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SOCIOLOGISKA INSTITUTIONEN
GÖTEBORGS UNIVERSITET
IMPLEMENTERINGSANALYS SOM KOMPLEMENT VID UTVÄRDERING
- en fråga om perspektiv och förklaring
Mariann Björkemarken
Monograph from the Department of Sociology University of Gothenburg
No 56
ISSN 1100-3618
ISRN GU-SOC-MO-56-SE
IMPLEMENTERINGSANALYS SOM KOMPLEMENT VID UTVÄRDERING
- en fråga om perspektiv och förklaring
av
Mariann Björkemarken
Akademisk avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i sociologi vid Sociologis
ka institutionen, Göteborgs universitet, som med tillstånd av samhällsveten
skapliga fakultetsnämnden läggs fram lördagen den 8 april 1995 kl. 10.15 i
Hörsal Sappören, Sprängkullsgatan 25, Göteborg.
Analysis of Implementation as a Complement in Evaluation - A Question of Perspective and Explanation
Written in Swedish. 217 pages, summary in English.
Author: Mariann Björkemarken
Doctoral Dissertation at the Department of Sociology, University of Göteborg, Skanstorget 18, S-411 22 Göteborg, Sweden.
Monograph no 56 ISBN 91-628-1558-X ISSN 1100-3618 Göteborg 1995
The thesis is the theoretical and methodological conclusions from two evaluations of different projects which aimed to help unemployed people to get better opportunities in the labor market: Mariann Björkemarken, Utvärdering av Socialbidragsprojektet, Research report no 101 and Utvärdering av SYLYA-projektet, Research report no 102, Department of Soci ology, University of G öteborg.
Existing evaluation models do not pay that much attention to the implementation of projects. The models seem to be unaware that "a bureaucracy" in the Weberian sense does not exist any more, if it ever existed. Political scientists have discussed the implementation of d ecisions - decisions concerning projects which are not implemented or become implemented in a distorted way. In the thesis there is a detailed presentation of o rganization theory, evaluation models, the implementation debate, and finally how the different discourses can be combined. The results from the two evaluations are that irrespective if the goals are accomplished or not, it is of i nterest to look carefully at the implementation of the projects. Using different perspectives analyzing the data in the reports, the conclusion is that questions about implementation should complement questions as to whether goals were accomplished. The report "Utvärdering av SYLVA- projektet" ("Evaluation of the SYLVA-project") shows that many of the main goals seem to have been more or less fulfilled in a project which aimed towards giving a practical and theoretical education outside the traditional school system to unemployed young people. A narrow study of the implementation of the project reveals that the main idea was betrayed and the education was changed to fit in to the upper-secondary school for adult education. The project was a program failure. The report "Utvärdering av Social
bidragsprojektet" ("The Evaluation of Social Benefits Project") shows the importance of formulating the right question to be answered in an evaluation. The idea was to give government paid work to people on supplementary benefits. The project was not implemented at all in this way a nd the money was spent for a different target group.
Data about implementation can explain why. Before starting an evaluation you have to decide whether you want to know the exact results of a particular project, or if you are interested in how a particular target group received help. If you have the latter interest, the question must be formulated in a different way. Because the administration is not a bureaucracy, decisions for particular target groups may not be implemented but they will be helped in different ways.
Keywords: output, outcome, bureaucracy, policy, evaluation, implementation, theory
failure, program failure.
IMPLEMENTERINGSANALYS SOM KOMPLEMENT VID UTVÄRDERING
- en fråga om perspektiv och förklaring
Mariann Björkemarken
Monograph from the Department of Sociology No 56 University of Gothenburg
April 1995
ISSN 1100-3618
ISBN 91-628-1558-X
Analysis of Implementation as a Complement in Evaluation - A Question of Perspective and Explanation
Written in Swedish. 217 pages, summary in English.
Author: Mariann Björkemarken
Doctoral Dissertation at the Department of Sociology, University of Göteborg, Skanstorget 18, S-411 22 Göteborg, Sweden.
Monograph no 56 ISBN 91-628-1558-X ISSN 1100-3618 Göteborg 1995
The thesis is t he theoretical and methodological conclusions from two evaluations of different projects which aimed to help unemployed people to get better opportunities in the labor market: Mariann Björkemarken, Utvärdering av Socialbidragsprojektet, Research report no 101 and Utvärdering av SYLVA-projektet, Research report no 102, Department of Sociology, University of G öteborg.
Existing evaluation models do not pay that much attention to the implementation of projects. The models seem to be unaware that "a bu reaucracy" in the Weberian sense does not exist any more, if it ever existed. Political scientists have discussed the implementation of d ecisions - decisions concerning projects which are not implemented or become implemented in a distorted way. In the thesis there is a detailed presentation of" organization theory, evaluation models, the implementation debate, and finally how the different discourses can be combined. The results from the two evaluations are that irrespective if t he goals are accomplished or not, it is of inte rest to look carefully at the implementation of the projects. Using dif ferent perspectives analyzing the data in the reports, the conclusion is that questions about implementation should complement questions as to whether goals were accomplished. The report "Utvärdering av SYLVA- projektet" ("Evaluation of the SYLVA-project") shows that many of the main goals seem to have been more or less fulfilled in a project which a imed towards giving a practical and theoretical education outside the traditional school system to unemployed young people. A narrow study of the implementation of th e project reveals that the main idea was betrayed and the education was changed to fit in to the upper-secondary school for adult education. The project was a program failure. The report "Utvärdering av Social
bidragsprojektet" ("The Evaluation of Social Benefits Project") shows the importance of formulating the right question to be answered in a n evaluation. The idea was to give government paid work to people on supplementary benefits. The project was not implemented at all in this way and the money was sp ent for a different target g roup.
Data about implementation ca n explain why. Before starting an evaluation you have to decide whether you want to know the exact results of a particular project, or if you are interested in how a particular target group received help. If you have the latter interest, the question must be formulated in a different way. Because the administration is n ot a bureaucracy, decisions for particular target groups may not be implemented but they will be helped in dif ferent ways.
Keywords: output, outcome, bureaucracy, policy, evaluation, implementation, theory
failure, pr ogram failure.
FÖRORD
INLEDNING 1
1. VÄLFÄRDSSTATEN 7
- Sammanfattning 16
2. ORGANISATION OCH FÖRVALTNING 17
- Sammanfattning 25
3. UTVÄRDERING 26
- Historisk bakgrund 26
- Varför gör man utvärderingar? 28
- Konventionella utvärderingsmodeller - Mål- och effektstudier 30 - Alternativ till d e konventionella utvärderingsmodellerna 36
4. IMPLEMENTERINGSFORSKNING 43
- Policyanalys 43
- Bakgrund till hur implementeringsforskningen började 47
- Top-down - traditionen 52
- Bottom-up - traditionen 59
- Den fortsatta implementationsforskningen 72
- Sammanfattning 78
5. VAD KAN IMPLEMENTERINGSFORSKNINGEN BIDRA MED VID
UTVÄRDERINGAR? 80
- Sammanfattning 93
6. PRAKTISK TILLÄMPNING - SYLVA-projektet
- Tillämpning av måluppfyllelsemodellen - Tillämpning av imp lementeringsanalys - Slutsatser
95 95 96 104 121 - SB-projektet
- Tillämpning av måluppfyllelsemodellen - Tillämpning av imp lementeringsanalys - Slutsatser
122 124 127 137
7. SLUTDISKUSSION 139
SUMMARY NOTAPPARAT LITTERATUR
146
158
197
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