On Risks in Power System Restoration
125
0
0
Full text
(2) . .
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) !!.
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13) . ! " # ! $% &'. $ (% "$ ) ( "% %( "* ( ) +# $ "$ , "$ %- " . "$ , )- ( ) $ / % %* ( ( (%0 $ 1 " % #%%2 $ $ 2 +# $ "$ 3, "$ 2 $%1 . 4 ( $ (" ,%2 . !$ 5 ) " "" ) 5 .
(14) " 0 $# " % "" ! ) 6 1 7 " 0 $#" ) "2 0# 8 ! # ! ) # %6 " ! ( 0 ! . % " 661 & 0 $# " # (2 " 0"#! "" " 68 "!"% " " " 6"" 0 % % 9 ":# "1 "#( 8 "2 " "" ! 0 8 " ""#" 8 % # (# " 6 ""2 ( 8 ) ( %1 ; 6 # 6 0% " % ( 0 $#6 68 1 $#6 68 " / %6 (( 8 6 # 0 $ " "#0" (# " 6 ""1 0 $# " 6 (2 0 " % ) 0 ( " ( ( " 0 6 ( % # !1 % # 6 # 0 $ " 8 #" / # %" "#% "1 2 " " 9 "#0" " " " " 6"" 0 0 $# ) ( " 6 0%1 38) 2 " 8 ! " "$ # 2 ":# # 8 " 0 % ") 1 2 " " 0# ( "% "" "!"% " " " 6"" 0 ( " % % ) 0 "!"%1 " " " 6 " " 6 66 ( 8 " 6 0%1 < ) 2 6 0% (# " " ( ( 6 % 1 ( ( 6 % 66 " "6 ! / (( 68 # " " 8 " = 6 ( (6 (" %" ! ( () "2 "# " ( "2 " ( 6#%6"1 ; "$ (# " 6 "" " # /6( >7?5 #"" ) ( " % 8 "#" 6 % ( % " ( "# 1 6 % ( % " ( "# 8 #" / (( # % ( ( ! " 1 " " " 6 " " %( % % 9 " % " 8 ( ( " (1 .
(15)
(16)
(17) 8#( $ $ 7 ,( %% " %! 8 $ ( ) % 66 # ! 8 " " "1 < ) 2 8#( $ $ ) "$ + - @ )+A = "#66 6 B1 8#( " $ $ 0 2 7 " + " ,% ( C 4- "#66 1 4 !2 8#( $ $ %! 8 ?' "#( " ?8 !"%2 + 31. ).
(18)
(19) . 1 1 1 1 1 1
(20) 1. (# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " 6 "" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = ;0B )" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ?#0 "( 6 6 " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ) " 8 $ 08 # " 1 > 0# " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.
(21). $#6 ?8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #%% ! 0 $#6 68 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >%%# (6 ( " (# " . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. .
(22) . 1 1 1 1 1 1
(23) 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. . . . 1 ? 6 " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .
(24) . 1 !"% " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " "% "" "!"% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " % "$ "!"% "6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 ' % # γj "!"% Gj 11 >%6# %6/ ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) . 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1. .
(25) .
(26) ) . 1 < % 9 "$ "!"% "6 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 D 6 ( % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 0 ) ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 < %6( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 """ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 (#( (% % / 1 1 11
(27) %6 66 / % @><A %( 11 >< %( E8 "% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #% / %6 ( "!"% 1 1 1 1 1. .
(28) . 1 1 1 1 1 1
(29) 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 7 ( " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? 0% 4 %# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " % % <( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " "6 " 6 0% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >( 7 ( ? $ #6 <( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '# ( % #( ( ( 6 $ 1 1 1 1 1 7 ( ) ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 % ( "# 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 /6( " " % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 /6( " 68 #6 1 1 1 1 1 1 /6( " " % # 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) # %(" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' " 0# " % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) # %6 ( " β 1 1 1 ) # " ( 6 $#6 1 1 1 1 1 1 #% / %6 " % ) ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 ( 6 $ #6 8 "!"% 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.
(30) !.
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34) . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(35). ! " # $ %. . & . .
(36) 1 > #" " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(37) 1 4## & $ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . ' # ( .
(38) . . . . " 0 $#2 % B ( "# 0 (2 " % "" ! ) 6 1 7 " 0 $#" ) "2 0# 8 ! # ! ) # %6 " ! ( 0 ! . % " 661 ) ! # ( %( " ! " "" ! 8 " #! 6 ) (# 0 $#1 & 0 $# " # (2 " 0"#! "" " 68 "!"% " " " 6"" 0 % % 9 ":# "1 "#( 8 "2 " "" ! 0 8 " ""#" 8 % # (# " 6 ""2 ( 8 ) ( %1 "#(! % B ( "# 0 " 68 (2 6 ( 0! % 0 ! ># @>A ) ! 6 (2 "#%% 9" "% 6 0%" ) # ( (# " F G1 ""2 ) 68 # 0 2 # ( / ( "#" ( ) ) 2 8 6 (1 ""2 ( ( # 0 ( # ( :# ! ( "(( 8 6 (1 ""2 (:# ( ( ( 2 $ 0 $" 6 0 !2 6 0%" 8 "8 6 "2 ) ("2 ( ( 8 6 (1
(39) ""2 % ( (:# "2 %%# 6 0%"2 6 0% 8 "#6 ) " ! ( ( :# " @ >'A "!"% 6 0 "2 %6# ) ( 2 6 0% 8 ( "6 ! 6 0 " ( "!"% " #" ( % 8 .
(40) .
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
(42)
(43)
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
(46) .
(47) . " % "2 #" "% "" "2 % ) " " % ! # F G1 % # %6 " " % :# ! " "!"% " :# !2 #( 0 %6 =( ( #" %6 # ( 6 " F G 8 # #( ( ( " ( 0 " ( ! " 6 0%"1.
(48) / "# )! " =( " 0 6 " ( F G ( F G1 " 6 (# 8 68 "!"% # " " "#%% 9( F G2 F
(49) G2 F G ( F G1 ( 8 %6/ !2 ( # ":# " " 6 ""2 " " %% ! ( ) (( % B "6" F G2 " 4 1 1 1 Load restoration is only a means to an end. Step 1,preparation actions are time critical. Load restoration Is the objective. Step 2, system restoration. Step 3, load restoration. 1-2 h 3-4 h 8-10 h. 4 # 1 % ) ) 8 " 6 "" F G ; %% " ! 0 $ # " 6 # 0 $ " 8 8 $1 " " ! " ( 6 " ! F
(50) G1 () 8 " ! " " #" # 0 $ " ( 6 ! 8 $ " 8 (= ( 0 $#1 38) 2 # 0 $ " (" 0 % ( 8 " 8 $1 & " " "2 "6 0 $ " = " " ( (( ( (( $ 68 0 $ " "1 6 " # " ( "% "" " ) "!"%1 '# "6 " 68 "!"%2 6 (" "!"% ! ) ! ( . ( % ":# 8 "% "" " "#( 0 9( F G ( ( (1 " #(.
(51)
(52)
(53) . . ) ( ) 68 0 2 % " " "% "" "2 "#" ( ) ) 2 "8 "# "2 # " 0 6 % "/ 2 % " (!" ( " " 0 ! (# " 1 6 %" % % 9 # " )( #"% ("1 "% 8 6 "" 6 (" " 6 " ( 4 1 11 Preparation actions. T1. Time for step 1. T2. Time for step 2. T3. Time for step 3. A: Energize new substation or mesh system?. B: Connect inductive load. E: Mesh transmission system. No. C: Energize substation. D: Match generation and consumption. F: Target system reached?. Yes. G: Restore load. 4 # 1 % ) ) 8 " 6 "" % ( ( (" 6 0/" 6 ) (( 081 " " " " 0 $ " ( "!"% " "6 $" 6 1 0B ) " " "% "" "!"%.
(54)
(55).
(56) 0! 9 "#0" " "% "" )1 & 0# ( "!"%2 ; " 6 0% 8 ( 8 %" "!"% ( 8 8 "#0" " 91 <" "!"% " %6 " 8 " 0 ! "% "" "!"% ( (# %6( 08 "#0" "1 ) ( ) ) ) ( "% "" "2 (# ) ( "#0" " ( 0 6 # 0 $ " "% "" 1 " 8 !2 ) ) "#0" " ) ((1 ) ( #( " 0 (1 #2 "% "" " 2 " # 68 ( 8 0 81 2 ) 68 " ( % 0 ) ( 6 " (1 ) ( 6 % # " " # (# ) ( " (1 4 # ( 9 ) " (# " 2 " F G1. 4 # 1 π :# ) 8 (# ) (1 > & 9 8 "#0" ; " 6 # 0 $ " 0 (" "% "" 1 ( 8 # 0 $ " 6 ( (6 (" 6 (= ( 6 1 0 0 6 # 0 $ "#0" 8 " 0 9(2 0 $#6 68 " (( "#0" 1 " 0 $#6 68 ) 02 # 0 $ " ) 0 6 ( % # !1 % # 6 " 0) #"! % % "#% % 1 2 " " # 8 ( 6 ( 68 # ( " 0 ) ((1 > " ( 4 1 1 ( ""#% "#0" " 9(1 ( 9 "#0" 2 0 "#0" ( ( 0 $#6 68 1 ;6 # 0 $ " ( ' (6 (" 0 $#6 68 1.
(57)
(58)
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
(60) .
(61) Substation transmission level. 400 kV. Substation distribution level. 130 kV. Backup power transmission level. Lower voltages. Backup power distribution level. 4 # 1 #0" "% "" ( ( " 0# )1 0 1 #6 " " "( # " FG 1.
(62) 1 2 3 4 5. . D " > D " > # .
(63) 2. . 3. I
(64) I. 4. 1 1
(65) . 5. 1
(66)
(67). . " 9 # <&1 < %#% ( " 0 6 <&1 < %#% % :# ( . (# / %6 # 0 % " "" ) 0 % " # "1 % :# ( % . "! 9 " # "1 % :# ( % . "! 9 ( " # "1 <" "!"% " %6 " 8 " 1 1 0 !2 "% "" 6 ! ( " # 68 1 6 0% " ( ( 8 ( 8 %" "!"%1 '# ! " " " 2 8 " # ( " #6 6 " ( ! ((2 ) ( :# ! " ) 8 % #" #% ( "(( ( #% 6 "!"%"1 " %6 ) "% %" "!"%1.
(68)
(69)
(70) . . 4 & "!"% " ( ( "#0" " "% "" ) 9(2 ( " 6 "" 0%" %6 1 D " 6 "2 0#$ ( " ( ( % 6 %(1 3 2 " (" ( ( " " " 6"" 0 (# " % " 68 # 1 6 0% " # ( " ( 8 ( 8 ( ( "#( 0 ( ( " % % " ( " " ( 6 0%" "# " ) 0 6 !2 ) " ( "% " " 0 !2 "% "" % "2 ( ( 6 % 2 #"% # "" ( " % ) ( 1 "2 = %" "% "" " % ( 1 " " " "" ( 8 "$ "1 / %6" "$ " "" ( 8 " 6 " ( 01 11.
(71) .
(72) 0 1 / %6" "$ ) " ( 8 ! % # . B/C. B. C. D. G. G. > 6 # 0 $ ". . % # 6 " (( ( " 8 0 % % "#% 1 6 " " " ! ( " 0 $ 0/ 1 ( " " ) ( 6 ( ( 6 "!"% " (1 " 8 ( 6 ( # % ( 0 " % 0 ( " (1 6 " " " ! ( " 0 $ 0/ 1 ;) ) " " " % % ( 0 0# ( ( " ( "# #( 0 ( % (1 " % ( / # % "#0" 1 (:# ( ( >#( 6 "!"%" ( ( " (2 "% "" " ( 1 ( "1 (:# ( ( >#( 6 "!"%" ( ( " (2 "% "" " ( ( "1 >( ( >#( #" " % # ( ) (1.
(73)
(74)
(75) . . " 68 # 0 "#%% 9( " CB = CE + CCR =. T 0. P (t)C(t)dt + CCR =. @ 1 A. = C1 + C2 + C3 + CCR. 8 CB " " 68 # 2 CE " " % " ! " )(2 CCR " " " 2 T " " %2 P (t) " 68 " )(2 C(t) " " % " 68 " )( ( C1 2 C2 ( C3 " % "" ( ) (( % 6 (" (= (1 "$" ))( " 2 "% % 6 " ( 01 12 " 8 ! " "$ # ":# " 8 " 0 % ") 1 3 2 " ( . 08 8 " " 6 (" ( /6( " # (# " " 6 " ( 4 1 1
(76) 1. Cost. Expected cost for black out Expected outage cost Expected failure cost. Restoration speed. 4 # 1
(77) % 6 # ) " "6( ( 0 $ # "1 6 0% " ()6 " %(" 8 %" = ( % %#% /6( " # 1 " min (CB ). @ 1A.
(78) .
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
(80)
(81)
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
(83) .
(84) . . ! . 41 (" ,% ( 71 ,( B ! ( 8 # 8 $1 41 (" ,% ( # 8 $ ( 8 " # ( "#6 ) " 71 ,( 1 41 (" ,% ( 8 # 2 ( # 8 $ ( 8 " # ( "#6 ) " 71 ,( 1 41 (" ,% ( 8 # 2 ( # 8 $ ( 8 " # ( "#6 ) " 71 ,( 1 L 41 (" ,% ( 8 # 2 ( # 8 $ ( 8 " # ( "#6 ) " 71 ,( 1 L 41 (" ,% ( C1 " ( B ! ( 8 # 2 ( # 8 $ ( 8 " # ( "#6 ) " ?1 3 0 ( 71 ,( 1 L 41 (" ,%2 C1 " ( ( +1 ) B ! ( 8 # ( # 8 $ ( 8 " # ( "#6 ) " 71 ,( ( ?1 3 0 1.
(85)
(86)
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
(88)
(89).
(90) . $ # " " " ( ) (( % B " "2 ()( Q12 Q2 ( Q31 > 6 2 ( " 8 Q1 ( )" (# D <2 ? 2 >' ( +7 "!"%" ( 6 " " ) 0 0 $#6 68 1 " 6 " "8" (6 ( ! "!"% (# " " 6 ""1 %( 6 6"( ) # " ":# " 6 " ( 66 ( / 1 ( 6 " " 6 ""2 6 )" (# "6 " 6 ""1 " 6 " 0 "( /6 " 0 $ " " 6 %( 8( ;0 1 > 6 2 ( " 8 Q21 " 6 2 %( 8 " "% "" "!"% " ( "$ # "% "" (# "6 " 6 6"(1 " 6 " "8" 8 6 0% 0 %# ( ( " %6 "1 > 6 " ()( Q31 " " 8 "8 8 " ( ( 6 % ! 0 " ( # ( ( . %0 %6 # " " ( "$ " % # ( #"% # "1.
(91) .
(92)
(93)
(94)
(95)
(96)
(97)
(98)
(99)
(100) !
(101)
(102)
(103) !
(104) ! "
(105) !#
(106)
(107) !
(108) !
(109)
(110)
(111)
(112)
(113) "
(114)
(115)
(116) !
(117) ".
(118) . % ! . '# 68 # " # 2 0 $#6 68 " (( "#0" " ( %%# "!"% "#66 0 " # "1 "#0" 2 0 $#6 68 " (( %! # 0 $ "2 2 ( "!"%" ( %%# :# 6% 1 %%# "!"%2 0 $#6 68 " (( % %%# 1 " (" ( 0! 68 "!"% (# % 6 1 " 68 # %% 0 $#6 68 0 %%# "!"% ( 68 "!"% 0 " ( ( " "1 '# #%0 "#0" "2 0 "% "" ) ( ( " 0# )2 68 "!"% ( #%0 0 " " " %%# "!"%2 " % ! 0 = )" ( " " " 0 $#6 68 ) !8 1 ":# " " " 68 "!"% " ) ! (6 ( 0 " " 0 $#6 68 1 ; %" %% !6 0 ! #"( 0 $#6 68 6# 6"" " ( ( 0 !2 0 #" " .
(119) .
(120) . 6 ) ( " 2 " FG2 F G ( FG1 %% 0 ! " $> (% #% 0 !1 ") " ." 0 ! 6 ! ( 0 ! % FGM 0 ! %6 # 2 :# ! #"2 % %#% 6 ) 2 ## ( 82 (" % ( % 1 4 / %62 ( ( 0 ! "#( 0 % ( o> # ( ( ( "1 " " % ( # ( ( 1 8 %6 # " 0 ! 6 ! " (#( " = !1 '# / (( # %6 # % ( 62 "2 (6 ( %0 %6 # ( . 0 ! 6 !1 4# % 2 8 0 ! " " ( 6 ! % 0 6 " ( 6 ! FG1 6 ! 8 " (# = " ! "2 8( 0! ( 6 6 " ( 6 ! ( " 1 > " ( " / %62 " " 0 ""#% " " 6 ! 0 !1 < 0 " ( 0 ! " "" 1 "#( #( "6 0 " ( 2 " "6 = ) ! ! ( ( " 1 38) 2 # % " # 1 #" ) / %6 " ) FG 8 0 ! # "#( 6 % ( % 0 ! "#0" 1 " # "#( "" 1 $L " % 8 0 ( #"( E " ) $L 0#"1 6 ) !" " "( # ( %6( 6 $L # "8 1 # 0 ! ( 0 ( % ( (# (6 ( " 8 0 ! (1 ( ( ) 6 ! 6 # 0 $ ( " "#( "" <L2 1 $L " % ( % B ( % $L 0#"1 " 66( ) # 0 ! ( 8 "6( 8$!1.
(121)
(122) &' " " 8 ) " (# D < "!"%1 D < "!"% " 8 (" ( # 2 " F G ( FG % 6 # ( "# )!1 6 6 " ## D < 8 $ " "8 4 11 D < 8 $ " "" " 2 0 " " ) " " @ A2 0 " " " @ >A2 0 " " "#0"!"%" @ A2 %0 "8 " @< >A2 8 ! %0 "8 @D< >A ( % " @37A1 %%# " 8 "" 8 %0 6 "1 > % " ( " #%0 N"1 N" ( .
(123)
(124)
(125) . . > %" 1 " ) < >1 #%0 % ( ( ( 0! < >1 < >N" ( 8 $" $ ? # D< >1 < > ( D< > ) "" ( 0 "" % 0# %0 #" " $ % " @37A1 HLR. MSC. MSC. GMSC. Other networks. BSC. BTS. BTS. BTS. 4 # 1 ? 6 " ## D < 8 $ 1 38 " #( % ? 6 D < 8 $ " (" 0( ( ( F G1 " 2 % ? " #( # ? "" D< > 8 %0 N" 6#0 ( %0 8 $ @?7<A1 D< > " %0 " 37 # < > %0 %1 < > 6 " 2 " / " # $ 8 1 "6 " # " ( ( " " #61 8( " D < "!"%2 0 " " ) " " :# 66( 8 8 =) # " 0 ! 0 $#61 38) 2 % 0 ! "#66 ( " " ! ( :# ! 0 ! ( %# H #( # " 1 " " #"# ! 6"" 0 ! ( " " " "1 4 % > ( #6 )"2 6 % ( ".
(126) .
(127) . " " (1.
(128) ( 3 2 " (# 6#0 "8 ( 6 8 $ @? A " ) 1 6 6 " ## ? " "8( 4 1 FG1 6 " ( " #"% 6 % "" :# 6% @>?A1 >? =/( 6 8 $ " / @7OA1 = " " "8 # " ( " "#0" 0 " 8 " % ( ( 1 >? "% "" 0 ( # % "#0" 0 "6 @ A1 >%6 " ( # " ) 8 / " ( 6 ) 0 / @?A1 > " #" ( " " ) "8 6 @4OA1 " " 8 " 8 $" ( " " #" ( / ( (1 ( 0 " % 0# #"% " ( 6 #%0 " " ( " )1 Database. Other networks. FX. LX. FX. LX. PBE. RSS. 4 # 1 ? 6 " ## 6#0 "8 ( 6 8 $ / " ( " ) "8 6 " :# 66( 8 ( " "1 % 7O2 ( ? ) #"# ! ! 0 ! 0 $#6 # " FG1.
(129)
(130)
(131) . .
(132) )*+,+7 " 8( " % ! ( 0 "( "!"% FG1 " 0 0# ( " " " % % 0 ! 8( 1 5 " / %6 %%# # +7 (# 0 $# ( # # " 1 " "" " 0 " " " ( / " ( " 0 "( %%# " ( ( ( " # $( ( @ A1 ; %6 # +7 "!"% " " 0 6 9(1 " 8 $ 8 %# H "" (# 0 $#1 4 / %62 #%0 #( > ( %%# "!"% " % "( 8 FG1 3 2 0 ( H# %%# H 0 6 9( $ D < ( ? "!"%"1 % 6 2 # $( %( 6 @ <;A2 " = " ( ( " 0 " " #( 8 +7 "!"%1 % " #" ( 8 ( 0 " " %%# 0 # ( %%# 08 8 % "1 " %%# " ( ( %( 6 @'<;A1 " 8 "" % " +7 "!"%"1 " % " % $ 6"" 0 (( # " +7 "!"%2 / %6 #6 "1. Base station. Base station. Exchange. Wireless terminal. Exchange. TCS. 4 # 1 ? 6 " ## +7 "!"% 0 " " " :# 66( 8 # " 0 ! 0 $#6 ( ( " "1 ( " "#( 0 0 ( ") ( !".
(133) .
(134) . (6 ( 6 FG1.
(135) #* * >' "!"% " #"( % 2 ( :# " ( 6 """1 ( "#( 8 " # ! >' "!"% %#" 0 ! 0 ! % 6 0# " (# 0 $ #1 2 0 $#6 68 2 0 " ( ( " "2 $! %6 " >' "!"%1 6 2 >' "!"%" ( %6/ "!"%" ( ( H# (" 0 ( 1 38) 2 / %6 6 6 " ## >' "!"% ()6( FG " 6 " ( 4 1 11 3 2 #" " # 0 $ " 8 ( 0 6 ( (# " 1 RTU R DM R DM D MR. DM. R. C. C. FE DMR DM. BE. R. C. C. C. EN WS. C. DM. C. EN. DM. C. C. MS. BE C. C. WS. DM. R. DM. TSO Operator. DM. R. DM. DM. DM R. DMR. DM. DM. C. BUS_4. C. BUS_3. RTU. C. BP C. BUS_8. RTU. C. BP. C. BUS_1. RTU. C. BP. C. BUS_2. RTU. C. BP. C. BUS_5. RTU. C. BP. C. BUS_7. DM R. RTU. C. BP. C. RTU. C. BP. C. BUS_6 BUS_9. C. C. R DM DMR DMR DM R PLC DM R V. BP. C BP. R. C. C. RTU. C. C. C. BUS_10 EN. WS. C. FE. RTU. C. BP. C. BUS_13. C. C. C. EN. C. DSO Operator. BE C. WS. BE. 4 # 1 ? 6 " ## >' "!"%1 " # " 6 " ( "!"% " ) 0 1 081 3 2 2 0 $ ( ( %6# "!"%2 ( 8 $" " ( ; H ( # " 0 $#6 68 (# 0 $#1 3 2 %" 6 " " " 0 $#6 68 '<N" ( :# 6% "#0" "1 8( 2 ; " 0# # " 0 ! 0 $#6 "#0" "1 "2 "#0" " :# 66( 8 ( " " "% "" )"1 ; ( " 0# )2 8( 2 "#0" " :# 66( 8 08 # " 0 ! 0 $#6 (6 ( ' ; ( " % ( %6 "#0" 1 ; ( " 0# )2 "#0" " .
(136)
(137)
(138) . . #"# ! :# 66( 8 ( " "1 38) 2 " 6"" 0 ! %0 ( " "1 0 1 >' %6 # (= " $. < &. % . < # () 6 "" ;6 8 $" 2 "" ( "8 ( % 6 (# " $ ( %6# "!"%2 "" ( "8 ( % 6 (# " 4 4 ( %6# 2 "8 ( %%# " 5 %%# " '< ' # %# 6/ 5 >' % % # > 7 08 %6 " '< ' % 8 ) ( $ ?7> ?8 L L @ A ( 6!" ? ".
(139) .
(140) .
(141) " ../ ! "#%% ! 0 $#6 68 " 6 " ( 01 11 0 1 #%% ! 0 $#6 68 8( " "!"%" $. #0" "% "" ) #0" ( " 0# ) " " ) " " " <0 8 > D 8 ! <0 8 > 7 ( " %6 = 7 / ) "8 6 +7 >6 ) >6 ? "" ). &
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
(143)
(144)
(145). .
(146) $ #.. 0 %%# (6 ( ! 08 ( . " (# " " %6/ ( (6 (" ") "!"%"1 ; 66 ) ) 8 (6 ( " " ) 08 4 1 12 1
(147) ( 1 1 '# " 2 ; 8 $" " #0 ( " (6 ( ) 0 "!"%"1 4 1 12 %%# # D < 8 $ +7 "!"% " 6 " ( 0! (( 1 " / %62 8 =( 6 " 2 6 " 6 # " =(2 %%# # D < +7 "!"% " " " 8 !1 D < "!"% " 0 #"( 8 %( % 0# /6( 68 # 1 38) 2 " "!"% 8 6 0 0! ! 0 ) 0 0# # "1 Entrepreneurs. Press. TSO office neigbhour 1. Field Personell. Hellicopters etc. TSO office 1. TSO office 2. GSM OR RAKEL. 4 # 1 " #" D < "!"% +7 "!"% (# " 1 %%# # ? " 6 " ( 0! $ 4 1 1
(148) 1 7 $ D < "!"%2 ? " 0 #"( 8 %( % 0# /6( 68 # 1 " "!"% " 0 #"( 8 0 ;N" 8 #( 0 %6 " " # 1 %%# # >' "!"% " # .
(149)
(150).
(151) . Press 1. TSO office 1. TSO office neigbhour 1. TSO office 2. PSTN. 4 # 1
(152) " #" D < "!"% +7 "!"% (# " 1 4 1 1 1 >' "!"% " % ! # "2 "% % 6 " ( 1 8 %6 # " # 0 $ " ( " % 08 ( . "1 Substation transmission level. Substation transmission level. TSO office 1. TSO office 2. SCADA TSO office neigbhour 1. DSO office 1. Production 1. Substation distribution level. 4 # 1 " #" D < "!"% +7 "!"% (# " 1 3 2 "#( 0 ( %%# # D < "!"% # +7 " %6 ( % " (1 "2 6 # " ( =( 6 " 2 ) "" +7 "!"% %%# 8 $! (6 ( D < "!"% 8 8 ! 0 ) 0 8 # "1 " % > ( 2 8 ") ( % 0 D < "!"% ( ? 8 $ FG1 2 " 0 % % "#% 1 $6 %6 # "2 "" %0 ( " " ( ( " ( " 0# 0 % %6 1 " / %62 #0" %%# .
(153)
(154)
(155). . (( " ( " # ) ! ( ! FG1 6 # " ( =( 6 " ) "" +7 "!"%2 0 $ "%" 0 0 $#6 68 "#0" " ( " 0# ) " 0 ! 0 $#6 " 08 ( # " ( #"# ! ( " " " )1 ; " " " " ( !(2 / %6 (# 6 0%" 6 6 "62 "!"% " "6 % 0% ) ! % "#% " ( 0 ( # % # 0 $ " ( " 0# )1 % " 0 6 0% 8 0 $#6 68 ( " 0# ) " " (# "!"% " "61 38) 2 " 6"" 0 ! ( " " " " "1 #2 %0 ( " "#0" " 8 (% ( %# =( 6 " (# #%0 "#0" " ( " 0# )1 "2 " 0 $#" ) "2 )" 6 % " %# 0 " "#0" " " ) " )1.
(156)
(157) .
(158) !#
(159) )
(160) * !
(161)
(162)
(163)
(164)
(165)
(166)
(167) !
(168) " +
(169)
(170)
(171)
(172) #
(173)
(174)
(175) !#
(176) ". . . " " " 0 "( /6 " 0 $ " " 8( " 68 "!"% ;0 1 %6 " ) "#%% ! " # ( F
(177) G1 " " 6 %( # 0 " " ( %" ) ! 0 $ " 6 0 ! 8( " 68 "!"%1 !2 " " " = " "62 6 6 "2 " 6 ""1 " " " " 6 " ( ) " 8 "!"% 0 0 $ " (1 " "!"% " "( =) 0#"" 8 ( 68 " " " 4 1 1 1 4 " 6 " ( "!"% 8 " %6! "# (8 ( # 0 $ 8 "!"% 8 " 6 (1 2 "!"% 8 " " ( " 81 4 "2 8 " 0 $ " ( 0#" ( 8 " 0 $ " ( 0#" 1 & 0#" 8 " 9(2 $L 0#" 8 " 9(1 3 2 " " 2 ) 68 % ( 0 "#%(1 " 8 " ( 0! " 0#" 8 $ # ( / %( ( " (1 "2 "# 8 " ( 0#" 1 82 0 $ " ( "! 9 " 0#" 8 " ( 0 "! 9 8 " .
(178) .
(179) Bus 5. Bus 3. Bus 2. Bus 1. Bus 4. G. G. G. 4 # 1 % ) ) 8 " "!"% 0#" ( 1 "2 0#" ( = ! 0#" 8 9(1 " " 2 ( 8 " ((( 0#" 1 " 6 # " 8 " "#""# ( ) 2 9 2 % " " ( 0 $ " 6 0 !1 ") 8 0 $ " 6 0 ! ( (# ( "!"%" % 08 0 $ # ) ( 0 $ " = " "%" 0 %" %6 1 " % " 6 ( %% %%# "!"%"2 $ D < ( ? 2 % "6 8 $1 " % # ( ""#" ") ( % ( =( 6 " 6 # " ( +7 "!"%1.
(180) . . $
(181) , #!
(182)
(183)
(184)
(185)
(186) " + #
(187) )
(188)
(189)
(190)
(191)
(192)
(193)
(194)
(195)
(196) " $
(197)
(198)
(199)
(200)
(201)
(202) ! #
(203)
(204) )
(205) "
(206) - ./ ". . /. ) . "!"% " "6 $" 6 6 6 "1 " 6 " ( 4 1 12 " "6 " # " ( "% "" " ) "!"%1 3 2 " ""#%( 6 " ! " 66 (2 "2 # 0 $ 6 ( 6 ! "!"% " 8 (= ( ( #" 0 $# " $ 8 1 ( 8 ""#" 8 % # (# " ( % % 9 ":# "2 ( . " :#" ( %(" ) 0 6 6"(1 = " $ 8( 0 "( "!"%2 /6 "!"%2 8 6 6 8 6 "8 6 " 8 " = " "# "( 0! 1 $ # ( +1 < "#% F G 8 ( %# " =(1 7 2 ) #" /6 "!"%" # ( " ) " 0 6 " ( 1 1 FG2 FG2 FG ( F G1 ( 8 6 ! " "2 %(" 6 % 9 ) ( ) 68 "# " (# " ) 0 6 6"( 0! <1<1 ( 0 1 1 FG ( &1 # 1 1 FG1 4# % 2 ! " >1 & 1 1 " 6 6"( .
(207) .
(208) . " %( FG 0 "( 68 " ( " 0# 8 $" % 2 " " 0 ! ( ) " " "% "" "!"% = ( "# 0 " 6 1 "6( #6 " % B ( "# 0 2 6 68 "!"% " :# " ! 0 6 6"( 0! >1 & 1 1 FG1 & 6 % 6 68 "!"% " 2 "#0"!"% %#" % "% ( % "!"% "# ! ( " 0 !1 " #( 1 1 0 $ " 6 0 ! ( ) 6 0 ! 8 ) 0 $ " ( 0! >1 & F
(209) G2 F G1 38) 2 8 $" " ( " "$ # ( " "% "" (# "!"% " "61 " #=( (# " " # % 0 1 " # "#" # ( "6 68 "!"%2 % 0 # 0 ( ( ( " # 8 / %6 :# ! #( 0 ( H#1 # " :# $! ( % ! "# 8 0 $ # ( " " 0 " (1 " " 0 " (2 0 " %%# "!"%" ( "#0" % 0 ( " ( 8 8 % $ " ) % % "#% 1 2 " ) % ) %6 :1 @ 1A1 < % 9 " "$ 8 6 6 $ ( " 0/ 2 # ( " ( 8 %" "!"% 0/ 2 ( 8 "#0" 9 0/ 4 1 11.
(210) ) . /. 0 $#2 # 0 $ " 6 ( 6 " ! F
(211) G1 2 8 "% "" " 9( (# " 2 6 ! "!"% 8 1 & " 6 ("2 ") ( . 6 " "% "" "!"% 8 66 8 "!"% 8 ) 6 0 0 ! 1 3 2 # " 0 $#1 " 6 0 0 ! (6 (" ") " "# " 8 " % " "!"% " 6 ( # 6 ! 68 "!"%1 4 1 1 6 " " / %6 8 ( . " ":# " "% "" ( # 0#" "!"% 8 ( "( 6 " " "% "" " ! 9(1 ":# a) "% "" " #"( %" "!"% "6 2 ( ":# b) "% "" " #"( %" "!"% "6 1 " ":# b .
(212)
(213)
Related documents
Vid den driftplats där tågfärden påbörjas, ska föraren innan avgång alltid anmäla till tågklareraren om vagnar har lämnats på huvudspår eller inte enligt något av
The first part of this paper describes the detailed grid analysis performed thanks to a Python script which gets back useful data of feeders (number of customers, length of
STEADY STATE FREQUENCY DEVIATION (Hz) 0.10 Next, the impact of the integration of wind power on the test system frequency response is analysed by replacing some of the
The case study shows the risk of outage in different load points as well as the impact of the different weather situations on the components and is based on distributions and
I hypothesized that restoration of stream reaches would lead to increased bryophyte species richness and diversity and that the more recently restored demonstration sites would
Right: Plot shows standard deviations from each time step in the bootstrapped resampling procedure of real average AP-funds return.. Figure 36: Left: Plot shows the 5% largest
Steam turbine generator synchronised to the power grid at time 360, changed over to reactive power control around time 400 simultaneously as the active power reference value
Political National economy Potential legal disputes Complex legislations Customers stop paying The economy freezes Tariff regulations create uncertainty Regulations are
