g e n o c h s k o l r e
f o r m e r n a 1 1 2
6 . 4 . 1 H u s h å l l s a r b e t e s o m h ö g s k o l e ä m n e 1 1 4
6 . 5 T i d f ö r h u s h å l l s a r b e t e 1 1 5
6 . 6 N å g r a s a m m a n f a t t a n d e k o m m e n t a r e r 1 2 1 7 H U S H Å L L S A R B E T E T I D A G - D E N A N D R A
U P P G I F T E N 1 2 3
7 . 1 A t t " a r b e t a b o r t a" 1 2 4
7 . 1 . 1 M o t i v f ö r f ö r v ä r v s a r b e t e 1 2 5
7 . 2 A t t " v a r a h e m m a" 1 3 0
7 . 2 . 1 E r f a r e n h e t a v a t t " v a r a h e m m a " 1 3 2 7 . 3 J ä m s t ä l l d h e t e n i h u s h å l l et 1 3 8
7 . 3 . 1 J ä m s t ä l l d h e t i N o r d e n 1 4 1
7 . 3 . 2 J ä m s t ä l l d h e t i n o r r l a n d s h u s h å l l 1 4 5
7 . 4 . 1 A t t k o m b i n e r a h e m m a o c h b o r t a i
n o r r l a n d s h u s h å l l 1 5 2
7 . 4 . 2 K o n f l i k t e n f ö r v ä r v s a r b e t e - h e m a r b e t e 1 5 6 7 . 4 . 3 R a t i o n a l i s e r i n g s o m k o n f l i k t l ö s n i n g 1 6 0 I I I D I S K U S S I O N O C H S A M M A N F A T T N I N G 1 6 4
8 H E M A R B E T E T I S A M H Ä L L E T S F Ö R Ä N D R I N G S
P R O C E S S 1 6 4
8 . 1 D e n p r o f e s s i o n e l l a h e m h u s h å l l n i n g e n 1 6 5
8 . 2 M o d e r s a n s v a r e t 1 6 6
8 . 3 R e p r o d u k t i o n f ö r a r b e t s m a r k n a d e n 1 6 7 8 . 4 D e t g e m e n s a m m a a n s v a r e t 1 6 8 8 . 5 D e n f o r t l e v a n d e k o n f l i k t e n 1 6 9
9 S A M M A N F A T T N I N G 1 7 4
9 . 1 F r å g e s t ä l l n i n g a r o c h m e t o d e r 1 7 4 9 . 2 T e o r e t i s k a u t g å n g s p u n k t e r 1 7 5
9 . 3 F ö r ä n d r i n g e n 1 7 6
9 . 4 S i t u a t i o n e n i d a g 1 7 9
9 . 5 S l u t s a t s e r 1 8 1
1 0 S U M M A R Y 1 8 3
1 0 . 1 Q u e s t i o n s a n d M e t h o d s 1 8 3 1 0 . 2 T h e T h e o r e t i c a l P o i n t s o f D e p a r t u r e 1 8 4
1 0 . 3 T h e C h a n g e s 1 8 5
1 0 . 4 T h e S i t u a t i o n T o d a y 1 8 8
1 0 . 5 C o n c l u s i o n s 1 9 0
N O T F Ö R T E C K N I N G 1 9 2
L I T T E R A T U R F Ö R T E C K N I N G 2 2 6
B I L A G A A :
F O R S K N I N G O C H L I T T E R A T U R O M K V I N N O
A R B E T E O C H H U S H A L L S A R B E T E 2 5 5 B I L A G A B :
M E T O D O C H E M P I R I 2 7 0
B I L G A D :
F I G U R E R 2 8 6
I I N L E D N I N G 1 I N T R O D U K T I O N 1 . 1 P r o b l e m o m r å d e t
H u s h å l l s a r b e t e t , d e t d a g l i g a r u t i n a r b e t e t m e d m a t , t v ä t t , s t ä d n i n g o c h d i s k , ä r v ä l b e ka n t f ö r o s s . D e t ä r e n s j ä l v k l a r d e l a v v å r t i ll v a r o o c h h a r s å v a r i t s e d a n m ä n n i s k o r b ö r j a d e u t v e ck l a e n f ö r s ö r j n i n g b a s e r a d p å b o f a s t h u s h å l l n i n g .
Ä n d å t a l a r v i o m d e t s o m " d e t d o l d a a r b e t e t" o c h s e r d e t k n a p pa s t s o m e t t r i k t i g t a r b e t e . F ö r s t n ä r e n m ä n n i s k a l ä m n a r h u s h å l l e t f ö r a t t f ö r v ä r v s a r b e t a , a n s es h o n h a e t t " a r b e t e " . D e t m å v a r a e t t s l a r v i g t s ä t t a t t u t t r y c k a s ig , m e n d e t ä r j u b l a i d a g l i g t t a l s o m v å r a f a s t r o t ad e n o r m e r o c h a t t i t y d e r g e r s i g t i l l k ä n n a .
A r b e t e o c h p r o d u k t i o n i n o m h u s h å l l e t h a r a l l t i d v a r i t e n n ö d v ä n d i g d e l a v f ö r s ö r j n i n g e n . M e d i n d u s t r i s a m h ä l l e t s f r a m v ä x t a v t o g d o c k b e t y d e l s e n a v h u s h å l l e t s p r o d u k t i o n . B i t e f t e r b i t ö v e r t o gs a v i n d u s t r i n - t e x t i l i e r , m a t, t v ä t t m e d e l e t c - o c h f r a m s t ä l l d e s s å r a t i o n e l l t a t t d e n f a b r i k s t i l l v e r - k a d e v ar a n s n a r t a n s å g s ö v e r l ä g s e n d e n h e m t i l l v e r - k a d e i k v a l i te t o c h / e l l e r k o s t n a d . H u s h å l l s a r b e t e t k o m d ä r m e d at t b e t r a k t a s s o m o l ö n s a m t o c h k v i n n a n s a r b e t s k r a f t k o m a t t u t n y t t j a s m e r a e f f e k t iv t i d e n o f f e n t l i g a p r o d u k t i o n e n ä n i h e m m e t .
I t a k t m e d h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t s m i n s k a d e b e t y d e l s e , h a r o c k s å k v i n na n s t r a d i t i o n e l l a h u s m o r s r o l l m i n s k a t i b e t y d e l s e . M a n h a r f ö r s ö k t ö v e r t y g a k v i n n o r n a o m d e r a s s t o r a b e t y d e l s e f ö r h e m o c h b a rn , m e n f ö r ä n d r i n g a r n a i s a m h ä l l e t h a r m o t a r b e t at a l l t f a g e r t t a l . M ö j l i g h e t e r n a t i l l e g e n f ö r s ö r j n i n g o ch s j ä l v s t ä n d i g h e t , h j ä l p m e d b a r n t i l l s y n , e g n a s o c i a l a k o n t a k t e r m m h a r u n d e r g r ä v t k v i n n o r n a s h u s m o r s a n s v a r - m e n e n d a s t t i l l e n d e l . G e n o m a t t a x l a d u b b e l r o l l e n f ö r v ä r v s a r b e t a n d e / h e m a r b e t a n d e h a r d e f o r t f a r a n d e h u v u d a n s v a r e t f ö r h u s h å l l et .
H u s h å l l s a r b e t e t h a r u n d e r s e n a r e å r , t i l l f ö l j d a v k v i n n o f o r s k n i n g e n s f o k u s e r i n g p å k v i n n o r s v i l l k o r o c h p å d e k r a f t e r s o m s t y r d e ss a , å t e r v ä c k t
i n t r e s s e . D e t " t r i v i a l a " h u s h å l l sa r b e t e t h a r v i s a t s i g i n n e h å ll a e n r a d p r o b l e m , v ä l v ä r d a a t t
u t f o r s k a : t i d s a n v ä n d n i n g e n , a r b e t s f ö r d el n i n g e n , h u s h å l l s t e k n o l o g i n e t c . V i b ö r j a r i n s e a t t
h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t ä r e n d e l a v v å r t k u l t u r e l l a a r v o c h e n a r b e t s u p p g i f t s o m a n d r a . V i b ö r j a r o c k s å i n s e a t t a n a l y s e r a v a r b e t e o c h p ro d u k t i o n s o m i n t e b e a k t a r h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t ä r o f u l l s t ä n d i g a .
D e t f i n n s n ä m l i g e n k v a r , a r b e t e t i h e m o c h h u s h å l l , t r o t s i n d u s t r i a l i s e r i n g , r a t i o n a l i s e r i ng o c h t e k n i s k u t v e c k l i n g . Ä n n u 1 9 8 3 ä g n a d e g e n o m s n i t t s s v e ns k e n c : a 2 1/ 2 t i m m e p e r d a g å t m a t e r i e l l p r o d u k t i o n s a m t t j ä n s t e r i h e m m e t , b a r n o m s o r g e n o r ä k n a d . D e t ä r o c k s å f o r t f a r a n d e , a l l a j ä m s t ä l l d h e t s s t r ä v a n de n t i l l t r o t s , k v i n n o r n a s o m h a r m e r p a r t e n a v d e t d a g l i g a h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t : i g e n o m s n i t t c :a 3 t i m m a r m o t m ä n n e n s c : a 1 t i m m e , a l l t e n l i g t K o n s u m e n t v er k e t s t i d s s t u d i e r .
V a d s o m h ä n t m e d d e t t a a r b e t e o c h m e d a r b e t s d e l n i n g e n m e l l a n k ö n e n u n d e r d e n i n d u s t r ie l l a o m v ä l v n i n g e n a v v å r t s a m h ä l l e , ä r i k o r t h e t p r o b l e m o m r å d e t f ö r d e n n a a v h a n d l i n g .
1 . 2 U t g å n g s p u n k t e r o c h u p p l ä g g n i n g
F o r s k n i n g e n o m h u s h ål l s a r b e t e t h a r v a r i t s t a r k t i n r i k t a d p å k v a n t i t a t i v a s t u d i e r a v a r b e t s m i l j ö , t i d s å t g å n g o c h a r b e t s f ö r d e l n i n g . K r a v p å r a t i o n a l i t e t o c h l ö n s a m h e t i h u s h å l le t , s a m t p å j ä m s t ä l l d h e t m e l l a n k ö n e n , h a r v a r i t p å d r i v a n d e a r g u me n t . F o r s k n i n g e n h a r f r a m s p r u n g i t u r e k o n o m i s k a k r i s e r e l l e r p å t a g l i g a m i s s f ö r h å l l a n d e n . M e r p a r t e n a v d e n n a f o r s k n i n g h a r i d a g f r ä m s t h i s t o r i s k t v ä r d e , o c h u p p f ö l j a n d e s t u d i e r ä r f å t a l i g a .
Ä v e n a n a l y s e r a v h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t s s o c i a l a o c h e k o n o m i s k a b e t y d e l s e i S v e r i g e ä r f å . B r is t e n p å i n h e m s k g r u n d f o r s k n i n g g ö r j ä m f ö r e l s e r h a l t a n d e o c h s l u t s a t s e r o s ä k r a ; e n d a s t m e d h j ä l p a v u t l ä n d s k
f o r s k n i n g k a n v i h å l l a v i ss a s a m b a n d f ö r s a n n o l i k a . D e s s a f ö r h å l l a n d e n h a r h a f t a v g ö r a n d e b e t y d e l s e f ö r d e n s l u t l i ga u t f o r m n i n g e n a v a v h a n d l i n g e n . B e h o v e t a v o r i e n t e r i n g p å e t t o m f a t t a n d e o c h i v å r t l a n d t ä m l i g e n o k ä n t f o r sk n i n g s f ä l t , l e d d e t i l l ö v e r s i k t e r n a ö v e r l i t t e r a t u r o c h r e le v a n t t e o r i b i l d n i n g p å o m r å d e t . I n n a n j a g v a r b e r e d d a t t a n a l y s e ra m i n a e g n a d a t a , k ä n d e s d e n n a k a r t l ä g g n i n g n ö d v ä n d i g . D e n u r s pr u n g l i g a u t g å n g s p u n k t e n f ö r m i t t a r b e t e , v a r a n t a g a n d e t a t t e n i t e k n i s k m e ni n g r a t i o n e l l h u s h å l l n i n g m e d f ö r ö k a d v ä l f ä r d i s å v ä l m a t e r i e l l t s o m i c k e m a t e r i e l l t a v s e e n d e . D e n a n s l ö t v ä l t i l l d e t " h u s h å l l s e k o n o m i s k a s y n s ä tt " s o m ä r d e n a k t u e l l a k o n s u m e n t p o l i ti k e n s i d e o l o g i s k a g r u n dv a l , p r ä g l a t a v e n t e k n i s k o c h e k o n o m i s k r at i o n a l i t e t . E t t v ä l f u n g e r a n d e s a m s p e l m e l l a n s t at , n ä r i n g s l i v o c h h u s h å l l , a n s e s h a b e t y d e l s e f ö r i n d i v i d e n s p s y k i s k a , f y s i s k a o c h s o c i a l a v ä l b e f i n n a n d e . D ä r a v f ö l j e r a n t a g a n d e t a t t h u s h å l l s o m i nt e f u n g e r a r i d e t t a s a m s p e l - s o m i n t e u t n y t t j a r s i n a r e s u r s e r ä n da m å l s e n l i g t - i n t e h e l l e r k a n a n se s h a h ö g v ä l f ä r d . U t t r y c k e t " r e s u r s s v a g " a n v än d e s f ö r a t t b e t e c k n a d e s s a h u s h å l l , o c h s a m h ä l l e t h a r p å t a g i t s i g e t t a n s v a r f ö r a t t s t ö d j a d e m o c h s t är k a d e r as s t ä l l n i n g p å m a r k n a d e n . 1 )
R e d a n i b ö r j a n a v m i n a f ä l t s t u d i e r s t o d d e t k l a r t , a t t e n l i g t d e s sa k r i t e r i e r p å " r a t i o n e l l h u s h å l l n i n g " , k u n d e e n d a s t e t t f å t a l hu s h å l l a n s e s h a
" h ö g v ä l f ä r d " . U t i f r å n d e l v i s n y a i n f a l l s v i n k l a r s t u d e r a d e j a g s e n a r e ä v e n p å v e r k a n a v f y s i s k bo e n d e m i l j ö , a r b e t s s i t u a t i o n o c h s o c i a l a n ä t v e r k . P e r s p e k t i v e t v i d g a d e s o c h s o c i a l a f a k t o r e r k o m e f t e r h a n d a t t b e t y d a m e r ä n d e ur s p r u n g l i g a h u s h å l l s e k o n o m i s k a .
F ö r s t i e t t s e n ar e s k e d e b l e v k v i n n o p e r s p e k t i v e t m e d v e t e t . D e t t a l e d d e t i l l o m v ä r d e r in g a v e n d e l ä l d r e r e s u l t a t o c h t i l l n ya f r å g e s t ä l l n i n g a r . A r b e t s d e l n i n g e n m e l l a n m ä n o c h k v i n n o r b l e v e t t c e n t r a l t p r o b l e m , o c h s ö k a n d e t e f t e r s v a r l e d d e l ä n g r e o c h l ä n g re t i l l b a k a i t i d e n . G å r d a g e n s v i l l k o r o c h i d é e r b l e v e n n ö d v ä n d i g b a k g r u n d t i l l d a g e n s .
D e n u rs p r u n g l i g a h u s h å l l s a n s a t s e n h a r , t i l l f ö l j d a v f ö r s k j u t n i n g a r i s y n s ä t t , f ö r v i s s a f r å g o r ä n d r a t s t i l l e n i n d i v i d a n s a t s. A t t s t ä n d i g t b e t r a k t a
" h u s h å l l e t1 1 s o m e n s o c i a l o c h e k o n o m i s k e n he t h i n d r a r a n a l y s e n a v i n d i v i d e r s s a m s p e l o c h s k if t a n d e b e h o v . E t t h u s h å l l s e k o n o m i s k t s y n s ä t t ä r o ck s å b e g r ä n s a n d e g e n o m s i n f o k u s e r i n g p å h u s h å l l e t s g e m e n s a m m a e k o n om i . A n a l y s e n h a r d ä r f ö r v i d g a t s t i l l a t t o m f a t t a ä v e n s o c i a l på v e r k a n p å s å v ä l d e t e n s k i l d a h u s h å l l e t , s o m p å v i l l k o r e n f ö r a r b e t s d e l n i n g o c h p r o d u k t i o n i s t o r t .
K u n s k a p o m h u s h å l l s a r b e t e o c h h u s m o rs r o l l e n h a r i n h ä m t a t s p å t v å s ä t t : g e n o m l i t t e r a t u r s t u d i er s a m t g e n o m e n k ä t e r o c h i n t e r v j u e r . F ö r b a k g r u n d s b e s k r i v n i n g e n h a r u p p g i f t e r h ä m t a t s i o f f e n t l i g s t a t i s t i k o c h i u t r e d n i n ga r , i r i k s d a g s t r y c k o c h i f o r s k n i n g s r a p p o r t e r . F a c k l i t t e r a t u r e n h a r k l a r g jo r t s a m m a n h a n g e n o c h s k ö n l i t t e r a t u r e n h a r l e v a n d e g jo r t d e m . S a m t i d a s k r i f t l i g t m a t e r i a l - s o m t i d n i n g a r , t i d s k r i f t e r , k o k b ö c k e r o c h h u s h å l l s b ö c k e r - h a r g i v i t e n b i l d a v " v e r k l i g h e t e n " i g å n g n a t i d er . H u r m y c k e t a v d e t t a s o m h a d e e n b r e d a r e f ö r a n k r i n g ä r s v å r t a t t u t l ä s a . K o n k r e t a å t g ä r d er , s o m t e x p o l i t i s k a b e s l u t , s a m t s t a t i s t i k ö v e r l e v n a d s f ö r h å l l a n d e n , g e r d o c k e n b i l d a v f ö r ä n d r i n g s p r o c e s s e n . K u n s k a p o m d a g e ns f ö r h å l l a n d e h a r o c k s å e r h å l l i t s g e n o m s t u d i e r a v a k t u e l l s t a t i s t i k , g e n o m e n k ä t e r t i l l h u s h å l l p å o l i k a o r t e r i N o r r l a n d , s a m t g e n o m i n t e r v j u e r m e d h u s m ö d r a r i v i s s a a v d e s s a h u s h å l l . ( F ö r u t f ö r l i g a r e m e t o dd i s k u s s i o n , s e b i l a g a B ;
M e t o d o c h e m p i r i . ) 1 . 2 . 1 S y f t e
A v h a n d l i n g e n s y f t a r i k o r t h e t t i l l a t t s ö ka f ö r k l a r a h u s h å l l s a r b et e t s f o r m , i n n e h å l l o c h o m f a t t n i n g i d e t s v e n s k a s a m h ä l l e t, m o t b a k g r u n d a v d e e k o n o m i s k a , t e k n o l o gi s k a o c h s o c i a l a f ö r ä n d r i n g a r n a u n d e r 1 9 0 0 - t a l e t s i n d u s t r i a l i s e r i n g . A r b e t e t h a r i n r i k t a t s m e r a p å b r e d d ä n p å d j u p, i d e n m e n i n g e n a t t
d e t b e h a n d l a r e t t p r o b l e m o m r å d e s n a r a r e ä n e t t s p e c i f i k t , a v g r ä n s a t p r o b l e m . D e t t a h a r i nn e b u r i t : - a t t v i a e n g r a n s k n i n g a v t e o r i b i l d ni n g e n p å o m r å d e t , s a m m a n s t ä ll a e n t e o r e t i s k r a m o c h s ö ka u t g å n g s p u n k t e r f ö r f ö r k l a r i n g a v d e a k t u e l l a p r o b l e m e n ,
- a t t g e n o m s t u d i er a v t i d i g a r e f o r s k n i n g , a v l i t t e r a t u r o c h a v p u b l i c e r a t k ä l l m a t e r i a l , b e s k r i v a f ö r ä n d r i n g a r i h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t o c h h u s m o r s r o l l e n i i n d u s t r i s a m h ä l l e t ,
- a t t g e n o m e m pi r i s k a s t u d i e r , p å o l i ka s ä t t b e s k r i v a h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t o c h h u s m o r s r o l l e n i d a g , s a m t
- a t t g e n o m j ä m f ö r e l se r a v n u v a r a n d e o c h t i d i g a r e f ö r h å l l a n d e n s ö k a f a k t o r e r a v b e t y d e l s e f ö r f ö r ä n d r i n g a v h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t s v i l l k o r .
1 . 2 . 2 D e f i n i t i o n e r
M e d e n g e n e r e l l d e f i n i t i o n k a n h e m a r b e t e s ä g a s v a r a a k t i v i t e t e r , i r e g e l o b e t a l d a , s o m s y f t a r t i l l a t t t r y g g a h u s h å l l e t s k o n s u m t i o n o c h d ä r m e d f y s i s k a ö v e r l e v n a d . A k t i v i t e t e r n a u t f ö r e s v a n l ig e n a v h u s h å l l e t s m e d l e mm a r , m e n s k u l l e - o m m a r k n a d e r o c h e k o n o m i s k a t i l l g å n g a r t i l l å t e r - ku n n a u t f ö r a s a v a n d r a u t a n f ö r h u s h å l l s g r u p p e n .
D e n p r e c i s e r i n g s o m l i g g e r i o r d e n " k u nn a u t f ö r a s a v a n d r a u t a n f ö r h u s h å l l s g r u p p e n " - ä r v ä s e n t l i g . A k t i v i t e t e r s o m b a r a t i l l f r e d s s t ä l l e r e g n a b e h o v , e l l e r s o m m å s t e u t f ö r a s a v e n s p e c i e l l p e rs o n , ä r i s t ä l l e t a t t b e t r a k t a s o m k o n s u m t i o n, h o b b y v e r k s a m h e t e l l e r o m v å r d n a d . T r e d j e - p er s o n - k r i t e r i e t a v g r ä n s a r h e m a r b e t e t f r å n d e s s a a k t i v i t e t e r o c h b e t o n a r d e s s e k o n o m i s k a f u n k t i o n . 2)
I e k o n o m i s k t e o r i a n v ä n d e s b e n ä m n i n g e n p r o d u k t i o n i r e g e l e n d a s t på d e a k t i v i t e t e r s o m r e s u l t e r a r i v a r o r o c h t j ä n s t e r p å m a r k n a d e n . A k t i v i t e t e r i n o m s a m h ä l l e t s i n s t i t u t i o n e r o c h f ö r v a l t n i n g a r h a r o c k
s å k o m m i t a t t b e t r a k t a s s o m p r o d u k t i o n o c h b i d r a g t i l l b r u t t o n a t i o n a l p r o d u k t e n , B N P . P r o d u k t i o n ä r i d e s s a f a l l a t t d e f i n i e r a s o m a r b et e s o m u t f ö r e s m o t l ö n o c h s o m r e s u l t e r a r i p r i ss a t t a n y t t i g h e t e r . B e g r e p p e t p r o d u k t i o n k a n d o c k v i d g a s t i l l a t t o m f a t t a ä v e n h e m a r b e t e t . D e t a v s e r d å a l l a d e a k t i v i t e t e r s o m s y f t a r t i l l a t t t i l l f r e d ss t ä l l a m a t e r i e l l a b e h o v . H e m m et s p r o d u k t i o n ä r i n r i k t a d p å d i r e k t b e h o v s t i l l f r e d s s t ä l l e l s e , o c h u t g ö r s i s t a s t e g e t i d e n t o t a l a p r o d u k t i o n s p r o c e s s e n . D e t t a v id a r e b e g r e p p s a m m a n h ä n g e r m e d s y n e n p å p r od u k t i o n s o m ä n d a m å l s e n l i g f ö r m ä n n i s k a n i s t ä l l e t f ö r m o t s a t s e n : m ä n n i s k a n s o m ä n d a m å l s e n l i g f ö r p r o d u k t i o n e n . H e m - p r o d u k t i o n a n v ä n d e s s y n o n y m t m e d h e m a r b e t e .
F ö r a t t s ä r s k i l ja d e t d a g l i g e n å t e r k o m m a n d e a r b e t e t m e d k o s t h å l l o c h u n d e r h å l l ( t v ä t t , s t ä d n i n g , d i s k ) f r å n a n n a t h e m a r b e t e ( r e p a r a t i o n e r , t r ä d g å r d s a r b e t e , b i l v å r d e tc ) b e t e c k n a s h ä r d e t f ö r s t n ä m n d a s o m h u s h å l l s a r b e t e , e l l e r h u s h å l l s p r o d u k t i o n . D e f i n i - t i o n e n p å h e m a r b e t e g ä l l e r f ö r ö v r i g t o ck s å f ö r h u s h å l l s a r b e t e , o c h s a m b a n d e n i l l u s t r e r a s i f i g u r 1 n e d a n .
Hemarbete/
hemproduktion
Hushållsarbete/
hushålIsproduktion
Socialisation
Omvårdnad Reproduktion i hemmet
Figur 1. Materiell och social reproduktion i hemmet.
D e t i m a r x i s t i s k t e o r i a n v ä n d a b e g r e p p e t r e p r o d u k t i o n , ä r s a m m a n s a t t a v d e l s d e t f y s i s k a , d e l s d e t s o c i a l a å t e r s k a p a n d e t a v a r b e t s k r a f t e n . H u s h å l l e t s r o l l f ö r i n d i v i d e n s s o c i a l i s a t i o n o c h b e v a r a n d e t a v p r o d u k t i o n s s ä t t e t s n o r m e r s e s s o m v än s e n t l i g , v i l -
k e t s k i l j e r de n m a r x i s t i s k a s y n e n p å a r b e t s k r a f t en s r e p r o d u k t i o n f r å n d e n m e r a b eg r ä n s a d e l i b e r a l a e k o n o m i s k a t e o r i n s . I ö v r i g t r å d e r e n ig h e t o m a t t d e t e n d a p r o d u k t i v a b i d r a g e t f r å n h u sh å l l e t , ä r d e n a r b e t s k r a f t d e t f ö r s e r s a m h ä l l e t m e d . D å r ep r o d u k t i o n s b e g r e p p e t a n v ä n d e s h ä r, m a r k e r a r d e t h u s h å l l e t s h e l a a n s v a r so m r å d e , a l l t s å ä v e n o m v å r d n a d e n . ( S e f i g u r 1 . )
A r b e t e t m e d u p p f o s t r a n , u p p r ä t t h å l l a n d e a v r e l a t i o n e r s a m t v å r d e n a v b a r n , g a m l a o c h s j u k a , ä r a v t r a d i t i o n h u s h å l l e t s u p p g i f t . D e t t a r b å d e t i d o c h k r a f t e r i a n s p r å k , m e n k a n i n t e r ä k n a s s o m h u s h å l l s a r b e t e . S o c i a l i s a t i o n r e s p e k t i v e o m v å r d n a d ä r m e r a d e k v a t a b e n ä m n i n g a r .
I d a g , n ä r v i k a n k o n s t a t e r a a t t a nt a l e t e n - p e r s o n - h u s h å l l ä r s t o r t o c h v ä x a nd e , m å s t e d e s s a u p p g i f t e r u n d e r o r d n a s i e n d e f i n i t i o n a v h u s h å l l . D å s o c i a l i s a t i o n o c h o m v å r d n a d ä r d e t p r i m ä r a p r o b l e m e t , b ö r i s t ä l l e t f a m i l j e n v a r a b e t e c k n i n g e n p å f o r s k n i n g s o m r å d e t . V a d s o m s k i l j e r "f a m i l j1 1 f r å n " h u s h å l l " , ä r f r a m f ö r a l l t d e t i n t i m a p e r s o n l i g a u m g ä n g e t o c h k ä n s l a n a v a t t h ö r a s a m m a n i e n f a m i lj . 3 ) A n s v a r e t f ö r m i n d e r å r i g a k a n o c k s å v a r a d e n d e f i n i t i o n s m ä s - s i g a s k i l j e l i nj e n m e l l a n " f a m i l j " o c h " h u s h å l l" , v i l k e t m e d f ö r a t t v u x n a s o m d e l a r b o s t a d ä r a t t b e t r a k t a s o m " h u s h å l l " .4 )
H ä r a v s e s m e d " h u s h å l l ", e k o n o m i s k t b e t i n g a d e s o c i a l a e n he t e r , b e s t å e n d e a v e n e l l e r f l e r a i n d i v i d e r , v a rs ( g e m e n s a m m a ) a k t i v i t e t e r i n o m r a m e n f ö r h u s h å l l s b i l d n i n g e n , s y f t a r t i l l a t t b e v a r a d e s s e x i s t e n s . D å m i n d e r å r i g a b a r n i n g år , a n v ä n d e s b e n ä m n i n g a r n a " b a r n h u s h å l l " e l l e r " f a m i l j e hu s h å l l " . K o n s u m t i o n b r u k a r v a n l i g e n b e t e c k n a k ö p o c h f ö r b r u k n i n g a v v a r o r o c h t j ä n s t e r . K o n s u m t i o n s t e o r i e r b e h a n d l a r k o n s u m t i o n s m ö n s t e r o c h k o n s u m e n t t e o r i e r k ö p b e t e e n d e , e n k e l t u t t r y c k t . F ö r b r u k n i n ge n - d e n f o r t s a t t a a n v ä n d n i n g e n t i l l s l u t l i g k o n s u mt i o n - a v d e i n k ö p t a n y t t i g h e t e r n a f ö r b ig å s i t e o r i e r n a , m e n ä r u r h u s h å l l e t s s y n v i n k e l a t t s e s o m p r o d u k t i v t a r b e t e . D e t i n n e f a t t a r v i d a r e f ö r äd l i n g s a m t u t n y t t
j a n d e a v k a p i t a l i p r o d u k t i v t s yf t e , m e d a n d e n s l u t l i g a k o n s u m t i o n e n k a n d e f i n i e r a s s o m i n d i v i d u e l l t i l l f r e d s s t ä l l e l s e a v p e r s o n l i g a b e h o v . A t t k ö p a r å v a r o r , m a s k i n e r o c h r e d s k a p , a t t l a g a m at , t v ä t t a o c h s t ä d a ä r p r o d u k t i v a a k t i vi t e t e r . A t t ä t a , a n v ä n d a k l ä d e r , m ö b l e r e tc , ä r k o n s u m t i o n s a k t i v i t e t e r . 5 )
S l u t l i g e n s t ä l le s i b l a n d h u s h å l l e t i r e l a t i o n t i l l s a m h ä l l e o c h m a r k n a d e r . M a r k n a d e r , p r o d u k t i o n s s y s t e m o c h a d m i n i s t r a t i v a s y s t e m b e t e c k n a d d å d e t o f f e n t l i g a , i m o t s a t s t i l l h u s h å l l e t , d e t p r i v a t a .
" P r i v a t " s t å r a l l t s å i n t e h ä r f ö r d e t e n s k i l d a ä g a n d e t a v p r o d u k t i o n s m e d e l . B e t e c k n i n g a r s o m
" y t t r e / u t a n f ö r " r e s p e k t i v e " i n r e / i n n a n f ö r" , a n v ä n d e s s o m p o s i t i o n s b e s t ä m n i n g a r d ä r u n d a n t a g s l ö s t h u s h å l l e t ä r " d e t i n r e " .
2 . T E O R E T I S K A U T G Å N G S P U N K T E R 2 . 1 R e p r o d u k t i o n e n s d u b b l a n a t u r
I a v h a n d l i n g e n s u n d e r t i t e l " O m h u s h å l l s a r b e t e s o m k v i n n o a r b e t e " , i m p l i c e r a s d e t v å u t g å n g s p u n k t e r n a f ö r e n t e o r e t i s k r a m : a r b e t e t i s i g o c h a r b et e t s o m k v i n n o a r b e t e . I t e o r e t i s k a d i s k u s s i o n e r o m h u s
h å l l s a r b e t e , ä r d e n n a d u b b l a u t g å n g s p u n k t o u n d v i k l i g , H u s h å l le t s r e p r o d u k t i v a u p p g i f t h a r d e l s e n m a t e r i e l l s i d a , o b e r o e n d e a v k ö n e t h o s d e n s o m u t f ö r a r b e t e t , d e l s e n b i o l o g i s k s i d a . U t i f rå n s i n h i s t o r i s k - m a t e r i a l i s t i s k a s a m h ä l l s s y n fo r m u l e r a d e F r i e d r i c h E n g e l s d e n n a t u d e l n i n g i e t t o f t a a n v ä n t c i t a t :
E n l i g t d e n m a t e r i a l i s t i s k a u p p f a t t n i n g e n ä r d e t i s i s t a h a n d b e s t ä m m a n d e m o m e n t e t i h i s t o r i e n : p r o d u k t i o n e n o c h r e p r o d u k t i o n en a v d e t o m e d e l b a r a l i v e t . M e n d e n n a e x i s te n s ä r a v d u b b e l n a t u r . Å e n a s i d a n f r a m b r i n g a n d e t a v e x i s t e n s m e d l e n , a v n ä r i n g s m e d e l , k l ä d e r , b o s t a d o c h d e d ä r t i l l e r f o r d e r l i g a v er k t y g e n . Å a n d r a s i d a n f r a m b r i n g a n d e t a v s j ä l va m ä n n i s k o r n a , s l ä k t e t s f o r t p l a n t n i n g . D e s a m h ä l l e l i g a i n s t i t u t i o n e r n a u n d e r v i l k a m ä n n i s k o r i e n b e s t ä m d h i s t o r i s k e p o k o c h i e t t b e s t ä m t l a n d l e v e r , b e t i n g a s a v b å d a s l a g e n a v p r o d u k t i o n : å e n a s i d a n a r b e t e t s , å a n d r a s i d a n f a m i l j e n s u t v e c k l i n g s st a d i u m . 1 )
R e p r o d u k t i o n e n s " d u b b l a n a t u r " s k u l l e a l d r i g b l i v i t e t t p r o b l e m o m f r a m b r i n g a n d e t a v e x i s t e n s m e d l e n t i l l a l l a d e l a r v a r i t e n g e m e n s a m a n g e l äg e n h e t f ö r m ä n o c h k v i n n o r . P r o b l e m e t s a m m a n h ä n g e r m e d a t t d e b i o l o g i s k a f u n k t i o n e r n a v ä x t e u t t i l l a t t b l i ä v e n s o c i a l a f u n k t i o n e r . K v i n n a n s b a r n a f ö d a n d e k o p p l a d e s s a m m a n m e d v å r d o c h f o s t r a n , s a m t m e d a n s v a r e t f ö r f ö r ä d l i n g e n a v e x i s t e n s m e d l e n i n o m f a m i l j e n . M a n n e n s a r b e t e k o m a t t ä g n a s f r ä m s t r å v a r u p r o d u k t i on e n s a m t v a r u p r o d u k t i o n e n f ö r m a r k n a d e n . 2 )
D e t k a p i t a li s t i s k a p r o d u k t i o n s s ä t t e t s f r a m v ä x t o c h d o m i n a n s h a r a c c e n t u e r a t d e n n a a r b e t s d e l n i n g . S ä r s k i l j a n d e t a v s a m h ä l l e l i g p r o d u k t i o n o c h e k o n o m i f r å n h u s h å l l e t s , a v o f f e n t l i g t f r å n p r i v a t , h a r i n n e b u r i t e n u t v e c k l i n g a v d e t f ö r r a p å b e k o s t n a d a v d e t s e n a r e . Ä v e n h u s h å l l e t s f ö r ä d l i n g a v r å v a r a n , h a r s t e g f ö r s t e g ö v e r g å t t t i l l v a r u p r o d u k t i o n f ö r m a r k n a d e n . F ö r v a r j e s t e g h a r h u s m o r s e k o n o m i s k a b e t y d e l s e m i n s k a t - o c h m e d d e n h e n ne s s o c i a l a
e g e n v ä r d e . E n a v E n g e l s e f t e r f ö l j a r e , A u g u s t B e b e l , h a r e n k o n c i s f o r m u l e r i n g a v d e t t a d i l e m m a :
D e t k v i n n l i g a k ö n e t l i d e r i d u bb e l t h ä n s e e n d e , d e l s u n d e r d e t s o c i a l a b e r o e n d e t a v m ä n n e n - . . . d e l s i f ö l j d a v d e t e k o n o m i s k a b e r o en d e t , i v i l k e t k v i n n o r n a i a l l m ä n h e t o c h p r o l e t ä r k v i n n o r n a i s y n n e r h e t, l i k s o m d e m a n l i g a p r o l e t ä r e r n a b e f i n n a s i g .3 )
I B e b e l s p å p e k a n d e l i g g e r t v å p r o b l e m s t ä l l n i n g a r i n b ä d d a d e . F ö r d e t f ö r st a , v a r f ö r " f r a m b r i n g a n d e t a v e x i s t e n s m e d l e n1 1 k o m a t t f å o l i k a s o c i al f o r m ; k v i n n a n s / h u s m o d e r n s a r b e t e f ö r b l e v p r i v a t o c h o a v l ö n a t m e d a n m a n n e n s b l e v o f f e n t l i g t o c h a v l ö n a t . F ö r d e t a n d r a , v a r f ö r e n d a s t m ä n n e n i a r b e t a r k l a s s e n h a m n a d e i e k o n o m i s k t b e r o e n d e , m e d a n k v i n n o r i a l l m ä n h e t - a l l t s å ä v e n b o r g e r s k a p e t s k v i n n o r - g j o r d e d e t . E n g e l s h ä v d a d e a t t k v i n n a n i d e t f ö r k a p i t a l i s t i s k a s a m h ä l l e t d e l t o g i e n o f f e n t li g v e r k s a m h e t ; a l la a r b e t s u p p g i f t e r v a r g e m e n s a m m a a n g e l ä g e n h e t e r l i k s o m f ö r d e l n i n g e n a v a v k a s t n i n g e n . M e d u p p k o m s t e n a v p r i v a t e g e n d o m f ö l j d e i n t r e s s e t a t t l ä m n a d e n n a e g e n d o m i a rv , e t t i n t r e s s e s o m i s i n t u r s k a p a d e b e h o v e t a v l e g i t i m a v k o m m a o c h ä k t e n s k a p . D e t m o n o g a m a p a r f ö r h å l l a n d e t g j o r d e h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t t i l l e n p r i v a t a n g e l ä ge n h e t . E n g e l s h ä v d a d e f ö r t r y c k e t s s a m b a n d m e d s a m h ä l l e ts ä g a r s t r u k t u r , m e n o c k s å k v i n n o f ö r t r y c k e t s s a m b a n d m e d f a m i l j e l i v e t s p r i v a t i s e r i n g ; k l a s s f ö r t r y c k p a r a l l e l l t m e d p a t r i a r k a l t f ö r t r y c k .
M e d d e n p a t r i a r k a l a f a m i l j e n o c h ä n n u m e r m e d d e n m o n o g a m a p a r f a m i l j e n , f ö r ä n d r a d e s d e t t a ( - h u s h å l l s a r b e t e t s o m o f f e n t l i g v e r k s a m h e t) .
H u s h å l l s g ö r o m å l e n f ö r l o r a d e s i n o f f e n t l i g a k a r a k t ä r . D e a n g i c k i nt e l ä n g r e s a m h ä l l e t. D e b l e v e n p r i v a t t j ä n s t , k v i n n a n b l e v d e n f ö r s t a a v t j ä n a r n a , u t t r ä n g d u r d e l t a g a n d e t i d e n s a m h ä l l e l i g a p r o d u k t i o n e n .
M a n n e n m å s t e i d a g i d e t s t o r a f l e r t a l e t f a l l , f ö d a o c h l i v n ä r a f a m i l j e n , å t m i n s to n e i d e b e s i t t a n d e k l a s s e r n a - o c h d e t g e r h o n o m e n m a k t s t ä l l n i n g s o m i n t e b e h ö v e r n å g ra e x t r a j u r i d i s k a p r i v i l e g i e r . I n o m fa m i l j e n ä r h a n b o r g a r e n , k v i n n a n r e p r e s e n t e r a r p ro l e t ä r e n . 4 ) K v i n n a n s d u b b l a u n d e r o r d n i n g - d el s u n d e r k a p i t a l e t , d e ls u n d e r m a n n e n - k a n a l l t s å m e d e t t h i s - t o r i s k t - m a t e r i a l i s t i s k t s y n s ä t t u p p h ö r a e n d a s t u n d e r f ö r u t s ä t t n i n g a t t h e n n e s a r b e t e å t e r b l i r o f f e n t l i g t o c h a t t h o n s o m l ö n ea r b e t a r e b l i r e k o n o m i s k t o b e r o e n d e . S a m b a n d e t m e ll a n l ö n e a r b e t e o c h k o n t r o l l ö v e r de n e g n a s i t u a t i o n e n ä r o d i s k u t a b e l t ; e n d a s t n ä r f ö r s ö r j n i n g g e n o m e g e t a r b e t e ä r e t t m ö j l i g t a l t e r n a t i v , k a n e n m ä n n i s k a f ri t t v ä l j a i n r i k t n i n g i t i l l v a r o n. M e n d e t t a ä r e n d a s t d e n e k o n o m i s k a s i d a n a v s a k e n . D e n bi o l o g i s k a r e p r o d u k t i o n e n , b a r n a f ö d a nd e t , k o m p l i c e r a r b i l d e n . T i l l s k i l l n a d f r å n m a n n e n s h a r k v i n n a n s s o c i al r o l l b å d e e n e k o n o m i s k s i d a o c h e n b i o l og i s k . H o n m å s t e h a k o n t r o l l ö v e r s å v ä l s i n f ö r s ö r j n i n g s om s i n f o r t p l a n t n i n g s f u n k t i o n f ö r a t t h a e t t f r it t v a l . D e t t a p å p e k a d e e n a v M a r x ' o c h E n g e l s s a m t i d a , l i b e r a l e n J o h n S t u a r t M i l l , m e d f ö l j a n d e p r o v o k a t i v a f o r m u l e r i n g :
J a g v i l l e g e r n a h ö r a n å g o n ö p pe t u t t a l a d e n l ä r a n ( h o n l i g g e r r e d a n p å b o t t e n a v m y c k e t s o m s k r i f ve s i ä m n e t ) : " d e t ä r n ö d v ä n d i g t f ö r s a m h ä l l e t a t t q v i n n o rn a g i f t a s i g o c h f ö d a b a r n . D e s k o l a i c k e g ö r a d e t o m m an i c k e
t v i n g a r d e m d e r t i l l . A l l t s å ä r d e t n ö d v ä n d i g t a t t t v i n g a d e m . 5 )
P å o l i k a s ä t t h a r o c k så u t ö v a t s t v å n g i d e t ta a v s e e n d e , t e x g e n o m o m y n d i g f ö r k l a r i n g e n a v k v i n n an o c h g e n o m f ö r b u d m o t p r e v e n t i v t e k n i k o c h a b o r t e r .
E n t e o r e t i s k d i s k u s s i o n o m a r b e t e t i h u s h å l l e t m å s t e a l l t s å b el y s a d e s s m a t e r i e l l a v i l l k o r o c h p å v e r k a n a v t e k n i s k - e k o n o m i s k a f a k t o r e r . D e n m å st e o c k s å b e l y s a d e s s s o c i a l a f u n k t i o n e r : h u s h å l l e t s / fa m i l j e l i v e t s f ö r ä n d r i n g o c h h u sm o d e r n s / k v i n n a n s s i t u a t i o n i d e n s o c i a l a g r u p p h u s h å l l e t u t g ör .
S ä r s k i l j a n d e t a v d e n m a t e r i e l l a p r o d u k t i o n e n , i o f f e n t l i g p r o d u k t i o n r e s p e k t i v e h e m p r o d u k t i o n , h a r i n n e b u r i t a t t o l i k a m å ts ä t t n i n g a r k u n n a t u t v e c k l a s o c h e x i s t e r a p a r a l l e l l t . F ö r d e n o f f e n t l i g a p r o d u k t i o n e n h a r m å l e t v a r i t e k o n o m i s k t i l l v ä x t o c h v i n s t , m e d a n h e m p r o d u k t i o n e n s m å l s ä t t n i n g v a r i t e n k o m b i n a t i o n a v f ö r s ö r j n i n g , v ä l s t å n d o c h b e v a r a n d e a v v ä l f u n g e r a n d e s o c i a l a r e l a t i o n e r .
P r o b l e m u p p s t å r i h u s h å l l e t n ä r de b å d a m å l s ä t t n i n g a r n a s a m t i d i g t s k a l l u p p f y ll a s , v i l k e t b l i r f a l l e t d å t e x h u s m o r g å r u t p å a r b e t s m a r k n a d e n . I d e n a v v ä g n i n g s o m m å s t e g ö r as , h a m n a r h o n i k o n f l i k t e n m e l l a n a r b e t s m a r k na d e n s k r a v p å r a t i o n e l l e f f e k t i v i t e t o c h h u s h å l l e t s / f a m i l j e n s k r a v p å s a m o r d n i n g o c h o m v å r d n a d . T i l l d e t ta k o m m e r t i l l f r e d s s t ä l l a n d e t a v h e n n e s e g n a b e h o v o c h ö n s k n i n g a r, v i l k a y t t e r l i g a r e k a n f ö r v ä r r a k o n f li k t e n . 6 ) P r o d u k t i o n s s ä t t e n s s k i l d a m å l s ä t t n i n g a r , s t ä l l d a m o t d e n s o c i a l a s i t u a t i o n k v i n n a n u n d e r o li k a t i d e r b e f u n n i t s i g i , g e r e n b e l y s n i n g a v d e n na k o n f l i k t . N ä r j a g f o r t s ä t t n i n g s v i s d i s k u t e r a r b eg r e p p o c h t e o r i e r m e d a n k n y t n i n g t i l l h u s h å l l s a r b e t e o c h h u s m o r s r o l l , u t g å r j a g f r å n e n f y r f ä l t s m o d e l l d ä r u t g å n g s p u n k t e r o c h s a m b a n d s o r t e ra s u p p .
D e n i m o d e l l e n b e n ä m n d a 1 1 t e k n i s k - e k o n o m i s k a r a t i o n a l i t e t e n ? ) ä r p r i n c i p e n b a k o m a r b e t s o r g a n i s a t i o n e n i d e n o f f e n t l i ga p r o d u k t i o n e n , m e d a n b e n ä m n i n g e n
" a n s v a r s r a t i o n a l i t e t " 8 ) s t å r f ö r h e m p r o d u k t i o n e n s o r g a n i s a t i o n s p r i n c i p . D e d i s k u t e r a d e b e n ä m n i n g a r n a
" s ä r a r t1 1 r e s p e k t i v e " l i k h e t " b e t e c k n a r s y n en p å d e s o c i a l a k ö n s k a r a k t ä r e r n a .
PRINCIPER FÖR ARBETETS ORGANISATION:
SYNEN PA DE SOCIALA KÖNS
KARAKTÄRERNA
Teknisk-ekonomisk
rationalitet Ansvars
rationalitet
Särart Könssegregerad arbets
delning, där det manliga arbetet upp- värderas. Industriella org.pri nei per även i hushål let.
Könssegregerad arbets
delning, där manliga och kvinnliga egenskaper har lika värde - på olika områden. Olika org.- principer för hushållets och samhällets produktion.
Likhet Könsintegrerad arbets
delning i samhällets produktion. Denna pro
duktion uppvärderad i förhållande till hushållets.
Könsintegrering inom såväl samhällelig som privat pro
duktion som hushållets.
Förvärvsarbete och hem
arbete anpassas till vartannat.
Figur 2. De sociala könskaraktärerna och principerna för arbets
organisation.
I e t t f ö r s t a s t e g b e h a n d l a s p r i n ci p e r n a f ö r a r b e t e t s o r g a n i s a t i o n s a m t d e n g e n o m t id e r n a v ä x l a n d e s y n e n p å d e s o c i al a k ö n s k a r a k t ä r e r n a . D ä r e f t e r d i s k u t e r a s u t f a l l e n i f y r f ä l t s t a b e l l e n ; e f f e k t e r n a p å a r b e t s d e l n i n g e n o c h h u s h å l l sp r o d u k t i o n e n s r e l a t i o n t i l l s a m h ä l l e t s p r o d u k t i o n .
M e n f ö r s t n å g o t o m b e g r e p p e t " r a t i o n al i t e t " .
" R a t i o n a l i t e t " h a r s i t t u r s p r u n g i l a t i n et s " r a t i o "
s o m b e t e c k n a r b l a f ö r n u f t o c h b e r ä k n i n g . I b e t y d e l s e n " b e r ä k n i n g " l ä g g e r v i i n k a l k y l er a n d e t o c h d e n p l a n e r a d e , m å l i n r i k t a d e a k t i v i t e t e n . M e d " f ö r n u f t " a v s e s m e d v e t e t o c h s y s t e m a t i s k t h a n d l a n d e , e n s t r ä v a n e f t e r o r d n i n g - r a ng o r d n a , o r d n a i f ö l j d, d e l a i n i f u n k t i o n er , s t r u k t u r e r a o c h s y s t e m a t i s e r a .
V a n l i g e n u p p f a t t a r v i r a t i o n e l l t h a n d l a n d e s o m i n r i k t a t p å i n å g o n m e n i n g e k o n o m i s k e f f e k t i v i t e t . H a n d l i n g a r n a p r ä g l a s a v m å l m e d v e t e t u t n y t t j a n d e a v b e g r ä n s a d e r e s u r s e r i s y f t e a t t f å vi n s t , i f o r m a v p r o d u k t e r , t i d , p e n g a r e t c . B e s l u t o c h h a n d l i n g ar ä r i n s t r u m e n t e l l a o c h p å v e r k a s i n t e a v s o c i a l a h ä n s y n . E t t s y s t e m a t i s k t t än k a n d e p å v e r k a r d e t p r a k
t i s k a h a n d l a n d e t s å v ä l p å i n d i v i d n i vå s o m i n o m t e x i n s t i t u t i o n e r o c h f ö r e t a g . 9 )
I d e n n a m e n i n g r a t i o n e l l a h a n d l i n g s m ö n st e r ä r b e r o e n d e a v a t t d e n s o c i a l a s t r u k t u re n b y g g e r p å s a m m a r a t i o n a l i t e t s i d e a l . B e t e e n d e n m å st e v a r a f ö r u t s e b a r a f ö r a t t k u n na p l a n e r a s o c h o r g a n i s e ra s , o c h m ä n n i s k a n m å s t e d ä r f ö r f r ä m s t f o s t r a s a t t a g e r a p å e t t b e s t ä m t s ä t t i e n g i v e n s i t u a t i on ; p a s s a t i d e r , l y d a o r d e r e t c.
R a t i o n a l i t e t s o m b e g r e p p i n n e f a t t a r s k i l d a h a n d l i n g s m ö n s t e r s o m d o c k h a r d e t g e m e n s a m t a t t d e ä r m å l i n r i k t a d e o c h m e d v e t e t r e s u r s u t n y t t ja n d e . R a t i o n a l i t e t e n k a n s ä g as v a r a e t t m e d e l f ö r a t t n å s k i l d a m å l s ä t t n i n g a r , o c h d e s s a i s i n t u r ä r b e r o e n d e a v o m t e x e k o n o m i s k a e l l e r s o c i a l a v ä r d e r i n g a r s t y r . V a d s o m i s i s t a h a n d a v g ö r o m e t t h a n d l a n d e ä r m e n i n g s f u l l t e l l e r e j , ä r " d e n a l l m ä n n a m e n i n g e n1 1, d e n f ö r h ä r s k a n d e i d e o l o g i n, o c h d e t s o m d ä r f ö r i f ö r s t a h a n d m å s t e i d e n t i f i e r a s , ä r d e n n a a l l m ä n n a m e n i n g . 1 0 )
2 . 2 D e n t e k n i s k - e k o n o m i s k a r a t i o na l i t e t e n P r o d u k t i o n e n ä r b e r o e n d e a v e n s t a b i l s a m h ä l l s o r d n i n g , d ä r r e g e l b u n d e n h e t , d i s c i pl i n , e r k ä n n a n d e a v a u k t o r i t e t o c h a v g r u p p e n s g e m e n s a m m a m å l , ä r v i k t i g a r ä t t e s n ö r e n . I d e n s t r u k t u r f u n k t i o n a l is t i s k a b e g r e p p s v ä r l d e n d e f i n i e r a s " s o c i a l mo r a l " s o m a n p a s s n i n g t i l l o m g i v n i n g e n , i n r i k t n i n g på g e m e n s a m m a m å l , b e v a r a n d e a v s o c i a l a m ö n s t e r o c h i n t e gr a t i o n a v i n d i v i d e n i d e s s s o c i a l a s a m m an h a n g . 1 1 ) D e t i n g å r i h u s h å ll e t s f o s t r a n d e u p p g i f t e r a t t d e n n a s o c i a l a m o r a l u p p r ä t t h å l l e s o c h a t t i n d i v i d e r n a l ä r s i g s i n a s o c i a la r o l l e r . S a m h ä l l e t s ö v e r g r i p a n d e e k o n o m i s k - p o l i t i s k a s y s t e m s ä t t e r u p p r a m a r n a , o c h k y r k a , s k o l a o c h l i k n a n d e i n s t i t u t i o n e r h a r t i l l u p p g i f t a t t i n t e g r e r a , a t t f u n g e r a s o m f ö r b i n d e l s e m e l l a n d e ö v e r g r i p a n d e s y s t e m e n o c h h u s hå l l s s y s t e m e t . N ä r a l l a v e t s i n p l a t s o c h h a n d l a r s om f ö r v ä n t a t i s i n r o l l, n ä r a l l a r o l l e r k o m p l e t t e r a r v a r a n n o c h n ä r a l l a s y s t e m s a m v e r k a r u t a n s t ö r n i n g a r - d å b e f i n n e r s i g s a m h ä l l e t i b a l a ns . D e n p e r f e k t a j ä m
v i k t e n i n t r ä f f a r i n t e i p r a kt i k e n , m e n d e t ä r d e t e f t e r s t r ä v a d e m å l e t . " N ä r v a r o c h e n s i n s y s s l a s k ö t e r , d å g å r d e t v ä l , e v a d o s s m ö t e r " h a r m å n g a g e n e r a t i o n e r k a t e k e s l ä s a r e n ö t t i n ! 12 )
E t t g e m e n s a m t v ä r d e s y s t e m s e s s o m e t t v i l l k o r f ö r s t a b i l i t e t e n i s a m h ä l l e t . D e t i n d u s t r i a l i s er a d e s a m h ä l l e t s d o m i n e r a n d e g e m e n s a m m a v ä r d e s y s t e m k a n s ä g a s v a r a d e n t e k n i s k - e k o n o m i s k a r a t i o n a l i t et e n . M e d s t ö d i d e n u p p r ä t t h å l l e r v i e n h i e r a r k i s k
s t r u k t u r , d ä r d e s o c i a l a s y s t e m e n o c h p o s i t i o n er n a v ä r d e r a s e f t e r e k o n o m i s k n y t t a , d ä r e n d a s t l ö n e a r b e t e b e t r a k t a s s o m " a r b e t e " o c h d ä r r e p r od u k t i o n e n a v a r b e t s k r a f t s e s s o m h u s h ål l e t s v i k t i g a s t e f u n k t i o n .
D e n i n d u st r i e l l a p r o d u k t i o n s p r o c e s s e n k r ä v er s y s t e m a t i s k p l a n e r i n g i n t i l l v a r j e e n s k i l t a r b e t s m o m e n t . E k o n o m i s k a t e o r i e r o c h o r g a n i s a t io n s t e o r i e r h a r u t v e c k l a t f ö r k l a r i n g s m o d e l l e r o c h m e t o d e r f ö r m a r k n a d s p r o d u k t i o n e n . I d e t f ö l j a n d e d i s k u t e r a s n å g r a u t g å n g s p u n k t e r i d e s s a t e o r i er , s a m t a n v ä n d n i n g e n a v d e m i t e o r i e r o c h m e t o d e r f ö r h u s h å l l e t s p r o d u k t i o n .
2.2.1 Hus hål let i ekono mi sk t e o r i
I d e n e k o n o m i s k a t e o r i n ä r e n " r a t i o n el l m ä n n i s k a "
s y n o n y m m e d e n " e k o n o m i s k m ä n n i s k a " . H o n f ö r u t s ä t - t e s s ö k a d e n m a x i m a l a e k o n o m is k a n y t t a n i b e s l u t o c h h a n d l i n g , o c h a n s e s k a p a b e l a t t i n t e e n d a s t h a f u l l s t ä n d i g k o n t r o l l ö v e r a l l a a l t e r n a t i v o c h u t f a l l , u t a n o c k s å k u n n a r a n g o r d n a d e m e ft e r n å g o n s l a g s n y t t a. D e n n a m o d e l l f ö r m ä n s k l i g t h a n d l a n d e h a r l ä n g r e k r i t i s e r a t s f ö r a t t v a r a a l l t f ö r b e g r ä n s a d , o c h i s t ä l l et h a r e n " a d m i n i s t r a t i v m ä n n i s k a "
f ö r t s f r a m s o m f ö r k l a ri n g s m o d e l l . 1 3 ) E n s å d a n m ä n n i s k a n ä r m e r a s t y r d a v s i n s o c i al a o m g i v n i n g . H o n u t g å r f r å n d e t s u b j e k t i v t ö v e r b l i c kb a r a o c h v ä l j e r - u t i f rå n s i n a g r u n d k r a v - d e t a l t e r n a t i v s o m l i g g e r n ä r m a s t ö v er , e l l e r m o t s v a r a r , d e s s a k r a v .
V i d s i d a n a v d e s s a m o d e l l e r , h a r d e n " h e m e k o n o m i s k a m ä n n i s k a n " u t v e c k l a t s . 1 4 ) F ö r d e n m ä n n i s k a n ä r t i -
