Mynt er hva mynt gjør: En analyse av norske mynter fra 1100-tallet: produksjon, sirkulasjon og bruk

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(136) MYNT ER HVA MYNT GJØR. Linn Eikje Ramberg.

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(138) Mynt er hva mynt gjør En analyse av norske mynter fra 1100-tallet: produksjon, sirkulasjon og bruk. Linn Eikje Ramberg.

(139) ©Linn Eikje Ramberg, Stockholm University 2017 ISBN print 978-91-7649-860-6 ISBN PDF 978-91-7649-861-3 ISSN 0349-4128 Graphic design: Kjell Petter Bakken Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2017 Distributor: Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies Cover: Norwegian single-faced coin from the first half of the 12th century found at Vevey in Switzerland Photo: ©Musée monétaire cantonal, Lausanne.

(140) Til Iver og Hennie.

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(142) Innhold ϭ͘WƌŽďůĞŵƐƟůůŝŶŐ ................................................................................................................................... ഩϭ. 1.1 Norsk mynt fra 1100-tallet: forskningsstatus ...................................................................................... ഩϭ ϭ͘ϮEŽƌŐĞƐŵǇŶƚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĞŝĞƵƌŽƉĞŝƐŬƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƟǀ͕ϴϬϬʹϭϭϬϯ ...................................................................... ഩϯ 1.3 Myntbruk og myntsirkulasjon i1100-tallets Norge ............................................................................. ഩϲ 1.4 Myntproduksjon og myntherre i Norge på 1100-tallet ....................................................................... ഩϴ 1.5 Økonomi og samfunn.......................................................................................................................... 10 ϭ͘ϲǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶƐŵĊů͕ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐƟůůŝŶŐŽŐŐũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌŝŶŐ ...................................................................... 13. Ϯ͘/ŐƌĞŶƐĞůĂŶĚ......................................................................................................................................... 14. Ϯ͘ϭdŝĚ͗ϭϭϬϯʹϭϮϬϮ ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Hvor går grensen? Linjer og soner ...................................................................................................... 16 Ϯ͘ϯ,ǀĂŐũƆƌŐƌĞŶƐĞŶʹŝĚĞŶƟƚĞƚ͕ŬƵůƚƵƌŽŐĞƚŶŝƐŝƚĞƚ ................................................................................. 23 Ϯ͘ϰ^Ɵů͕ƐǇŵďŽůŽŐďƵĚƐŬĂƉ ...................................................................................................................... 24 Ϯ͘ϱDǇŶƚĞƌŚǀĂŵǇŶƚŐũƆƌ ........................................................................................................................ 26 Ϯ͘ϲTŬŽŶŽŵŝƐŬĞďĞŐƌĞƉĞƌƚƆŵƚĨŽƌŝŶŶŚŽůĚ ............................................................................................. 27 2.7 Forholdet mellom teori og arkeologi .................................................................................................. 30. ϯ͘DǇŶƚŽŐĨƵŶŶ ...................................................................................................................................... 32 . 3.1 Materialpresentasjon.......................................................................................................................... 32 ഩϯ͘ϭ͘ϭDǇŶƚŽŐĨƵŶŶ ......................................................................................................................................... 32 ഩϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ&ƵŶŶŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƌ ...................................................................................................................................... 34 ϯ͘ϮĞƉŽƞƵŶŶƐŽŵĨƵŶŶŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ .............................................................................................................. 35 ϯ͘ϯŶŬĞůƞƵŶŶƐŽŵĨƵŶŶŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ .............................................................................................................. 38. ϰ͘<ƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝƐŬĞŵĞƚŽĚĞƌŽŐĚĞƌĞƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƐĨŽƌĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶƐĂŶĂůǇƐĞƌ ..................... 42 . ϰ͘ϭ <ŽŶƚĞŬƐƚƵĞůůĞŵĞƚŽĚĞƌĨŽƌĚĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂǀĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶ ............................................................................. 42 ഩϰ͘ϭ͘ϭƌŬĞŽůŽŐŝƐŬŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƚ .............................................................................................................................. 42 ഩϰ͘ϭ͘Ϯ&ƵŶŶĞƚƐŝŶŶŚŽůĚŽŐŬŽŵƉŽƐŝƐũŽŶ;ĨƵŶŶĂŶĂůŽŐŝŵĞƚŽĚĞƌŽŐƐĞƌŝĂƐũŽŶͿ................................................... 43 4.2 Kronologisk analyse av mynten ut fra form og formelle elementer.................................................... 43 ഩϰ͘Ϯ͘ϭ/ŬŽŶŽŐƌĂĮ͕ƐƟůŽŐƚǇƉŽůŽŐŝ...................................................................................................................... 43 ഩϰ͘Ϯ͘ϮKŵƐŬƌŝŌĞƌŽŐƐǇŵďŽůĂŶĂůŽŐŝŵĞĚĂŶŶĞƚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞ ................................................................ 44 4.3 Kronologisk analyse av mynten ut fra tekniske element ..................................................................... 45 ഩϰ͘ϯ͘ϭ'ũĞŶŶŽŵƐŶŝƩƐǀĞŬƚŽŐŵĞĚŝĂŶǀĞŬƚ ........................................................................................................ 45 ഩϰ͘ϯ͘Ϯ^ƆůǀŝŶŶŚŽůĚ ............................................................................................................................................ 47 ഩϰ͘ϯ͘ϯ&ŝŶǀĞŬƚ ................................................................................................................................................... 48 ഩϰ͘ϯ͘ϰ&ĂďƌŝŬŬŽŐƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶƐƚĞŬŶŝŬŬ .............................................................................................................. 48 ഩϰ͘ϯ͘ϱEŽĞŶƉƌĂŬƟƐŬĞĨŽƌƵƚƐĞƚŶŝŶŐĞƌ ............................................................................................................... 49 ϰ͘ϰDĞƚŽĚŝƐŬŐũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌŝŶŐĂǀŬƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĂŶĂůǇƐĞŶĞ ................................................................................ 49. ϱ͘<ƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝƐŬĂŶĂůǇƐĞ ......................................................................................................................... 50 . 5.1 Funnene; innhold, sammensetning og datering ................................................................................. 50 ഩϱ͘ϭ͘ϭĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂǀĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶǀĞĚƚƉƋͲǀĞƌĚŝŽŐĂƌŬĞŽůŽŐŝƐŬŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƚ .............................................................. 50 ഩϱ͘ϭ͘ϮĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂǀĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶƵƚĨƌĂŐũĞŶŶŽŵƐŶŝƩƐǀĞŬƚ ................................................................................... 51. VII.

(143) . ഩϱ͘ϭ͘ϯĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂǀĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶƵƚĨƌĂŝŶŶŚŽůĚŽŐŬŽŵƉŽƐŝƐũŽŶ ........................................................................ ഩϱϯ ഩϱ͘ϭ͘ϰĞƉŽƞƵŶŶĞŶĞƐĚĂƚĞƌŝŶŐ͗ŽƉƉƐƵŵŵĞƌŝŶŐĂǀƌĞƐƵůƚĂƚĞŶĞ .................................................................... ഩϱϲ ഩϱ͘ϭ͘ϱĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂǀŵŽƟǀŐƌƵƉƉĞƌƵƚĨƌĂĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶĞŶĞƐƐĂŵŵĞŶƐĞƚŶŝŶŐ ...................................................... ഩϱϳ 5.2 Myntene; kronologiske analyser ut fra typologiske og tekniske element ......................................... ഩϱϴ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϭŽďďĞůƚŬŽƌƐ;<Ϳ .................................................................................................................................. ഩϱϴ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϮǇƌ͗&ƵŐůŽŐĨĂďĞůĚǇƌ ............................................................................................................................ ഩϲϬ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϯƌǇƐƚďŝůĚĞƌ;ZͿ .................................................................................................................................. ഩϲϯ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϰ<ŽƌƐŽǀĞƌŬŽƌƐ;<<Ϳ ............................................................................................................................... ഩϳϬ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϱŶŬůĞŬŽƌƐ;<ͿŽŐŶŬůĞŬŽƌƐŵĞĚŽŵƐŬƌŝŌ;<KͿ ............................................................................... ഩϳϴ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϲŝƐƉĞƐƚĂǀĞƌ;^dͿ ................................................................................................................................. ഩϴϮ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϳWĂƚƌŝĂƌŬŬŽƌƐ;Wd<Ϳ................................................................................................................................. ഩϴϱ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϴWƵŶŬƚŝƐŝƌŬůĞƌ;W^Ϳ ................................................................................................................................ ഩϴϴ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϵ,ŽĚĞŝƉƌŽĮů;,WͿ ................................................................................................................................. ഩϵϬ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϭϬŽŬƐƚĂǀĞƌ;Ϳ ...................................................................................................................................... ഩϵϮ ഩϱ͘Ϯ͘ϭϭŶĚƌĞŵŽƟǀĞƌ .................................................................................................................................... 109 ϱ͘ϯdŽƐŝĚŝŐĞŵǇŶƚĞƌ͗ŵŽƟǀŬŽďůŝŶŐĞƌ ....................................................................................................... 124 5.4 Kronologianalysens resultat .............................................................................................................. 126. ϲ͘<ƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĂŶĂůǇƐĞŶŝƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƟǀ ................................................................................................ 130 . ϲ͘ϭ<ŽŶŽůŽŐŝĂŶĂůǇƐĞŶʹĞŶĞǀĂůƵĞƌŝŶŐĂǀƌĞƐƵůƚĂƚŽŐŵĞƚŽĚĞ ................................................................ 130 ϲ͘ϮZĞŶŽǀĂƟŽŵŽŶĞƚĂĞŽŐŵǇŶƚǀĞƐĞŶĞƚƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƐũŽŶŽŐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƐũŽŶ ............................................ 133 ഩϲ͘Ϯ͘ϭhůŝŬĞƐǇƐƚĞŵĨŽƌƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐ ................................................................................................................ 133 ഩϲ͘Ϯ͘ϮŶƚĂůůŵǇŶƚƐƚĞĚĞƌŝĨŽƌŚŽůĚƟůƐĞŬǀĞŶƐĞƌ͘ ............................................................................................ 134 ഩϲ͘Ϯ͘ϯEŽŵŝŶĂůĞƌŽŐǀĂůƆƌĞƌ ........................................................................................................................... 134 ഩϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ^ĞŶŬŶŝŶŐĂǀŐũĞŶŶŽŵƐŶŝƩƐǀĞŬƚ ........................................................................................................... 135 ഩϲ͘Ϯ͘ϱ&ŽƌŚŽůĚĞƚŵĞůůŽŵƚŽƐŝĚŝŐĞŽŐĞŶƐŝĚŝŐĞŵǇŶƚĞƌŝĨƆƌƐƚĞŚĂůǀĚĞůĂǀϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ .................................... 135 6.3 Hvem kunne slå mynt på 1100-tallet i Norge? .................................................................................. 136 ഩϲ͘ϯ͘ϭ^ŬƌŝŌůŝŐĞŬŝůĚĞƌƟůŵǇŶƚƌĞƩŝŵŝĚĚĞůĂůĚĞƌĞŶ ........................................................................................ 137 ഩϲ͘ϯ͘Ϯ^ŬƌŝŌůŝŐĞŬŝůĚĞƌǀƐ͘ŵǇŶƚŵŽƟǀĞƌŝ^ŬĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂ .................................................................................... 139 ഩϲ͘ϯ͘ϯdŽůŬŶŝŶŐĂǀĚĞŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚŵŽƟǀĞŶĞ .................................................................................................. 141 6.4 Hvem slo mynten? ............................................................................................................................ 146 ഩϲ͘ϰ͘ϭEĂǀŶŝŽŵƐŬƌŝŌĞƌ ................................................................................................................................. 146 ഩϲ͘ϰ͘ϮDŽƟǀĞƌƐŽŵƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƐũŽŶĂǀŵǇŶƚŚĞƌƌĞŶ ....................................................................................... 150 ഩϲ͘ϰ͘ϯ'ĞŝƐƚůŝŐƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐŝEŽƌŐĞƉĊϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ .......................................................................................... 152 ഩϲ͘ϰ͘ϰ<ŽŶŐĞůŝŐƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐŝEŽƌŐĞƉĊϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ ........................................................................................ 152 6.5 Oppsummering av konsekvensene av kronologianalysen og tolkningene ........................................ 153. ϳ͘DǇŶƚƐƚĞĚ͕ƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐŽŐŵǇŶƚǀĞƐĞŶĞƚƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƐũŽŶ ................................................. 154 . 7.1 Myntsted .......................................................................................................................................... 154 ഩϳ͘ϭ͘ϭ^ŝŬƌĞŵǇŶƚƐƚĞĚĞƌďĂƐĞƌƚƉĊƐŬƌŝŌůŝŐĞŽŐĂƌŬĞŽůŽŐŝƐŬĞŬŝůĚĞƌ................................................................ 154 ഩϳ͘ϭ͘ϮEƆĚǀĞŶĚŝŐĞŽŐƟůƐƚƌĞŬŬĞůŝŐĞĨĂŬƚŽƌĞƌĨŽƌŵǇŶƚƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶ ................................................................. 157 ഩϳ͘ϭ͘ϯDƵůŝŐĞŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚƐƚĞĚĞƌƉĊϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ ............................................................................................ 161 ഩϳ͘ϭ͘ϰ<ĂŶĞŶŶŽƌƐŬƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐŚĂĨƵŶŶĞƚƐƚĞĚŝ>ƂĚƂƐĞ͍............................................................................. 162 ഩϳ͘ϭ͘ϱ^ƚĂƐũŽŶčƌĞůůĞƌĂŵďƵůĞƌĞŶĚĞƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐ͍ ......................................................................................... 164 ϳ͘Ϯ<ŽƌŽůŽŐŝĂŶĂůǇƐĞ͕ĞŶĚƌƆŌŝŶŐĂǀŵĞƚŽĚĞŶ ......................................................................................... 165 ഩϳ͘Ϯ͘ϭ'ĞŽŐƌĂĮƐŬĞĂŶĂůǇƐĞĞŶŚĞƚĞƌ ................................................................................................................ 166 ഩϳ͘Ϯ͘ϮhƚďƌĞĚĞůƐĞŽŐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀŝƚĞƚ........................................................................................................... 168 ഩϳ͘Ϯ͘ϯ^ƚĂƟƐƟƐŬĞǀĂůŐŽŐĚĞƌĞƐŬŽŶƐĞŬǀĞŶƐĨŽƌĂŶĂůǇƐĞŶ ............................................................................... 172 ഩϳ͘Ϯ͘ϰ&ƌĞŵŐĂŶŐƐŵĊƚĞ ................................................................................................................................... 172 ഩϳ͘Ϯ͘ϱ,ǀĂŬĂŶĞŶŬŽƌŽůŽŐŝĂŶĂůǇƐĞďŝĚƌĂŵĞĚ͍ .............................................................................................. 173 7.3.Korologianalyse av norske mynter fra 1100-tallet ............................................................................ 173 ഩϳ͘ϯ͘ϭhƚďƌĞĚĞůƐĞĂǀŵŽƟǀŐƌƵƉƉĞƌ ................................................................................................................ 173. VIII.

(144) . ഩϳ͘ϯ͘ϮhƚďƌĞĚĞůƐĞĂǀƵůŝŬĞƚǇƉĞƌĞůůĞƌďŝƚĞŐŶ .................................................................................................. 199 ഩϳ͘ϯ͘ϯZĞƐƵůƚĂƚĂǀŬŽƌŽůŽŐŝĂŶĂůǇƐĞŶĞ ............................................................................................................. 199 ϳ͘ϰDǇŶƚĞŶĞƐƟůŐũĞŶŐĞůŝŐŚĞƚ͗ŵǇŶƚƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶĞŶƐƐƚƆƌƌĞůƐĞ ................................................................. 202 ഩϳ͘ϰ͘ϭŶƚĂůůƐƚĞŵƉĞů ...................................................................................................................................... 202 ഩϳ͘ϰ͘ϮŶƚĂůůŵǇŶƚĞƌ ....................................................................................................................................... 205 ഩϳ͘ϰ͘ϯdŝůďĂŬĞďůŝŬŬ .......................................................................................................................................... 206 ഩϳ͘ϰ͘ϰ^ŝĚĞďůŝŬŬ ....................................................................................................................................... 207 7.5 Oppsummering ................................................................................................................................. 208. ϴ͘<ŽŶƚĞŬƐƚĞƌŽŐƚŽůŬŶŝŶŐ. . ................................................................................................................ 210 ϴ͘ϭDŝůũƆ .................................................................................................................................................. 210 ഩϴ͘ϭ͘ϭŶĂůǇƐĞĂǀĨƵŶŶŵŝůũƆĞŶĞ...................................................................................................................... 212 ഩϴ͘ϭ͘ϮŶƐĂŵŵĞŶůŝŐŶŝŶŐĂǀŵŝůũƆĞŶĞŽǀĞƌƟĚ ............................................................................................... 217 ഩϴ͘ϭ͘ϯKƉƉƐƵŵŵĞƌŝŶŐŵŝůũƆ ........................................................................................................................... 218 ϴ͘ϮŶŬĞůƞƵŶŶ͕ŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƚ ......................................................................................................................... 218 ഩϴ͘Ϯ͘ϭŽƌŐ͕ŬůŽƐƚĞƌŽŐŬŽŶŐƐŐĊƌĚ................................................................................................................... 218 ഩϴ͘Ϯ͘ϮǇĞŶ ..................................................................................................................................................... 221 ഩϴ͘Ϯ͘ϯ<ŝƌŬĞŶ ................................................................................................................................................... 222 ഩϴ͘Ϯ͘ϰ^ĂŵŝƐŬĞŽīĞƌĨƵŶŶ ................................................................................................................................ 223 ഩϴ͘Ϯ͘ϱKƉƉƐƵŵŵĞƌŝŶŐĞŶŬĞůƞƵŶŶ .................................................................................................................. 224 ϴ͘ϯĞƉŽƞƵŶŶ͕ŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƚ ......................................................................................................................... 224 ഩϴ͘ϯ͘ϭǇŐŶŝŶŐĞƌŽŐďǇŐŶŝŶŐƐƐƚƌƵŬƚƵƌĞƌ ......................................................................................................... 224 ഩϴ͘ϯ͘Ϯ'ƌĂǀ͕ŚĂƵŐŽŐŬŝƌŬĞŐĊƌĚ ....................................................................................................................... 227 ഩϴ͘ϯ͘ϯKƉƉƐƵŵŵĞƌŝŶŐĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶ .................................................................................................................. 233 8.4 Mynt og individ ................................................................................................................................. 234 ഩϴ͘ϰ͘ϭ<ũƆŶŶ .................................................................................................................................................... 234 ഩϴ͘ϰ͘Ϯ^ŽƐŝĂůƐƚĂƚƵƐ ......................................................................................................................................... 235 ഩϴ͘ϰ͘ϯKƉƉƐƵŵŵĞƌŝŶŐŵǇŶƚŽŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚഩ ........................................................................................................ 236 8.5 Oppsummering og tolkninger ........................................................................................................... 237. ϵ͘DǇŶƚĞŶƐƌŽůůĞŝƐĂŵĨƵŶŶĞƚ ........................................................................................................ 238 . 9.1 Intensjonen bak utmyntningen ......................................................................................................... 238 9.2 Hensikten og betydningen bak bruken ............................................................................................. 239 ഩϵ͘Ϯ͘ϭDǇŶƚďƌƵŬŝƵůŝŬĞƐĨčƌĞƌ........................................................................................................................ 239 ഩϵ͘Ϯ͘ϮDǇŶƚďƌƵŬŝĚĞŶƆŬŽŶŽŵŝƐŬĞƐĨčƌĞŶʹŚĂŶĚĞůŵĞĚŽŐƵƚĞŶŵǇŶƚ ....................................................... 239 ഩϵ͘Ϯ͘ϯ^ŽƐŝĂůĞŽŐŐĞŽŐƌĂĮƐŬĞďĞŐƌĞŶƐŶŝŶŐĞƌĨŽƌŵǇŶƚďƌƵŬ ............................................................................ 240 9.3 Økonomi og samfunn ........................................................................................................................ 241 ഩϵ͘ϯ͘ϭTŬŽŶŽŵŝƐŬǀĞŬƐƚǀƵƌĚĞƌƚƵƚĨƌĂĮƌĞŶŽƌƐŬĞŵŝĚĚĞůĂůĚĞƌďǇĞƌŽŐďǇŐŐĞǀŝƌŬƐŽŵŚĞƚ ............................. 242 ഩϵ͘ϯ͘ϮDǇŶƚŽŐďǇʹĞƚƉĂƌĂĚŽŬƐ .................................................................................................................... 244 9.4 Konklusjon......................................................................................................................................... 246. ϭϬ͘^ǀĞŶƐŬƐĂŵŵĂŶĨĂƩŶŝŶŐ ........................................................................................................... 248 . 10.1 Myntherre och kronologi ................................................................................................................ 249 ϭϬ͘ϮDǇŶƚŽƌƚŽĐŚŵǇŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ....................................................................................................... 251 ϭϬ͘ϯDǇŶƚƉƌŽĚƵŬƟŽŶ .............................................................................................................................. 253 10.4 Myntbruk ....................................................................................................................................... 254 10.5 Myntets roll i samhället .................................................................................................................. 255. ϭϭ͘ŶŐůŝƐŚƐƵŵŵĂƌǇ .......................................................................................................................... 257 11.1 Chronology and issuing authority ................................................................................................... 258 11.2 Mints and coinage ........................................................................................................................... 261. IX.

(145) . ϭϭ͘ϯŽŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ .............................................................................................................................. 263 11.4 The use of coins .............................................................................................................................. 264 ϭϭ͘ϱdŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŝŶƐŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ ...................................................................................................... 266. ϭϮ͘ZĞĨĞƌĂŶƐĞƌ ....................................................................................................................................... 268. . WƌŝŵčƌŬŝůĚĞƌ ........................................................................................................................................... 268 ^ĞŬƵŶĚčƌŬŝůĚĞƌ ....................................................................................................................................... 269. &ƵŶŶŬĂƚĂůŽŐ ............................................................................................................................................ 286 Forkortelser .................................................................................................................................................... 286 . ĞƉŽƞƵŶŶ ...................................................................................................................................................... 287. . ŶŬĞůƞƵŶŶ ...................................................................................................................................................... 296. Måleenheter ........................................................................................................................................... 316 Konkordanseliste ..................................................................................................................................... 316. &ŝŐƵƌͲŽŐƚĂďĞůůͲůŝƐƚĞ ............................................................................................................................ 318. X.

(146) Forord.

(147) ƐŬƌŝǀĞĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞƌƵƚƌŽůŝŐŐƆǇ͘/ůƆƉĞƚĂǀĮƌĞĊƌƐǀĞƌŬ͕ƐƚƌƆŬĞƚůŝƩƚǇŶƚƵƚŽǀĞƌƐǇǀ ĨĂŬƟƐŬĞĊƌ͕ŚĂƌũĞŐŚĂƩŐůĞĚĞŶĂǀĊĨŽƌĚǇƉĞŵĞŐŝǀĞůĚŝŐƐƉĞŶŶĞŶĚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐƟůůŝŶŐĞƌ ŽŐĞƚƵƚƌŽůŝŐƵƞŽƌĚƌĞŶĚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞ͘

(148) ĨĊďĞƚĂůƚĨŽƌĊŶĞƌĚĞĞƌĞƚƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐŝƵŵŵĂŶŬƵŶ kan få i noen ganske få land i verden og jeg er ydmykt takknemlig for ha bodd i to land hvor det er en mulighet. /ƟůůĞŐŐƟůĚĞŶƌĞŶƚĨĂŐůŝŐĞĨŽƌŶƆǇĞůƐĞŶĂǀĊďĞŐƌĂǀĞŵĞŐŝϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚƐŶŽƌƐŬĞďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞƌ͕ŚĂƌũĞŐŽŐƐĊŚĂƩƐƚŽƌŐůĞĚĞĂǀĚĞŵĞŶŶĞƐŬĞƌũĞŐŚĂƌŚĂƩŵĞĚŵĞŐĨƌĂďĞŐǇŶŶĞůƐĞŶ͕ĚĞũĞŐŚĂƌďůŝƩŬũĞŶƚŵĞĚƵŶĚĞƌǀĞŝƐ͕ŽŐĚĞƐŽŵŚĂƌƐƚŽƉƉĞƚŽƉƉŽŐǀŝƐƚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞ ĨŽƌĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶŝůƆƉĞƚĂǀĚŝƐƐĞĊƌĞŶĞ͘/ŵĂŶŐĞĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞƌƐƚĊƌĚĞƚŝĨŽƌŽƌĚĞƚĂƚĚĞƚ ŚĂƌǀčƌƚĞƚĞŶƐŽŵƚĂƌďĞŝĚ͘&ŽƌĞŐĞŶĚĞůŵĊũĞŐƟůƐƚĊĂƚŵŝŶĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐƐƐĨčƌĞŚĂƌǀčƌƚ ĨŽůŬƐŽŵ͕ƚĂŬŬĞůŝƐƚĞŶĞƌůĂŶŐŽŐũĞŐŚĂƌĂůůƟĚŚĂƩĞƚƐƚĞĚĊŐĊĨŽƌĞŶƉƌĂƚŽŵũĞŐŚĂƌŚĂƩ ďĞŚŽǀĨŽƌĚĞƚ͘^ĊĞŶŐĞŶĞƌĞůůƚĂŬŬƟůŬŽůůĞŐĞƌ͕ǀĞŶŶĞƌŽŐĨĂŵŝůŝĞ͘ ĞŶĨƆƌƐƚĞƚĂŬŬĞŶŐĊƌƐĞůǀƐĂŐƚƟůŵŝŶĞǀĞŝůĞĚĞƌĞ͕EĂŶŽƵƐĐŚŬĂDǇƌďĞƌŐƵƌƐƚƌƂŵŽŐ ŶĚĞƌƐŶĚƌĠŶ͕ƐŽŵŐũĞŶŶŽŵĚŝƐƐĞĊƌĞŶĞŚĂƌƵƚƐĂƩŵĞŐĨŽƌĞƚũĞǀŶƚŚĂƌĚŬũƆƌ͘DĞĚƐŝŶ ĨĂŐůŝŐĞƚǇŶŐĚĞ͕ƐƚŽƌĞŬƵŶŶƐŬĂƉŽŐĂŶĂůǇƟƐŬĞĞǀŶĞƌŚĂƌĚĞŚŽůĚƚƐƚƆŬƵƌƐŽŐďĞƐƆƌŐĞƚ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐũŽŶŝĂƌďĞŝĚĞƚ͘KŐĨŽƌĞŶĂƌďĞŝĚƐŬĂƉĂƐŝƚĞƚ͕ǀŝůũĞŽŐŽƉƉĨƆůŐŝŶŐ͊:ĞŐŚĂƌŝŬŬĞĂůůƟĚ ƚƌŝƉƉĞƚ ƉĊ ůĞƩ ĨŽƚ Ƶƚ ĨƌĂ ǀĞŝůĞĚŶŝŶŐĞŶĞ͕ ŵĞŶ ĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶ ŚĂƌ ĂůůƟĚ ďůŝƩ ǀĞůĚŝŐ mye bedre som en konsekvens av dem. Jeg vil også takke mine doktorandkolleger ved /ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŶ ĨƂƌ ĂƌŬĞŽůŽŐŝ ŽĐŚ ĂŶƟŬĞŶƐ ŬƵůƚƵƌ͕ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵƐ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƚ͗ ŶŶĂ͕ ŶŶĂ͕ ŶŶĂ͕ĞĐŝůŝĂ͕ůŝŶ͕ůŝƐĂďĞƚŚ͕&ůŽƌĞŶƚ͕/ŶŐƌŝĚ͕:ĞŶŶǇ͕<ĞƌƐƟŶ͕>ŝŶĚĂ͕DĂŐŶƵƐ͕DĂƌƚĞŽŐ WĞƌ͘ĞƌĞŚĂƌƐƚĊƩĨŽƌŵĂŶŐĞŚǇŐŐĞůŝŐĞƐĂŵƚĂůĞƌ͕ŐŽĚĞƌĊĚŽŐŬŽƐĞůŝŐĞƉŽƐƚͲƐĞŵŝŶĂƌ͘ ^ŝƐƚĞĨĂƐĞĂǀĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐƐĂƌďĞŝĚĞƚŚĂĚĚĞŝŬŬĞŬƵŶŶĞƚŐũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌĞƐƵƚĞŶĞƚŐĞŶĞƌƆƐƚ ĂŶƐůĂŐ ĨƌĂ 'ƵŶŶĂƌ ŬƐƚƌƂŵƐ ƐƟŌĞůƐĞ ĨŽƌ ŶƵŵŝƐŵĂƟƐŬ ĨŽƌƐŬŶŝŶŐ͘ / ůƆƉĞƚ Ăǀ ĂƌďĞŝĚĞƚ ŚĂƌũĞŐŽŐƐĊŵŽƩĂƩŐĞŶĞƌƆƐĞďŝĚƌĂŐĨƌĂĞƌŝƚtĂůůĞŶďĞƌŐƐƐƟŌĞůƐĞ͕'ƵŶǀŽƌŽĐŚ:ŽƐĞĨ ŶĠƌƐƐƟŌĞůƐĞŽŐ,ĞůŐĞǆ͗ŽŶ:ŽŶƐƐŽŶƐƐƟŌĞůƐĞ͘hƚĞŶĚŝƐƐĞďŝĚƌĂŐĞŶĞǀŝůůĞŝŬŬĞĚŽŬƵŵĞŶƚĂƐũŽŶĞŶĞĂǀŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞ͕ĞŝŚĞůůĞƌĂŶĂůǇƐĞŶŽŐĨĞƌĚŝŐƐƟůůĞůƐĞŶŚĂůĂƩƐĞŐŐũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌĞ͕ŽŐũĞŐĞƌŵĞŐĞƚƚĂŬŬŶĞŵůŝŐĨŽƌƐƚƆƩĞŶ͘ dŝůƚƌŽƐƐĨŽƌĂƚũĞŐŚĂƌǀčƌƚĂŶƐĂƩŝ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͕ŚĂƌũĞŐĂǀĨĂŵŝůŝčƌĞĊƌƐĂŬĞƌƐŝĚĞŶϮϬϭϯ ŚĂƩĨƆƩĞŶĞŵĞƌĞƉĊŶŽƌƐŬũŽƌĚĞŶŶƐǀĞŶƐŬ͘ƚŐŽĚƚĂƌďĞŝĚƐŵŝůũƆŬůĂƌƚĞũĞŐůŝŬĞǀĞůĊ ĮŶŶĞŝĞƩĊƌƉĊ^ŽŐŶŽŐ&ũŽƌĚĂŶĞŬƵŶƐƚŵƵƐĞƵŵŝ&ƆƌĚĞ͘dĂŬŬƟůĚĂǀčƌĞŶĚĞĚŝƌĞŬƚƆƌ DŽƌƚĞŶ^ǀĞŶĚƐĞŶŽŐĚĞĂŶƐĂƩĞǀĞĚŵƵƐĞĞƚĨŽƌĊƚĂŐŽĚƚŝŵŽƚŵĞŐ͘ĞƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĞĊƌĞŶĞ ŚĂƌũĞŐŚĂƩŐũĞƐƚĞĨŽƌƐŬĞƌƉůĂƐƐǀĞĚƌŬĞŽůŽŐŝƐŬDƵƐĞƵŵ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƚĞƚŝ^ƚĂǀĂŶŐĞƌ͘:ĞŐ ŬƵŶŶĞŝŬŬĞǀčƌƚƚĂƩďĞĚƌĞŚĊŶĚŽŵŽŐǀčƌƚďĞĚƌĞŝŶŬůƵĚĞƌƚ͘ŶƐƚŽƌƚĂŬŬƟůĚŝƌĞŬƚƆƌ KůĞDĂĚƐĞŶŽŐĂǀĚĞůŝŶŐƐůĞĚĞƌ,ĊŬĂŶWĞƩĞƌƐŽŶĨŽƌĊƚĂŵĞŐŝŶŶŽŐůĂŵĞŐĚŝƐƉŽŶĞƌĞ ĞŶ ĂƌďĞŝĚƐƉůĂƐƐ͕ ŽŐ ƚĂŬŬ Ɵů ƆǀƌŝŐĞ ĂŶƐĂƩĞ ĨŽƌ Ăƚ ũĞŐ ŐĂŶŐ ƉĊ ŐĂŶŐ ŚĂƌ ŵĊƩĞƚ ŵŝŶŶĞĚĞƌĞƉĊĂƚũĞŐĞŐĞŶƚůŝŐŝŬŬĞĞƌĂŶƐĂƩ͘ŶĞŬƐƚƌĂƚĂŬŬƟůŵŝŶĞƐƟƉĞŶĚŝĂƩƚŬŽůůĞŐĞƌŝ ^ƚĂǀĂŶŐĞƌŐũĞŶŶŽŵĚŝƐƐĞƚƌĞĊƌĞŶĞ͕ƐŽŵƵƚŐũƆƌĞƚůŝƚĞŵĞŶŐŽĚƚŵŝůũƆ͘:ĞŐǀŝůŽŐƐĊŝĚĞŶ ĨŽƌďŝŶĚĞůƐĞŶƚƌĞŬŬĞĨƌĞŵĚĞŶĚĂŐůŝŐĞŚũĞůƉĞŶũĞŐŚĂƌĨĊƩĨƌĂďŝďůŝŽƚĞŬĞƚǀĞĚƐĂŵŵĞ ŵƵƐĞƵŵ͘/ŶŐĞŶůŝƩĞƌčƌƵƞŽƌĚƌŝŶŐŚĂƌǀčƌƚĨŽƌƐƚŽƌ͕ŽŐũĞŐŚĂƌŶĞƐƚĞŶůĞŐŝƟŵĞƌƚĞŶ ĞŐĞŶƐƟůůŝŶŐǀĞĚďŝďůŝŽƚĞŬĞƚ͕ŝĚĞĊƌĞŶĞũĞŐŚĂƌŚĂƩƐŝƩĞƚŚĞƌ͘ /ĨŽƌďŝŶĚĞůƐĞŵĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚƵĚŝĞŶĞŚĂƌũĞŐďĞƐƆŬƚĞŶƌĞŬŬĞŵƵƐĞĞƌŽŐŝŶƐƟƚƵƐũŽŶĞƌ ƐŽŵĂůůĞŚĂƌƚĂƩŵĞŐƵƚƌŽůŝŐŐŽĚƚŝŵŽƚ͘<ƵŶŐůŝŐĂŵǇŶƚŬĂďŝŶĞƩĞƚŝ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͕ĞŶŬŽŶ-. XI.

(149) ŐĞůŝŐĞDƆŶƚŽŐDĞĚĂŝůůĞƐĂŵůŝŶŐŝ<ƆďĞŶŚĂǀŶ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƚĞƚƐŵǇŶƚŬĂďŝŶĞƩǀĞĚ Kulturhistorisk museum i Oslo, Bergen museum, Bryggen museum, NTNU-VitenƐŬĂƉƐŵƵƐĞĞƚŽŐDǇŶƚŬĂďŝŶĞƩĞƚŝhƉƉƐĂůĂŚĂƌĂůůĞǀŝƐƚŵĞŐĞŶŝŵƆƚĞŬŽŵŵĞŶŚĞƚ ƐŽŵĂůůƟĚŚĂƌŵĞĚĨƆƌƚĂƚũĞŐŚĂƌƆŶƐŬĞƚĊŬƵŶŶĞďůŝůĞŶŐƌĞ͘:ĞŐǀŝůŽŐƐĊƚĂŬŬĞ DƵƐĠĞ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝƋƵĞĚĞsĞǀĞǇ͕DƵƐĠĞŵŽŶĠƚĂŝƌĞĂŶƚŽŶĂů͕sĂƵĚŽŐ^ǁŝƐƐEĂƟŽŶĂů DƵƐĞƵŵĨŽƌĊƐĞŶĚĞĨŽƚŽĂǀŵǇŶƚĞƌĨƌĂĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶĞƚŝsĞǀĞǇ͘&ŽƚŽĞƌŽŐƐĊŵŽƩĂƩ av Arkeologisk Museum i Stavanger, Bergen Museum, Kulturhistorisk museum i KƐůŽ͕<ƵŶŐůŝŐĂŵǇŶƚŬĂďŝŶĞƩĞƚŽŐ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝƐŬĂŵƵƐĞĞƚŝ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͕ŽŐEdEhͲsŝƚĞŶskapsmuseet. KŐƐĊŵĂŶŐĞĞŶŬĞůƚƉĞƌƐŽŶĞƌŚĂƌďŝĚƌĂƩƟůĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶ͘dĂŬŬƟůŶŶĂ<ũĞůůƐƚƌƂŵ for gjennomlesning av teksten og gode og verdifulle kommentarer. James E. Knirk ;hŝKͿƐŬĂůŚĂƐƚŽƌƚĂŬŬĨŽƌƐŝŶǀƵƌĚĞƌŝŶŐĂǀƌƵŶĞŵǇŶƚĞŶĞ͘&ƌŽĚĞ/ǀĞƌƐĞŶ;hŝKͿŚĂƌ ŐũĞŶƚĂƩĞŐĂŶŐĞƌďŝĚƌĂƩŵĞĚƐŝŶĨĂŐůŝŐĞŬƵŶŶƐŬĂƉ͘ŶĞƩĞ^čƩĞŵ;hŝKͿƐŬĂůŚĂ stor takk for generell service og god hjelpe ved gjentagende dokumentasjonsďĞƐƆŬŽŐĨŽƌĞƐƉƆƌƐůĞƌŐũĞŶŶŽŵƐǇǀĊƌ͘dŚĞŽĞůů'ŝůů;DͿŚĂƌŚũƵůƉĞƚŵĞĚĨƌĞŵƐŬĂīĞůƐĞĂǀŬĂƌƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƚƐŽŵďĞŶǇƩĞƐŝƐĂŵƚůŝŐĞďĂŬŐƌƵŶŶƐŬĂƌƚ͘

(150) ŐĞWĞĚĞƌƐĞŶ ;DͿŚĂƌŐŝƩƵƚŵĞƌŬĞƚƐĐĂŶŶŝŶŐͲƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘dĂŬŬƟů&ƌĠĚĠƌŝĐůĨǀĞƌƐŽŵŬŽƌƌĞŬƚƵƌůĞƐƚĞĚĞƚƐǀĞŶƐŬĞƐĂŵŵĞŶĚƌĂŐĞƚŝƐŝƐƚĞŵŝŶƵƩ͘dĂŬŬƟů<ƌŝƐƟŶŽƌŶŚŽůĚƚŽůůŝŶƐ ĨŽƌƐƉƌĊŬǀĂƐŬĂǀĚĞƚĞŶŐĞůƐŬĞƐĂŵŵĞŶĚƌĂŐĞƚŽŐĚĞĮŐƵƌƚĞŬƐƚĞŶĞƐŽŵŝŬŬĞďůĞƟů ŝƐŝƐƚĞƆǇĞďůŝŬŬ͘KŐƚĂŬŬƟů<ũĞůůWĞƩĞƌĂŬŬĞŶĨŽƌĞƚďƌĂŽŐďĞŚĂŐĞůŝŐƐĂŵĂƌďĞŝĚ ƌƵŶĚƚĚĞŶŐƌĂĮƐŬĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞŶ͘dĂŬŬŽŐƐĊƟů>ĂƌƐ&ŽƌƐĞƚŚ͕KůĂǀůŝĂƐ'ƵŶĚĞƌƐĞŶ͕'ŝƚƚĞ,ĂŶƐĞŶ͕ĞĐŝůŝĂǀŽŶ,ĞŝũŶĞ͕dĞƌũĞDĂƐƚĞƌƵĚ,ĞůůĂŶ͕:ƆƌŐĞŶ^ƚĞĞŶ:ĞŶƐĞŶ͕dŽƌŬĞů Johanssen, Kenneth Jonsson, Katharina Lorvik, Henrik Mäkeler, Michael Märcher, :ĞŶƐŚƌŝƐƟĂŶDŽĞƐŐĂĂƌĚ͕,ĊŬŽŶZŽůĂŶĚ͕ƌŶĞ^ƚĂŵŶĞƐŽŐŶĚǇtŽŽĚƐĨŽƌĊŚĂ ďŝĚƌĂƩŵĞĚĨĂŐůŝŐĞŬƐƉĞƌƟƐĞŽŐĚŝƐŬƵƐũŽŶĞƌ͕ƐĂŵƚƟůŐĂŶŐƉĊƵƉƵďůŝƐĞƌƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞ͘ En kjempestor takk fortjener også min gamle veileder på masteroppgaven og sjef da jeg jobbet i myntsamlingen ved NTNU-Vitenskapsmuseet i Trondheim, Jon ŶĚĞƌƐZŝƐǀĂĂŐ͘hƚĞŶŚĂŶƐƉĊŐĊĞŶŚĞƚŽŐŵĂƐǀŝůůĞũĞŐŬĂŶƐŬũĞĂůĚƌŝŚĂƐƆŬƚŽŵĊ ƐŬƌŝǀĞĞŶĚŽŬƚŽƌŐƌĂĚ͘,ĂŶŚĂƌĚǇƩĞƚŵĞŐĨƌĞŵŝŵĂŶŐĞĊƌ͕ĚĞůƚĂǀƐŝŶŬƵŶŶƐŬĂƉ ŽŐƐŝƩŶĞƩǀĞƌŬ͕ŽŐĞƌĞŶĨĂŐůŝŐŵĞŶƚŽƌŽŐŵŽƟǀĂƚŽƌƐŽŵĂůůƟĚƐƟůůĞƌŽƉƉŶĊƌũĞŐ trenger det. Takk også for lesning av manus, oppmuntring og hyggelige samtaler. dĂŬŬƟůŵĂŵŵĂŽŐƉĂƉƉĂĨŽƌŚũĞůƉŵĞĚďĂƌŶ͕ŵŝĚĚĂŐĞƌŽŐŐĞŶĞƌĞůůŽŵƐŽƌŐ͘/ŶŶƐƉƵƌƚĞŶŚĂĚĚĞŝŬŬĞǀčƌƚŐũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌďĂƌƵƚĞŶĚĞƌĞ͊ŶĞŬƐƚƌĂƚĂŬŬƟůƉĂƉƉĂĨŽƌ ŬŽƌƌĞŬƚƵƌůĞƐŶŝŶŐĂǀƐƉƌĊŬ͘ƵďĞŬǇŵƌĞƚĚĞŐĞƩĞƌƐŽŵƚĞŬƐƚĞŶǀŽŬƐƚĞ͕ŵĞŶƚĂŬŬ ĨŽƌĂƚĚƵůŝŬĞǀĞůĨƵůůĨƆƌƚĞŵĞĚƐƟů͘^ƚŽƌƚĂŬŬŽŐƐĊƟů,ĞŐĞŽŐ<ƌŝƐƟĂŶĨŽƌĊůĂŵĞŐ ǀčƌĞĞƚĨĂƐƚŝŶǀĞŶƚĂƌŝƐŝƩŚũĞŵǀĞĚĂůůĞŵŝŶĞŽƉƉŚŽůĚŝ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͘ƚũĞŐŚĂƌ ŚĂƩƐĊĨĂŶƚĂƐƟƐŬĞǀĞŶŶĞƌƐŽŵĂůůƟĚƚĂƌŵĞŐŝŶŶ͕ŚĂƌǀčƌƚĞŶďĞŬǇŵƌŝŶŐŵŝŶĚƌĞ og en glede ekstra. KŐƐŝƐƚŵĞŶŵĞƐƚ͕ƚĂŬŬƟůũƆƌŶ͕/ǀĞƌŽŐ,ĞŶŶŝĞĨŽƌĂůůƐƚƆƩĞ͕ŬũčƌůŝŐŚĞƚ͕ŽƉƉͲ ŽĨƌĞůƐĞŽŐŐůĞĚĞ͘EĊƌĚĞƩĞĞƌŐũŽƌƚŬĂŶǀŝŬĂŶƐŬũĞƚĂĞŶĨĞůůĞƐĨĞƌŝĞ͕ƐŝƩĞƐĂŵŵĞŶ ŝƐƚƵĂƉĊŬǀĞůĚƐƟĚ͕ŽŐĚĞƚĊŐĊŝŬũĞůůĞƌĞŶŬĂŶŝŐũĞŶďůŝĞŶŵĞƚĂĨŽƌŝƐƚĞĚĞŶĨŽƌĞŶ realitet. dŝůƚƌŽƐƐĨŽƌŵǇĞŚũĞůƉŬĂŶĚĞƚĨŽƌƚƐĂƩĨŽƌĞŬŽŵŵĞĨĞŝůŽŐŵĂŶŐůĞƌ͘ŝƐƐĞŬĂŶŬƵŶ ůĂƐƚĞƐĨŽƌĨĂƩĞƌĞŶƐĞůǀ͘ Stavanger 18. september 2017. LINN ME FECIT. XII.

(151) ϭ͘WƌŽďůĞŵƐƟůůŝŶŐ ͨĞƚĞƌůŝƚĞůƆŶŶƐŽŵƚĊĨŽƌƐƆŬĞŶŽĞŶŬůĂƐƐŝĮƐĞƌŝŶŐĂǀŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌ͕ ŚĂůǀďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞƌŽŐďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞƌ͕ĨƌĂDĂŐŶƵƐĞƌƌĨƆƩƐƟĚƟůŬŽŶŐ^ǀĞƌƌĞ͘ ĞƚƉƵďůŝƐĞƌƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƚĞƌƐŽŵŶĞǀŶƚǀĂŶƐŬĞůŝŐĊďƌƵŬĞŽŐĚĞƐƐƵƚĞŶ ƌĞůĂƟǀƚŬŶĂƉƚ͘ĞƚĞƌƐĊůĞĚĞƐĞŶŶƵůŝƚĞŐƌƵŶŶůĂŐĨŽƌĞƚŵĞƌĞŝŶŶŐĊĞŶĚĞ ƐƚƵĚŝƵŵĂǀƟĚĞŶƐŵǇŶƚǀĞƐĞŶ͘<ƵŶŶǇĞĨƵŶŶŬĂŶǀĞůŚĞƌƐŝŬƌĞEŽƌŐĞŚǀĂĚ ĚĞƚƐĞƌŽŐĨŽƌŚĊďĞŶůŝŐďƌŝŶŐĞĚĞŶŽƌĚĞŶŝŵǇŶƚƌĞŬŬĞŶĞƐŽŵƚƌĞŶŐĞƐĨŽƌ ĂƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƚƐŬĂůďůŝŶŽĞŶůƵŶĚĞďƌƵŬďĂƌƚͩ;,ŽůƐƚϭϵϯϲĂ͗ϭϬϲͿ͘. ϭ͘ϭ EŽƌƐŬŵǇŶƚĨƌĂϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ͗ ĨŽƌƐŬŶŝŶŐƐƐƚĂƚƵƐ Ă,ĂŶƐ,ŽůƐƚ͕ĚĂǀčƌĞŶĚĞƐũĞĨĨŽƌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƚĞƚƐDǇŶƚŬĂďŝŶĞƩ ŝ KƐůŽ ;hD<Ϳ͕ ƐŬƌĞǀ ĚĞƩĞ ŝ ƐŝŶ ŽǀĞƌƐŝŬƚ ŽǀĞƌ norske mynter i 1936 anbefalte han den som eventuĞůƚǀĊŐĞƚƉƌƆǀĞ͕ĊƚĂƵƚŐĂŶŐƐƉƵŶŬƚŝĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶĞŶĞĨƌĂ &ũĞƌĚŝŶŐƌĞŝŶ;ĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶƐŬĂƚĂůŽŐŶƌ͘ϴͿ͕'ƌčƐĞ;ŬĂƚĂůŽŐŶƌ͘ϮϬͿŽŐsĞǀĞǇ;ŬĂƚĂůŽŐŶƌ͘ϮϯͿ͘ŶďĞĨĂůŝŶŐĞŶƐǇŶĞƐ ŶĞƐƚĞŶ ŽǀĞƌŇƆĚŝŐ ĚĂ ŵĂŶ ŝŬŬĞ ŬũĞŶƚĞ Ɵů ŇĞƌĞ ĨƵŶŶ Ăǀ ĚŝƐƐĞŵǇŶƚĞŶĞƉĊĚĞŶŶĞƟĚĞŶ͘DĞŶ͕ĞƩĞƌϭϵϯϲer det ŬŽŵŵĞƚ Ɵů ǇƩĞƌůŝŐĞƌĞ ŶŽĞŶ ĨƵŶŶ͘ ƚ ĂŶŶĞƚ ǀĞƐĞŶƚůŝŐ bidrag for å få orden i myntrekkene er en utvikling av ĂŶĂůǇƐĞǀĞƌŬƚƆǇ͕ ƐŽŵ Ğƌ ďůŝƩ ŇĞƌĞ ŽŐ ďĞĚƌĞ͘ ŝŐŝƚĂů ĨŽƚŽĚŽŬƵŵĞŶƚĂƐũŽŶŐũƆƌĚĞƚŵƵůŝŐĊƐĂŵŵĞŶůŝŐŶĞŵǇŶter fra ulike museer og dermed foreta totalstudier av ƐƚƆƌƌĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŐƌƵƉƉĞƌ͘ KŐƐĊ ŶǇĞƌĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵǀĂƌĞ ĨŽƌ Ċ ŵĞƌŬĞ͕ƐŽƌƚĞƌĞŽŐƐƆŬĞƉĊĨŽƚŽůĞƩĞƌĂƌďĞŝĚƐƉƌŽƐĞƐƐĞŶ og oversikten. Digitale databaser kan strukturere store mengder informasjon om hvert enkelt funn eller mynt, og databasen kan igjen lastes inn i kartprogrammer ƐŽŵŐŝƌǀŝƐƵĞůůĞĨƌĞŵƐƟůůŝŶŐĞƌĂǀƵƚďƌĞĚĞůƐĞƌ͘^ĂŵůĞƚŐŝƌ ĚĞƩĞ ďĞĚƌĞ ŵƵůŝŐŚĞƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ ŬůĂƐƐŝĮƐĞƌŝŶŐ Ăǀ ĚĞ ŶŽƌƐŬĞ myntene. 1100-tallets mynter er den minst bearbeidede delen av norsk mynthistorie og det er derfor heller ikke helt ŬůĂƌƚ ŚǀŝůŬĞ ŵǇŶƚĞƌ ĚĞƩĞ ĨĂŬƟƐŬ ŽŵĨĂƩĞƌ͘ sĞƌŬĞƚ ƐŽŵ i over 150 år har fungert som standardreferanse for Norges mynter i middelalderen ble publisert av ClauĚŝƵƐ:ĂĐŽď^ĐŚŝǀĞŝϭϴϲϱ;ĮŐ͘ϭ͗ϭͿ͕ŽŐĞƌŝĚĂŐĨŽƌĞůĚĞƚ͘ Utgangspunkt for Schives periodeinndeling var de få ŵǇŶƞƵŶŶĞŶĞƐŽŵǀĂƌŬũĞŶƚŝϭϴϲϱ͘ĞƌŵĞĚƵƚŐũƆƌĨŽƌ ĞŬƐĞŵƉĞůŵǇŶƚĞŶĞĨƌĂ&ũĞƌĚŝŶŐƌĞŝŶ;ϴͿŚĞůĞĚĞŶĨƆƌƐƚĞ ƟĚƐĂǀŐƌĞŶƐŶŝŶŐĞŶĨƌĂϭϭϬϯƟůϭϭϯϬŚŽƐ^ĐŚŝǀĞ͘,ǀŽƌĚĂŶ ĚĞƵůŝŬĞŵǇŶƩǇƉĞŶĞŵĞůůŽŵϭϭϬϯŽŐϭϭϯϬǀĂƌĚĂƚĞƌƚ. ŚĂĚĚĞŚĂŶŝŬŬĞŐƌƵŶŶůĂŐĨŽƌĊĂǀŐũƆƌĞŝŽŐŵĞĚĂƚĂůůĞ ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞǀĂƌĨƌĂƐĂŵŵĞĨƵŶŶ͘&ũĞƌĚŝŶŐƌĞŝŶĞƌŝƟůůĞŐŐĞƚ ƵƐĞĚǀĂŶůŝŐ ƐĂŵŵĞŶƐĂƩ ĨƵŶŶ͘ ^ĐŚŝǀĞ ŐũƆƌ ŝŶŐĞŶ ƵƚĂůƚĞ ĨŽƌƐƆŬ ƉĊ Ċ ŬůĂƐƐŝĮƐĞƌĞ ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞ ŝ ŵǇŶƩǇƉĞƌ ǀĞĚ Ċ ƐĞ ůŝŬŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĨĞůůĞƐƚƌĞŬŬŵĞůůŽŵŇĞƌĞĞŬƐĞŵƉůĂƌ͕ĞůůĞƌĚĞĮŶĞƌĞǀŝŬƟŐĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĞƌŝŵŽƟǀĞŶĞ͘,ĂŶƐǇŶĞƐƐŶĂƌĞƌĞ ĊǀčƌĞŽƉƉƚĂƩĂǀĊƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞƌĞŵĂŶŐĨŽůĚĞƚŽŐǀĂƌŝĂƐũŽŶĞŶĞ͘ǀĚĞŶŐƌƵŶŶĞƌŚĂŶƐŐũĞŶŐŝǀĞůƐĞƌŵĞŐĞƚŶƆǇĂŬƟŐĞ͕ŵĞŶŽŐƐĊƐǀčƌƚŵĂŶŐĞ͘ŶŬŽŶƐĞŬǀĞŶƐĂǀĚĞƩĞĞƌ ĂƚŶĊƌŶǇĞŵǇŶƚĞƌďůŝƌĨƵŶŶĞƚ͕ƐŽŵŝŬŬĞĞƌŝĚĞŶƟƐŬŵĞĚ mynter avbildet på Schives plansjer, henvises denne ƐŽŵĞŶǀĂƌŝĂŶƚĂǀĚĞŶĚĞŶĞƌŵĞƐƚůŝŬ͘/ƐŝŶƚƵƌŵĞĚĨƆƌĞƌ det at Schives tegnede eksemplarer forstås som typer. <ŽůďũƆƌŶ^ŬĂĂƌĞƐŽŵŝϭϵϵϱƵƚŐĂǀĞƚŽǀĞƌƐŝŬƚƐǀĞƌŬŽǀĞƌ ŚĞůĞĚĞŶŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĞŶ͕ŐĊƌƟůŵŽƚƐĂƩǇƩĞƌůŝŐhet. Skaare beskriver heller ikke hva han vektlegger i sin inndeling i typer, men han opererer med et begrenset ĂŶƚĂůůƚǇƉĞƌŵĞĚŐĞŶĞƌĞůůĞŵŽƟǀďĞƐŬƌŝǀĞůƐĞƌ͕ŽŐŽƉƉŐŝƌ ĂƚƵŶĚĞƌŚǀĞƌƚǇƉĞĮŶŶĞƐŇĞƌĞǀĂƌŝĂŶƚĞƌďĂƐĞƌƚƉĊƵůŝŬŚĞƚĞƌŝŵŽƟǀĞƚ͕ďŝƚĞŐŶĞůůĞƌůŝŐŶĞŶĚĞ͘ĞƚƐǇŶĞƐƐŽŵĂƚ ƵůŝŬŚĞƚĞƌŝŵǇŶƚĞŶĞƐŽŵƐŬƌŝŌĞƌǀĞŬƚůĞŐŐĞƐŚƆǇƚƟůƚƌŽƐƐ ĨŽƌ ŚĞůƚ ůŝŬĞ ŵŽƟǀĞƌ ĨŽƌ ƆǀƌŝŐ͘ DŽƟǀĞƚƐ ĨŽƌŵ Ğƌ ŶŽĞŶ ŐĂŶŐĞƌƟůůĂŐƚǀĞŬƚ͕ĂŶĚƌĞŐĂŶŐĞƌŝŬŬĞ͘ĞƚŽƉƉŐŝƐĨŽƌĞŬsempel ikke hva som skiller NMH 99 fra NMH 132. De ƚŽďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞŶĞĞƌƟůƐǇŶĞůĂƚĞŶĚĞƉƌŽĚƵƐĞƌƚŵĞĚƐĂŵŵĞ ƚĞŬŶŝŬŬ͕ŽŐŚĂƌůŝŬĞŵŽƟǀ͕ŵĞŶĞƌĂǀ^ŬĂĂƌĞƉůĂƐƐĞƌƚƵŶĚĞƌŚǀĞƌƐŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚĞ͘ƌĚĞƚƵůŝŬŐũĞŶŶŽŵƐŶŝƩƐǀĞŬƚĞůůĞƌ ĮŶŶĞƐŵŽƟǀĞƚŝĨƵŶŶŵĞĚƐǀčƌƚƵůŝŬĚĂƚĞƌŝŶŐ͍ůůĞƌŚĂƌ ^ŬĂĂƌĞƐĞƩĨŽƌƐŬũĞůůĞƌŝŵŽƟǀĞƚƐŽŵŝŬŬĞĞƌĊƉĞŶďĂƌƵƚ fra illustrasjonene? Når en kronologi skal utarbeides, ĮŶŶĞƐĚĞƚŬůĂƌĞĨŽƌĚĞůĞƌŵĞĚĊĚĞĮŶĞƌĞƚǇƉĞŶĞŽŐŚǀŝůŬĞ ǀĂƌŝĂƐũŽŶĞƌ ƐŽŵ ĮŶŶĞƐ ŝŶŶĞŶ ĚĞŵ ƚǇĚĞůŝŐ͘ Ğƚ Ğƌ ŽŐƐĊǀŝŬƟŐĊĞƚĂďůĞƌĞĞƚƐǇƐƚĞŵĚĞƌŶǇĞƚǇƉĞƌŽŐǀĂƌŝĂŶƚĞƌŬĂŶĨĊƉůĂƐƐ;ƐĞDĂůŵĞƌ͕͘ϭϵϲϭŽŐŚĞŶŶĞƐŬƌŝƟŬŬĂǀ ^ƚĞŶĞƌƐĞŶϭϴϴϭͿ͘^ŬĂĂƌĞƐŬƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝƐŬĞƐǇƐƚĞŵŵĞĚĞƚĂ-. 1.

(152) &ŝŐ͘ϭ͗ϭ^ĐŚŝǀĞϭϴϲϱdĂď/s͘^ŝĚĞŶǀŝƐĞƌŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌĨƌĂ ďĞŐǇŶŶĞůƐĞŶĂǀϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ͘. 2. &ŝŐ͘ϭ͗ϭ^ĐŚŝǀĞϭϴϲϱdĂď͘/s͘dŚĞƉůĂƚĞŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐEŽƌǁĞŐŝĂŶ ĐŽŝŶƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞϭϮthĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ͘.

(153) blerte typer er en forbedring av Schives presentasjon av enkelteksemplar i den forstand at nye mynter kan ƉůĂƐƐĞƌĞƐŝŶŶŝƐǇƐƚĞŵĞƚ͘^ĂŵƟĚŝŐŵĂŶŐůĞƌĞŶĚĞůďĂŬŐƌƵŶŶƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐũŽŶŽŵŚǀŽƌĚĂŶƚǇƉĞŶĞĞƌĚĞĮŶĞƌƚĨŽƌĊ ŬƵŶŶĞĨƆůŐĞŽƉƉŬůĂƐƐŝĮƐĞƌŝŶŐĞŶƉĊĞŶĞŶŬĞůŽŐŬŽŶƐĞkvent måte. Man må vite hvilke forskjeller som vektlegŐĞƐŝŚǀŝůŬĞŶŐƌĂĚͲŚǀĂĞƌĂǀŐũƆƌĞŶĚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĞƌ͍. ƐĞŽŵƐƉŽƌĞŶĞĞƩĞƌĞŶĞǀĞŶƚƵĞůůďƌƵŬŬĂŶǀčƌĞŵĞĚ å belyse myntvesenets organisasjon og myntens rolle i ƐĂŵĨƵŶŶĞƚƐŵĂŶŐĞƐĨčƌĞƌ͘ŶŐŽĚŬƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĨŽƌĚĞŶŽƌske myntene må betraktes som grunnfundamentet for all annen kunnskap og forståelse av myntproduksjon og myntbruk.. /ƟĚĞŶŵĞůůŽŵ^ĐŚŝǀĞŽŐ^ŬĂĂƌĞŚĂƌŇĞƌĞĨŽƌƐŬĞƌĞƐĞƩ på deler av det norske myntmaterialet fra 1100-tallet. Ğƚ Ğƌ ĨƌĞŵŵĞƚ ŽŐ ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĞƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŇĞƌĞ ĞŶĚƌŝŶŐĞƌ ŝ ŬƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĞŶ͕ ŽŐ ƉƌŽǀĞŶŝĞŶƐĞŶ ĨŽƌ ĞŶ ĚĞů ŵǇŶƩǇƉĞƌ Ğƌ ŽŐƐĊ ďĞƚǀŝůƚ ;Ĩ͘ĞŬƐ͘ ,ŽůƐƚ ϭϵϯϲĂ͖ ZĂƐŵƵƐƐŽŶ ϭϵϱϲ͖ DĂůŵĞƌ͕͘ϭϵϲϭ͖'ĂůƐƚĞƌϭϵϲϱ͕ϭϵϴϭ͖^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϴϮͿ͘ǀ uforståelige grunner har ikke Skaare innarbeidet eller diskutert så mange av forslagene, endringene, om-plasƐĞƌŝŶŐĞŶĞŽŐŽŵͲĚĞĮŶĞƌŝŶŐĞŶĞƐŽŵŚĂƌǀčƌƚŐũŽƌƚĂǀ ĂŶĚƌĞĨŽƌƐŬĞƌĞ͕ŶĊƌŚĂŶƐŬƌŝǀĞƌƐŝƩŽǀĞƌƐŝŬƚƐǀĞƌŬŝϭϵϵϱ͘ Det er derfor et behov for at resultatene av disse bidraŐĞŶĞďůŝƌƐĂŵůĞƚŽŐǀƵƌĚĞƌƚŝĨŽƌŚŽůĚƟůŚǀĞƌĂŶĚƌĞ͘KŐƐĊ ĨŽƌƐŬŶŝŶŐƉĊŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌĨƌĂƐůƵƩĞŶĂǀϭϬϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚĂǀ <ŽůďũƆƌŶ^ŬĂĂƌĞ;ϭϵϲϵďͿ͕:ƆƌŐĞŶ^ƚĞĞŶ:ĞŶƐĞŶ;ϮϬϭϰͿŽŐ ƌŝƚĂDĂůŵĞƌ;ϭϵϲϭͿƵƚŐũƆƌĞƚǀŝŬƟŐŐƌƵŶŶůĂŐĨŽƌĂŶĂůǇsen av 1100-tallets begynnelse, og må i sterkere grad trekkes veksler på. I foreliggende avhandling tas disƐĞƌĞƐƵůƚĂƚĞŶĞŽƉƉƟůǀƵƌĚĞƌŝŶŐŽŐďĞŶǇƩĞƐŝĚĞǀŝĚĞƌĞ studiene av de norske myntenes kronologi.. ϭ͘Ϯ EŽƌŐĞƐŵǇŶƚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĞŝĞƵƌŽƉĞŝƐŬ ƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƟǀ͕ϴϬϬʹϭϭϬϯ. ĞŶ ǀĂŶůŝŐƐƚĞ ŝŶŶŐĂŶŐĞŶ Ɵů ďĞƐƚĞŵŵĞůƐĞ Ăǀ ŵǇŶƚĞƌ Ğƌ ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞƐ ŽŵƐŬƌŝŌĞƌ ƐŽŵ ŽŌĞ ĨŽƌƚĞůůĞƌ ŚǀĞŵ ƐŽŵ var myntherre, myntmester og hvor myntstedet lå. De norske myntene fra 1100-tallet mangler med noen få ƵŶŶƚĂŬŽŵƐŬƌŝŌĞƌŽŐŚĂƌĚĞƌĨŽƌďůŝƩďĞƐƚĞŵƚŽŐĚĂƚĞƌƚ Ƶƚ ĨƌĂ ĂŶĚƌĞ ĂƌŬĞŽůŽŐŝƐŬĞ ŽŐ ŶƵŵŝƐŵĂƟƐŬĞ ŵĞƚŽĚĞƌ͘ / avhandlingen er de ulike metodene diskutert og bestemmelsen av myntene er gjort ut fra en målsetning ŽŵĂƚŶǇĞŵǇŶƚĞƌƐŽŵŵĊƩĞďůŝĨƵŶŶĞƚŬĂŶďĞƐƚĞŵŵĞƐ ŝŶŶĞŶĨŽƌƐĂŵŵĞƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ŽŐĞƩĞƌƟůƐǀĂƌĞŶĚĞŬƌŝƚĞƌŝĞƌ͘

(154) ďĞƐƚĞŵŵĞ ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞ ŵĞƌĞ ŶƆǇĂŬƟŐ ĞŶŶ Ɵů ƐƚƆƌƌĞ ƟĚƐƉĞƌŝŽĚĞƌĞƌ͕ƐŽŵ,ŽůƐƚƉĊƉĞŬĞƌ͕ŶƆĚǀĞŶĚŝŐĨŽƌĨŽƌƐƚĊĞůƐĞŶĂǀƟĚĞŶƐŵǇŶƚǀĞƐĞŶ͘ĞƚĞƌǀĂŶƐŬĞůŝŐĊƐŝŶŽĞ om hvem som produserte mynt, i hvilket omfang, på hvor mange steder eller på hvilken måte, dersom man ŝŬŬĞŬĂŶĚĂƚĞƌĞŵǇŶƚĞŶĞƌĞůĂƟǀƚŝĨŽƌŚŽůĚƟůŚǀĞƌĂŶĚƌĞ͘ Ŷ ĚĞƚĂůũĞƌƚ ŬƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝ Ğƌ ĚĞƌĨŽƌ ŶƆŬŬĞůĞŶ Ɵů Ċ ĨŽƌƐƚĊ ŵǇŶƚƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶĞŶ ŝ ĚĞƚ ŐũĞůĚĞŶĚĞ ƟĚƐƌŽŵ͘ <ƵŶŶƐŬĂƉ Žŵ ŵǇŶƚƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶĞŶ Ğƌ ŝŐũĞŶ ŶƆŬŬĞůĞŶ Ɵů Ċ ĨŽƌƐƚĊ myntbruk. Hvor mye mynt som produseres, og hvor, er ǀŝŬƟŐĞĨŽƌƵƚƐĞƚŶŝŶŐĞƌĨŽƌŚǀŽƌƟůŐũĞŶŐĞůŝŐŵǇŶƚĞŶǀĂƌ͕ og for hvem. Også myntherrens intensjon med utmyntŶŝŶŐĞŶĞƌƟůĞŶǀŝƐƐŐƌĂĚƐƚǇƌĞŶĚĞĨŽƌŚǀŽƌĚĂŶŵǇŶƚĞŶ ďĞŶǇƩĞƐŝƐĂŵĨƵŶŶĞƚ͘/ĂǀŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĞŶƆŶƐŬĞƌũĞŐĊƆŬĞ ŬƵŶŶƐŬĂƉĞŶŽŵŚǀŽƌĚĂŶŽŐŝŚǀŝůŬĞŶŐƌĂĚŵĂŶďĞŶǇƩĞƚ mynt i samfunnet på 1100-tallet i Norge, så vel som å. ŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂǀŐƌĞŶƐŶŝŶŐƟůŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌĨƌĂϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚŵĞĚĨƆƌĞƌŝŵŝĚůĞƌƟĚŝŬŬĞĂƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƚŽŐƉĞƌŝŽĚĞŶ kan studeres isolert. Den norske mynten fra 1100-tallet ŵĊƐĞĞƐŝĨŽƌŚŽůĚƟůŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌŝƟĚůŝŐĞƌĞƉĞƌŝŽĚĞƌ ŽŐŵĊŽŐƐĊĨŽƌƐƚĊƐŝƌĞůĂƐũŽŶƟůŵǇŶƚĞƌŽŐƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐŝ ƆǀƌŝŐĞƵƌŽƉĂƐŽŵŚĂƌƚũĞŶƚƐŽŵĨŽƌďŝůĚĞƌ͕ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƐũŽŶ ŽŐŬŝůĚĞďĊĚĞƟůŬƵŶŶƐŬĂƉŽŐƐƆůǀƟůŐĂŶŐ͘/ĚĞƩĞŬĂƉŝƚůĞƚ vil det derfor gis en oversikt over Norges mynthistorie ĨƌĞŵƟůϭϭϬϯŝƌĞůĂƐũŽŶƟůĞƵƌŽƉĞŝƐŬƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐ͘ &ƌĂ ďĞŐǇŶŶĞůƐĞŶ Ăǀ ǀŝŬŝŶŐƟĚĞŶ͕ ĐĂ͘ ϴϬϬ Ğ͘<ƌ͕͘ Ğƌ ĚĞƚ i Norge funnet noen få mynter fra England og det &ƌĂŶŬŝƐŬĞƌŝŬĞƚ͕ĂůůĞĚĂƚĞƌƚĨƆƌϴϱϬĞ͘<ƌ͘DǇŶƚĞƌĨƌĂĚĞƚ ĂƌĂďŝƐŬĞŬĂůŝĨĂƚĞƚŵĞĚŬƵĮƐŬƐŬƌŝŌ;ŬƵĮƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌͿĚĂƚĞƌƚĨƆƌϴϱϬĞƌ͕ŝĚĞŶŐƌĂĚŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƚĞŶŬĂŶďĞƐƚĞŵŵĞƐ͕ ĨƵŶŶĞƚŝŐƌĂǀĞƌŝEŽƌŐĞ͘,ĞůĞвĂǀĚĞŬƵĮƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞŶĞǀŝ ŬũĞŶŶĞƌĨƌĂŶŽƌƐŬũŽƌĚĞƌƐůĊƩŵĞůůŽŵϴϵϬŽŐϵϱϬ͘Ğƚ ƐƚƆƌƐƚĞƐůƵƩĞĚĞĨƵŶŶĞƚĂǀŬƵĮƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌĞƌĞƚĚĞƉŽƚĨƵŶŶ ĨƌĂ 'ƌŝŵĞƐƚĂĚ͕ ^ƚŽŬŬĞ ŝ sĞƐƞŽůĚ ŵĞĚ ϳϳ ŵǇŶƚĞƌ͘ KŌĞƐƚ ĮŶŶĞƌ ǀŝ ŬƵĮƐŬĞ ŵǇŶƚĞƌ ŝ ĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶ ƐĂŵŵĞŶ ŵĞĚ ŝŬŬĞͲŶƵŵŝƐŵĂƟƐŬ ƐƆůǀ ŝ ĨŽƌŵ Ăǀ ďĂƌƌĞƌ͕ ƐƚĞŶŐĞƌ͕ ƌŝŶŐĞƌŽŐŚĂŬŬĞƐƆůǀ;^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϵϱĂ͗ϯϬʹϭͿ͘ĞŶŶĞƐĂŵŵĞŶƐĞƚŶŝŶŐĞŶ ŝ ĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶĞŶĞ Ğƌ ŽŌĞ ƚŽůŬĞƚ ƐŽŵ Ċ ǀŝƐĞ ĞŶ ƆŬŽŶŽŵŝ ĚĞƌ ƐƆůǀĞƚ ďůĞ ŬƵƩĞƚ ŽƉƉ ŝ ƉĂƐƐĞůŝŐ ƐƚŽƌĞƐƚǇŬŬĞƌŽŐǀĞŝĚĨŽƌŚǀĞƌĞŶŬĞůƚƚƌĂŶƐĂŬƐũŽŶ;Ĩ͘ĞŬƐ͘ ,ĊƌĚŚ ϭϵϴϵ͕ ϭϵϵϲͿ͘ DŽƚ ƐůƵƩĞŶ Ăǀ ϵϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ ƐƚĞŶŐƚĞ ĚĞ ŵƵƐůŝŵƐŬĞ ƐƆůǀŐƌƵǀĞŶĞ ŚǀŝůŬĞƚ ƚƌŽůŝŐ ĨŽƌĊƌƐĂŬĞƚ ĞŶ ƐƚŽƉƉŝƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶĞŶĂǀďǇƐĂŶƟŶƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌ;^ƉƵīŽƌĚ ϭϵϵϭ͗ϵϳͿ͘ ĞƌŵĞĚ ŽƉƉŚƆƌƚĞ ŽŐƐĊ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĞŶ Ăǀ ĚĞŶŶĞ ƚǇƉĞŶŵǇŶƚĞƌƟůEŽƌŐĞ͘&ƌĂŽŵƚƌĞŶƚƐĂŵŵĞƟĚďĞŐǇŶƚĞ engelske og tyske mynter å dominere i de norske deƉŽƞƵŶŶĞŶĞ͘/EŽƌŐĞĞƌĚĞƚĨƵŶŶĞƚƌƵŶĚƚϯϬϬϬƚǇƐŬĞŽŐ ϯϬϬϬĞŶŐĞůƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌ;^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϵϱ͗ϯϰ͖^ĐƌĞĞŶϮϬϭϯ͗ϭʹ ϭϭͿ͘ĞĞŶŐĞůƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞŶĞŬĂŶŚĂǀčƌƚĞƚƌĞƐƵůƚĂƚĂǀƵƚďĞƚĂůŝŶŐĞƌĂǀĂŶĞŐũĞůĚ͕ŚǀŝůŬĞƚĨĂŶƚƐƚĞĚĨƆƌƐƚĞŐĂŶŐŝ ϵϵϭ;^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϳϰ͗ϯϳϵͿ͕ŵĞŶĚĞƩĞĨŽƌŬůĂƌĞƌŝƐĊĨĂůůŬƵŶ ƟůŐĂŶŐĞŶƉĊĞŶŐĞůƐŬŵǇŶƚ͕ŝŬŬĞƐĞůǀĞĚĞƉŽŶĞƌŝŶŐĞŶ͘

(155) ƌƐĂŬĞŶƟůĚĞŶƆŬƚĞŵĞŶŐĚĞŶƚǇƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞƌŝŶŽƌƐŬĞĚĞƉŽƚ ĞƌŐũĞƌŶĞƐĞƩŝƐĂŵŵĞŶŚĞŶŐŵĞĚŽƉƉĚĂŐĞůƐĞŶĂǀƐƆůǀ ŝZĂŵŵĞůƐďĞƌŐŶčƌ'ŽƐůĂƌŝ,ĂƌǌłĞůůĞŶĞ͘'ƌƵǀĞƌĊƉŶĞƚ ŚĞƌŝϵϲϬ͕ŵĞŶĂǀůĞǀĞƌƚĞŝŶŐĞŶƐƚƆƌƌĞŵĞŶŐĚĞƌƐƆůǀĨƆƌ ŵŽƚƐůƵƩĞŶĂǀĊƌŚƵŶĚƌĞƚ͘ƩĞƌĚĞƩĞĊƉŶĞƚŇĞƌĞĂŶĚƌĞ ŐƌƵǀĞƌŝdǇƐŬůĂŶĚ;^ƉƵīŽƌĚϭϵϵϭ͗ϳϰʹϱͿ͘ĞŶƆŬƚĞƟůŐĂŶŐĞŶƉĊƐƆůǀŵĞĚĨƆƌƚĞĞŶƆŬŶŝŶŐŝƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶĞŶĂǀƚǇƐŬ. 3.

(156) ŵǇŶƚ͘/ĨƆůŐĞWĞƚĞƌ^ƉƵīŽƌĚ;ϭϵϵϭ͗ϳϵͿĨƌĞŵƉƌŽǀŽƐĞƌƚĞ ĚĞŶŶĞƐƚƌƆŵŵĞŶĂǀƐƆůǀŵŽƚŶŽƌĚĞŶĞŐĞŶƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐ i Danmark, Sverige og Norge. Ğ ĨƆƌƐƚĞ ŶŽƌƐŬĞ ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞ ǀŝ ŬũĞŶŶĞƌ Ğƌ ƐůĊƩ Ăǀ KůĂǀ dƌǇŐŐǀĂƐŽŶ;ϵϵϱʹϭϬϬϬͿ1. Samtlige fem eksemplarer er ĨƵŶŶĞƚ ƵƚĞŶĨŽƌ ĚĂŐĞŶƐ EŽƌŐĞ͕ ŽŐ ĚĞ ĮƌĞ ǀŝ ŝ ĚĂŐ ŚĂƌ ƟůŐũĞŶŐĞůŝŐ͕ Ğƌ ƉƌŽĚƵƐĞƌƚ Ăǀ ĚĞƚ ƐĂŵŵĞ ƐƚĞŵƉĞůƉĂƌ͘ DǇŶƚŵŽƟǀĞƚǀĂƌĞŶŝŵŝƚĂƐũŽŶĂǀĚĞŶĞŶŐĞůƐŬĞŬŽŶŐƚŚĞůƌĞĚ//Ɛ;ϵϳϴʹϭϬϭϯ͕ϭϬϭϰʹϭϲͿͨZhyͩͲƚǇƉĞ͘ĞƚďĞgrensede antall mynter og at de er produsert med samŵĞƐƚĞŵƉĞůƉĂƌĂŶƚǇĚĞƌĂƚĚĞŶŶĞĨƆƌƐƚĞŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞŶ ǀĂƌĞƚĞŬƐƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͕ĞǀĞŶƚƵĞůƚĨǇůƚĞĞƚƐƉĞƐŝĮŬƚĨŽƌŵĊů͕ ŽŐ ŝŬŬĞ ĞŶ ǀĞůĞƚĂďůĞƌƚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƐũŽŶ ;^ŬĂĂƌĞ ϭϵϵϱ͗ϰϬʹϭͿ͘ KŐƐĊKůĂǀĚĞŶ,ĞůůŝŐĞ,ĂƌĂůĚƐƐŽŶ;ϭϬϭϱʹϮϴͿ͕ƐůŽŵǇŶƚ sporadisk. Fra ham er det funnet elleve mynter fordelt ƉĊ ƚƌĞ ƚǇƉĞƌ͕ ŚǀŽƌĂǀ ƐǇǀ Ăǀ ĚŝƐƐĞ Ğƌ ƐůĊƩ ŵĞĚ ƐĂŵŵĞ stempelpar. Olav den Helliges eldste mynter var imiƚĂƐũŽŶĞƌ Ăǀ ŬŽŶŐ ƚŚĞůƌĞĚ //Ɛ ͨůŽŶŐͲĐƌŽƐƐͩͲƚǇƉĞ͕ ƐůĊƩ ŝ England mellom ca. 997 og ca. 10032. Også de to andre typene var imitasjoner av kong Ethelred IIs mynter, daƚĞƌƚ ŚĞŶŚŽůĚƐǀŝƐ Ɵů ĞƩĞƌ ĐĂ͘ ϭϬϬϵ ŽŐ ĐĂ͘ ϭϬϮϯ͘ / ĨƆůŐĞ ^ŬĂĂƌĞ ;ϭϵϵϱĂ͗ϰϰͿ ŚĂƌ ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞ ĞŶ ͨŶĞƐƚĞŶ ŵĂŬƐŝŵĂů ŐƌĂĚĂǀŝŶŶďǇƌĚĞƐƐƚĞŵƉĞůůŝŬŚĞƚͩ͘ ^ƆůǀĞƚ ĨƌĂ ,ĂƌǌłĞůůĞŶĞ ǀĂƌƚĞ ŝŬŬĞ ůĞŶŐĞ͘ 'ƌƵǀĞŶ ŚĂĚĚĞ ƐŝƩ ƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶƐŵĞƐƐŝŐĞ ŚƆǇĚĞƉƵŶŬƚ ƌƵŶĚƚ ϭϬϮϱ ŽŐ ϭϱ Ċƌ ƐĞŶĞƌĞ ǀĂƌ ƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶĞŶ ŵŝŶŝŵĂů ;^ƉƵīŽƌĚ ϭϵϵϭ͗ϵϱͿ͘ƩĞƌĚĞƩĞĨŽƌƐǀĂŶƚĚĞƚǇƐŬĞƉĨĞŶŶŝŶŐĞŶĞĨƌĂ ĚĞŶŽƌƐŬĞĚĞƉŽƞƵŶŶĞŶĞ͘ŶŶĞĚŐĂŶŐŝŵĞŶŐĚĞŶƵƚǀƵŶŶĞƚ ƐƆůǀ ŬŽŵďŝŶĞƌƚ ŵĞĚ ŶĞĚŐĂŶŐ ŝ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞŶ ĨŽƌ ůƵŬƐƵƐǀĂƌĞƌƐŽŵƉĞůƐĨƌĂEŽƌŐĞ͕ĞƌĨŽƌĞƐůĊƩĞĨŽƌŬůĂƌŝŶŐĞƌ på den sterkt reduserte mengden tyske mynter funnet i EŽƌŐĞĨƌĂŵŝĚƚĞŶĂǀϭϬϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ;^ƉƵīŽƌĚϭϵϵϭ͗ϵϲͿ͘Ŷ ĂŶŶĞŶƚĞŶŬĞůŝŐĊƌƐĂŬĞƌĂƚĞŶƐƚƆƌƌĞĂŶĚĞůĂǀĚĞƵƚĞŶlandske myntene som havnet i Norge ble smeltet om. Ğƚ ǀĂƌ ŝ ĚĞŶŶĞ ŶĞĚŐĂŶŐƐƟĚĞŶ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚŵǇŶƚ ŽŐ ƌĊƐƆůǀ Ăƚ ,ĂƌĂůĚ ^ŝŐƵƌĚƐƐŽŶ ,ĂƌĚƌĊĚĞ ;ϭϬϰϱʹϲϲͿ ƌƵŶĚƚ ϭϬϱϬďĞŐǇŶƚĞĊƉƌĞŐĞŵǇŶƚ͘ĞƩĞǀĂƌĚĞŶĨƆƌƐƚĞŶŽƌƐŬĞ utmyntningen som fremstår som mere enn et eksperiment eller episode. Harald Hardråde, som returnerte ĨƌĂ ƚũĞŶĞƐƚĞ ŚŽƐ ĚĞŶ ǇƐĂŶƟŶƐŬĞ ŬĞŝƐĞƌĞŶ ŝ ϭϬϰϱ͕ ďůĞ ŝ ϭϬϰϳ ĞŶĞŬŽŶŐĞ ŝ EŽƌŐĞ ĞƩĞƌ Ċ ŚĂ ĚĞůƚ ŬŽŶŐĞƟƩĞůĞŶ ŵĞĚ ƐŝŶ ŶĞǀƆ DĂŐŶƵƐ KůĂǀƐƐŽŶ ĚĞŶ 'ŽĚĞ ;ϭϬϯϱʹϰϳͿ ŝĞƩĊƌ;<ƌĂŐϭϵϵϱ͗ϭϳϬʹϭ͖^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϵϱ͗ϰϳ͖^ŝŐƵƌĚƐƐŽŶ ϭϵϵϵ͗ϳϯͿ͘ WĊ ďĂŬŐƌƵŶŶ Ăǀ ƐƚĞŵƉĞůƐƚƵĚŝĞƌ ŽŐ ŵĞƚƌŽůŽŐŝƐŬĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƌĞƌĚĞƚƐůĊƩĨĂƐƚĂƚ,ĂƌĂůĚ,ĂƌĚƌĊĚĞŝůƆƉĞƚ ĂǀƐŝŶƌĞŐũĞƌŝŶŐƐƟĚŝŬŬĞďĂƌĞŽƉƉƌĞƩŚŽůĚƚĞŶŵǇŶƚƉƌŽĚƵŬƐũŽŶŽǀĞƌƟĚ͕ŵĞŶŽŐƐĊŐũĞŶŶŽŵĨƆƌƚĞĞŶƉůĂŶŵĞƐƐŝŐ ĨŽƌƌŝŶŐĞůƐĞĂǀŵǇŶƚĞŶƐƐƆůǀŝŶŶŚŽůĚĨƌĂϵϲйƐƆůǀƟůϭϲ й;^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϵϱ͗ϱϭͿ͘ĞŶŶŽƌƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞŶƐůĂǀĞƐƆůǀǀĞƌĚŝǀĞĚ,ĂƌĂůĚ,ĂƌĚƌĊĚĞƐĚƆĚďůĞŽƉƉƌĞƩŚŽůĚƚĂǀŚĂŶƐ ϭ Ϯ. 4. ƐƆŶŶ KůĂǀ ,ĂƌĂůĚƐƐŽŶ <ǇƌƌĞ ;ϭϬϲϳʹϵϯͿ͘ &ƆƌƐƚ ƵŶĚĞƌ DĂŐŶƵƐ KůĂǀƐƐŽŶ ĞƌƌĨƆƩ ;ϭϬϵϯʹϭϭϬϯͿ ďůĞ ŵǇŶƚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞŶ ĨŽƌďĞĚƌĞƚ͘ ĞƩĞ ďůĞ ŐũŽƌƚ ǀĞĚ Ċ ŚĂůǀĞƌĞ ŵǇŶƚĞŶƐǀĞŬƚ͕ŽŐďĞŚŽůĚĞŵĞŶŐĚĞŶƐƆůǀ;^ŬĂĂƌĞϭϵϲϵď͗ϯϲ͕ ϭϵϵϱ͗ϱϱͿ͘'ƌĞƉĞƚŵĞĚĨƆƌƚĞŝŵŝĚůĞƌƟĚĞŶĞŶĚƌŝŶŐŵĞůůŽŵŵĂƌŬǀĞŝĚƐƆůǀŽŐŵĂƌŬƉĞŶŶŝŶŐƟůĨŽƌŚŽůĚĞƚϭ͗Ϯ͘ DĂŐŶƵƐ ĞƌƌĨƆƩƐ ŵǇŶƚƌĞĨŽƌŵ ǀĂƌ ůŝŬĞǀĞů ŝŬŬĞ ŶŽŬ ĨŽƌ ĊŚŽůĚĞŵǇŶƚĞŶƐƚĂďŝůŽŐǀĞŬƚĞŶĨŽƌƚƐĂƩĞĊƐǇŶŬĞŵŽƚ ĊƌŚƵŶĚƌĞƐŬŝŌĞƚ;DĂůŵĞƌ͕͘ϭϵϲϭ͗ϯϲϬʹϮͿ͘ KŐƐĊŝƵƌŽƉĂƐĂŶŬƐƆůǀŵǇŶƚĞŶƐǀĞŬƚŽŐůƆĚŝŐŚĞƚŝĂŶdre halvdel av 1000-tallet og samme tendenser fortsatƚĞŐũĞŶŶŽŵŶĞƐƚĞĊƌŚƵŶĚƌĞŽŐƐĊŝĚĞŇĞƐƚĞŽŵƌĊĚĞŶĞ ŝƵƌŽƉĂ;'ƌŝĞƌƐŽŶϭϵϵϭ͗ϲϰ͕ϴϭͿ͘ƚƵŶŶƚĂŬǀĂƌĚĞŶĞŶŐĞůƐŬĞŵǇŶƚĞŶƐŽŵŬůĂƌƚĞƐĞŐƵƚĞŶĨŽƌƌŝŶŐĞůƐĞƌ͘ĞƐƚƆƌste endringene kunne sees i Tyskland og Nederlandene hvor man i mange områder introduserte brakteater. Brakteatpregningen i Tyskland begynte trolig i 1130ĊƌŶĞ ŝ ƵůŝŬĞ ĚĞůĞƌ Ăǀ EŽƌĚͲ͕ DĞůůŽŵͲ ŽŐ ^ƆƌͲdǇƐŬůĂŶĚ͕ og brakteatene var i store deler av Tyskland den domiŶĞƌĞŶĚĞ ŵǇŶƩǇƉĞŶ ŐũĞŶŶŽŵ ƌĞƐƚĞŶ Ăǀ ϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ ŽŐ ďĞŐǇŶŶĞůƐĞŶĂǀϭϮϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ;^ƚĞĞŶ:ĞŶƐĞŶϭϵϳϱ͗ϮϭͿ͘Ğ nord-europeiske brakteatene forekom i to typer: store ŽŐƚǇŶŶĞŵĞĚŬƵŶƐƞĞƌĚŝŐĞƉƌĞŐ͕ĞůůĞƌƐŵĊůŝƩƚǇŬŬĞƌĞ ŵĞĚ ĞŶŬůĞƌĞ ƐǇŵďŽůĞƌ ŝ ƉƌĞŐĞƚ ;'ƌŝĞƌƐŽŶ ϭϵϵϭ͗ϴϭͿ͘ / ĂŶŵĂƌŬĚŽŵŝŶĞƌƚĞĨŽƌƚƐĂƩĚĞŶƚŽƐŝĚŝŐĞŵǇŶƚĞŶ͕ĚŽŐ ŵĞĚƐƚĞƌŬƚƌĞĚƵƐĞƌƚƐƆůǀŝŶŶŚŽůĚŽŐĚĊƌůŝŐƚĞŬŶŝƐŬƵƞƆƌĞůƐĞ͘ WĊ :ǇůůĂŶĚ ŚǀŽƌ ďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞƌ ďůĞ ƉƌŽĚƵƐĞƌƚ ŝ ƟĚĞŶ ŵĞůůŽŵϭϭϰϲŽŐϭϭϱϳ͕ŚĂĚĚĞĚŝƐƐĞĞƚŚƆǇĞƌĞƐƆůǀŝŶŶŚŽůĚ ĞŶŶ ĚĞŶ ĚĂŶƐŬĞ ƚŽƐŝĚŝŐĞ ƉĞŶŶŝŶŐĞŶ ;'ƌŝĞƌƐŽŶ ϭϵϵϭ͗ϵϳͿ͘ĞũǇůůĂŶĚƐŬĞďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞŶĞŚĂĚĚĞĚŝĂŵĞƚĞƌƉĊ ĐĂ͘ϭϱŵŵŽŐǀĞŝĚĞĐĂ͘Ϭ͕ϮŐ;^ƚĞĞŶ:ĞŶƐĞŶϮϬϭϳͿ͘ĞŶ ũǇƐŬĞďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚƵƚŵǇŶƚŶŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂŶƐĞƩƐŽŵƐƚĞƌŬƚŝŶŇƵĞƌƚĂǀĚĞŶƚǇƐŬĞŶĊƌĚĞƚŬŽŵŵĞƌƟůŝŬŽŶŽŐƌĂĮŽŐŵŽƟǀǀĂůŐ͕ƐĞůǀŽŵĚĞĚĂŶƐŬĞďƌĂŬƚĞĂƚĞŶĞǀĂƌďĞƚƌĂŬƚĞůŝŐ ŵŝŶĚƌĞĞŶŶĚĞƚǇƐŬĞĨŽƌďŝůĚĞŶĞ;^ƚĞĞŶ:ĞŶƐĞŶϭϵϳϱ͗ϮϭͿ͘ &ŝŐ͘ϭ͗ϮEŽƌƐŬĞŶƐŝĚŝŐŵǇŶƚŵĞĚďƌǇƐƚďŝůĚĞĨƌĂ ĨƆƌƐƚĞŚĂůǀĚĞůĂǀϭϭϬϬͲƚĂůůĞƚ͘DǇŶƚĞŶĞƌĨƌĂ sĞǀĞǇ;ϮϯͿ͘ &ŽƚŽ͗ΞDƵƐĠĞŵŽŶĠƚĂŝƌĞĐĂŶƚŽŶĂů͕>ĂƵƐĂŶŶĞ͘ &ŝŐ͘ϭ͗ϮEŽƌǁĞŐŝĂŶƐŝŶŐůĞĨĂĐĞĐŽŝŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞϭϮth ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ͘dŚĞĐŽŝŶŝƐĨƌŽŵ sĞǀĞǇ;ϮϯͿ͘ WŚŽƚŽ͗ΞDƵƐĠĞŵŽŶĠƚĂŝƌĞĐĂŶƚŽŶĂů͕>ĂƵƐĂŶŶĞ͘. Rundt 1100 var den norske mynten på grunn av MagŶƵƐĞƌƌĨƆƩƐŵǇŶƚƌĞĨŽƌŵƚŽƐŝĚŝŐ͕ĂǀŐŽĚůƆĚŝŐŚĞƚ;ŽǀĞƌ ϵϬ йͿ͕ ŵĞŶ Ăǀ ŚĂůǀ ǀĞŬƚ ;Ϭ͕ϰ ŐͿ ŝ ĨŽƌŚŽůĚ Ɵů ŵǇŶƚĞŶĞ ƵŶĚĞƌKůĂǀ<ǇƌƌĞ͘,ĞůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚĞŶ͕ĨƌĂϭϬϵϬƟůϭϭϭϬ͕ǀĂƌ ƉƌĞŐĞƚĂǀĞŶŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀŝŵƉŽƌƚĂǀͨƉƌŝŵčƌŵŽƟǀĞƌ͕ͩĚĞƚ ǀŝůƐŝĞŶŐĞůƐŬĞĨŽƌďŝůĚĞƌ;DĂůŵĞƌ͕͘ϭϵϲϭ͗ϯϲϬʹϮͿ͘ŝƐƐĞ.

(157) ƌŝƉĂƌĞŶƚĞƐĞƩĞƌŬŽŶŐĞŶĂǀŶĂŶŐŝƌƌĞŐũĞƌŝŶŐƐĊƌ͘ KŵƐŬƌŝŌĞŶ ƐŝĞƌ hŶůĂĮ ǆĞǆ Ă EŽƌ͘ DǇŶƚĞŶ ŬƵŶŶĞ ĚĞƌĨŽƌ ǀčƌĞ ƐůĊƩ Ăǀ KůĂǀ dƌǇŐŐǀĂƐƐŽŶ͘ &Žƌ ĞŶ ĚŝƐŬƵƐũŽŶ ǀĞĚƌƆƌĞŶĚĞ ĚĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĞŶĂǀĚĞŶŶĞŵǇŶƚĞŶŚĞŶǀŝƐĞƐƟů^ŬĂĂƌĞ;ϭϵϵϱ͗ϰϭʹϮ͕ŵĞĚƌĞĨĞƌĂŶƐĞƌͿ͘.

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