Selen Çelik Living with low intensity and warm light: Designing light in living rooms through Nordic daylight qualities

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Selen Çelik Living with

low intensity and warm light:

Designing light in living rooms

through Nordic daylight qualities

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KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Architecture

Master’s Programme, Architectural Lighting Design

Master’s Thesis AF270X:

Living with low intensity and warm light:

Designing light in living rooms through Nordic daylight qualities

Master Student:

Selen Çelik

Degree Project Tutor:

Kai Piippo

Degree Project Examiner:

Isabel Dominguez

Date:

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Acknowledgments:

I wish to sincerely thank Kai Piippo, who guided me through this thesis with valuable knowledge, useful advices and helpfulness. To Isabel Dominguez for constructive feedback, suggestions and great care. To seventy-two

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‘‘ How long the darkness prevails at our latitudes,

it increases interest in lighting and its possibilities.’’

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This thesis concentrates on lighting preferences in living rooms concerning Nordic light qualities in winter. Living rooms are spaces where we relax, communicate, eat, gather and read. Lighting in living rooms gives hints about our perception and character.

Nordic countries, there is something unique than others; use of light and daylight sensibly and wisely. In the Nordic countries, where the light and darkness change dramatically between the seasons, the transitions have a special significance. Higher the latitude, twilight hours are getting longer, and it creates a homogeneous transition between daylight and night.

The thesis consists of literature research and survey. Literature research concerning the topic briefly explains different aspects of the color of light, its effects on performance, basic lighting solutions and Nordic daylight qualities in winter. Furthermore, the culture of window lighting and use of daylight as a background are studied and added to the survey in order to understand

seventy-two participants tries to evaluate how Nordic light affects people’s preferences. Evaluation and results followed by the discussion of desired color temperature, lighting level, comfortability under Nordic daylight in winter. Additionally, paintings from different seasons help me to understand awareness of local daylight and attention of participants. Results show us that the attention people give to the desired light intensity and colors are more related to the people’s interests than to their background, profession and length of stay in Stockholm. It would be interesting to investigate this topic with more people who live in Stockholm more than five years.

The concentration of the thesis is understanding how local daylight conditions can affect people’s lighting preferences in their living room. Results will help us to implement the knowledge and collected information into the lighting design process in living rooms in Nordic countries.

Keywords:

living room, Nordic daylight qualities, early afternoon darkness, low illuminance, warm light

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Introduction

: Background and Motivation : Methodology

: Delimitation Living Room

: Solar Orientation & Basic Lighting Solutions Memory & Performance

: Psychological Impact of Color of Light & Short and Long Term Memory Nordic Light

: What is Nordic Light? Qualities, Kura Skymning : Window Lighting

: Using Daylight as a Background

: History of Lighting in Sweden and Nordic Light through Paintings Survey Evaluation Discussion Conclusion References Appendix

Introduction

In Scandinavian culture, light plays an essential role in shaping living spaces. The light coming from windows sparkle at night like lanterns and enhance warm neighborhood feeling. The purpose of windows is not only having a visual connection between inside and outside but having qualities of daylight too. Scandinavian architects pay much attention to designing light by using solar path in order to use daylight efficiently.

In Stockholm; because of its latitude 59.3293° N, the position of the sun affects people on different seasons. Long blue hours, short and dark days, long shadows, slow changes on daylight in winter are some of the main effects. During my study at Stockholm, the light coming from residential buildings in winter took my attention. Light from windows has mainly warm light with low intensity. Candles and lamps in front of the windows create a poetic mood and homely glow.

The master thesis concentrates on how Nordic

experience, Nordic light and analysis of the survey by evaluating Nordic daylight, its meaning for participants, desired color temperature and lighting solutions.

My interest in this topic tries to answer the following question: Where does the desire of low intensity and warm light come from? Does it come from the Nordic daylight qualities, personal preferences or cultural backgrounds? This thesis creates a base of information that can use for further researches.

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level

value

information

contrast

communication

condition

function

message

expression

relaxation

vibrant

time

warm

volume

form

direction

temperature

importance

shade

darkness

thoughtful

angle

properties

sculptural

dynamic

fascinating

poetic

gentle

purity

chastity

Nordic light is/has/gives/creates:

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identity

place spirit

meaning

diffused

direct

glare

soft

character

mediator

unique

vital

focus

color

emotion

energy

culture

aesthetic

utile

guidance

innovative

atmosphere

inspiration

manipulative

cold

dialog

heat

joy

natural

artificial

electrical

...

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Georg Vilhelm Pauli / 1855-1935

Pabryggan, The Asch Sisters, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1891 - 1892

[Fig.1] : In Pabryggan two sisters patiently awaiting the arrival of the warm fading evening light. Georg Vilhelm Pauli’s work is one of the best Northern light paintings.

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Background and Motivation

Introduction

In winter times, light makes Nordic people remarkably sensitive to getting sufficient light that does not cause glare and creates atmosphere. During my study in Stockholm, the relationship between Scandinavian people have with light, whether it be natural or artificial, has fascinated me. As I kept learning more about it, my interest grew together with it. With my thesis, I would like to move even further with this topic and research the irrevocable and inherent relationship of light and lack of light and individual perception.

In Nordic countries, cozy and warm lighting is popular during cold months, but what differs is the appreciation for different layers of light. Light is not just for decoration; it is an essential feature of the living environment.

My degree project tries to build a relation between the regional daylight in Nordic countries and the desired illumination preferences, showing that Nordic daylight, as an influence along with the experience.

with basic lighting solutions, color and position of light on performance and psychology, Nordic light and on the second chapter; a survey which collects answers to lead us towards to the main question.

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The methodology of this thesis consists of a literature review and a survey. In order to understand all the factors of my topic, it is necessary to explain major factors separately. Solar orientation in living rooms, psychology and performance, window lighting and qualities of Nordic light will be explained [Fig.2]. Literature part will conclude articles, researches, and books from a selection of the relevant information of each topic. Even though all topics is quite broad, the explanations are selected only with relation in Nordic light and effects on the color temperature of light.

The results of the survey filled by seventy-two international and Swedish people who live in Stockholm may open discussions to develop further investigation for the future. The main goal of this thesis is neither proof nor disproof of the main research question. It aims to understand how users translate Nordic daylight qualities in winter to their private living rooms.

Methodology

Main topics are selected concerning the topic. Solar orientation and basic lighting solutions will help us to understand how cardinal directions play a significant role by designing our living spaces. On the second part; psychological aspects show us studies which affect genders’ performance under different color temperature. Finally, the third part based on Nordic daylight qualities information gathered from the literature review, paintings and daylight comparisons between Stockholm and Milano. Nordic daylight qualities differ from season to season. Most of the cities in Scandinavian countries are on higher latitudes and there is a noticeable daylight quality difference between them. I choose Stockholm where I had to chance to observe daylight qualities in the winter season with lack of daylight. The living room has been chosen because of its flexible function of use. Getting a conclusion regarding the main question will be possible. However, it will not be the end of the discussion; conversely, it will open new questions for further researches.

Delimitations

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Thesis Topic

Literature Review

Solar Orientation in

Living Room Psychological Impact of Color of Light Daylight QualitiesNordic Light and

Online Survey

Evaluation

Discussion

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Living spaces must be designed with qualities that allow us to develop our own space. The design of private living areas is necessary if the users feel at home and comfortable. Living rooms generally provide recreation, relaxation and communication areas. Lighting Research Center’s guide shows the basic lighting solutions for different size of living rooms and activities [Fig.3].

Natural light is an essential quality for homes. Admitting light through apertures make a noticeable difference in living spaces. It is essential where the daylight comes from and subdivide them according to the position of the sun.

On Bettina Hauge’s article Lives under the Sun; she mentioned, architectural design rules tend to promote that houses be positioned on the ground according to the movement of the sun. Living rooms facing to southwest enables the influx from the afternoon and evening sun(Huge, Bettina. 2015. Lives under the Sun. The Senses and Society. Page:82-83).

North is where we have little sun and even light. On the other hand, the south receives a great

proportion of direct sunlight. Afternoon and evening sun from the south is essential for the areas that are used mainly at the crucial times, e.x. Living room, leisure areas [Fig.4].

In Sweden; the size of the average dwelling in

multi-dwelling buildings is 68 m2_{, while the size}

of the average one or two dwelling building is

122 m2 _{[1]. Approximately 80% of residential}

buildings in Sweden were constructed before 1980 (Rea,Mark;Piippo,Kai.2014. Report on the Development of the Swedish Healty Home. Lighting Research Center. Page:3-4). The floor plans of some typical homes are shown next pages [Fig.5-Fig.7].

Living Room

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[Fig.3] : Basic lighting solutions

[Fig.4] : Preferred cardinal direction of rooms

Siz e: S mal l Siz e: S mal l Siz e: Medium Siz e: Medium Siz e: L arg e Siz e: L arg e

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[Fig.5] : Ground floor of a typical single family home in Sweden

Living Room: 30,2 m2

[Fig.6] : First floor of a typical single family home in Sweden

[Fig.7] : Floorplan of a typical Apartment in Sweden

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In Stockholm, people usually prefer to combine different lighting solutions. Using more than three solutions creates an uniformed atmosphere. Dimmers play a significant role and it helps users to control how bright the light needs to be any time of day. Solutions with different intensities can create multiple scenarios in a living room. It enhances the activities and emphasizes the identity and architecture. General lighting is needed in all rooms as a substitute for daylight. Installing dimmer is a good investment both economically, comfort and aesthetic reasons. The principal of dimmer is that the light should be visible not the light source.

A typical Swedish house has more than three solutions. It has a table lamp for focusing on work or for creating an ambiance, floor lamp for decoration or readings, pendant lamp for general lighting, candles and oil lamps for coziness. Functions can be changed in relation to design and light levels [Fig.8-Fig.14].

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[Fig.8] : Lighting solutions for a living & working room in Stockholm. Mostly, all luminaires are connected to dimmers to control light levels. Warm color temperature from different sources create a coziness with less contrast in a room.

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[Fig.9] : Dimmers create playfulness. Result of the survey shows us in Scandinavian countries most of the people use dimmers in their living rooms on every light source

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[Fig.10] : People still prefer to use oil lamps for heating and lighting. Even though its one of the first solution in lighting, its dimmer make possible to change level of the light.

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[Fig.11] : The first Sunday of Advent Christmas decoration comes out in Scandinavian countries. The culture came to Sweden late 1930s and people keep to use it for the whole winter.

Light in the window is a communication tool between the indoor and outdoor environment. Nowadays people using window lights as a decoration with different meanings. Participants answers’ show that some people use it to have a warm and welcoming light or just for atmosphere reasons.

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[Fig.12] : Results show that people prefer to have diffused light in their living room.

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[Fig.13] : Even though the technology provides us new solutions and comfortability; in Scandinavian countries, people are still using oil lamps for lighting and heating.

The photograph shows us how do people use different solutions in order to create an ambient atmosphere with dimmed lights. A working space easily turns to a living room only by changing light levels with different solutions.

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[Fig.14] : Combination of floor lamp and decorative wall lamp

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Light is not only for visual perception, but it also affects us biologically and psychologically for health and wellbeing. Biologically; light can improve or disrupt our sleep quality, circadian rhythm, cognition and wellbeing. Psychologically; researches proved that having daylight decreases depression and increases cognitive performances.

Brightness is the perceived amount of light given off a surface. On the article of TCP, (TCP. The Psychological Impact of Light and Color.2017.Page:02-03) they clearly describe brightness, hue and saturation are the three main qualities of light in relation to color. Some studies have shown that brighter light can intensify emotions, while low light doesn’t remove emotions, but keeps them steady. This can lead to people having the ability to make more rational decisions in low light and find it easier to agree with others in negotiation. Hue is defined as a color or shade. It’s been proven that natural light can make you happier, but colors created by artificial light can also evoke different emotions and have other effects on the body. Saturation is the intensity of a color.

More saturated hues can have amplifying effects on emotions, while muted colors can dampen emotions. In art, saturation is defined on a scale from pure color. The direction of a light source can transform spaces and impact the way people feel in these spaces. Lighting positioned above eye level can create a feeling of restraint, creating a more formal atmosphere. On the other side, lighting positioned below eye level can provoke a feeling of individual importance, creating a more informal atmosphere.

Besides, study made by Igor Knez investigated the influence of colour of light (‘warm’, ‘cool’ and artificial ‘daylight’ white lighting) on subjects’ self-reported mood, cognitive performance and room light estimation. Although no direct effect on positive and negative mood was indicated, it shows us the main effects of the color of light in genders. Females and males were found to show differing levels of emotions to the color of light and combinations of the color of light and illuminance and/or CRI levels. In particular, the data indicate that the color of light conveys different affective connotations across genders and that females compared to males react

Psychological Impact of Color of Light & Short and Long Term Memory

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more expressively towards the room light as an emotional source. On short term memory, the main effect of the color of light showed that the subjects performed best in the warm white lighting. Interaction effects between the color of light and gender on long-term memory showed that males performed best in the warm and cool white lighting and that women performed better than men in the artificial ‘daylight’ white lighting (Knez, Igor. Effects of Colour of Light on Nonvisual Psychological Processes.2001. Page:202-205).

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In the Nordic countries, where the light and darkness change dramatically between the seasons, the transitions have a special significance. Midnight sun during summer; short dark days, long dawns and twilight during winter are most known differences in comparison with other countries. In many other cultures, they use the one word for dawn and dusk while Swedes have a word for the morning light and evening twilight.

Aurora in Italian, Şafak in Turkish, Akebono in

Japanese, Aubade in French and Alborada in Spanish are used by to describe dawn time. In German they use Morgendämmerung for dawn and Abenddämmerung for dusk time. Also in German they use Abendrot to describe the color of the red sky at sunset [2].

The meaning of Kura Skymning in Swedish (Nestled Dusk) is coming from old farming society. Once they came back home from farming, they didn’t light the candles until it got complete darkness in order to take maximum advantage of daylight. The blue twilight hours allowed them to gather and rest [Fig.15]. After it got complete dark, it was the time for next work shifting. Basically, Kura Skymning is a

moment of calm and serenity before the lights go on and the evening chores begins.

Sven Nykvist Swedish cinematographer says in his book Vördnad för Ljuset: ‘‘ The dusk and dawn should not be illuminated, but experienced.’’ (Nykvist, Sven. Vördnad för Ljuset.1997)

Compare to Milan where I lived before, Stockholm has short daylight hours during winter and long daylight hours without night during summer. In Stockholm, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours in late June but only for 6 hours in late December. Even though there is no big difference between twilight hours in Milan and Stockholm, the sunset and sunrise duration is greater than latitudes closer to the equator [Fig.16]. Near the Arctic Circle 65° north latitude, the duration of a solstice sunset lasts about 15 minutes while at the equator 0° latitude, the solstice sun takes a little over 2 minutes to set.

Nordic light has soft tones as Nordic color spectrum. Compared to southern countries, where strong red and yellow shades are directly related to the powerful sunlight and nature’s blurt tones, the impact in the northern countries

Nordic Light

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is directly felt by the dense presence of light tones. Nordic winter is only poor in light but not in color. In Stockholm the angle ranges from as high as 54° in June to as low as 7.2° in December. The low angle creates not only long shadows but also brings a warm coloring to the cities during sunrise, sunset and landscapes [Fig.17-Fig.25]. On the paper called Report on the Development of the Swedish Healthy Home by ÅF Lighting and LRC; they clearly described the Nordic light in Sweden. It surrounds Swedes all the time, not only during the Midnight Sun or the Aurora Borealis. It is a basic condition of Swedish life that gives Swedes the unique experience of both light and darkness. Nordic light conditions are clearly described on this paper: These are; slow movement of the light, the angle of the sun, the amount of light during summer and the lack of natural light in winter and the change in nature during seasons (Rea,Mark;Piippo,Kai.2014. Report on the Development of the Swedish

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Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer

Milan Winter Milan Summer

daylight civil twilight nautical twilight astronomical twilight night sunrise sunset horizon civil dawn nautical dawn astronomical dawn civil dusk nautical dusk astronomical dusk horizon

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Stockholm 21 December 2018

Stockholm 21 June 2018

Milan 21 December 2018 Milan 21 June 2018

[Fig.16] : Daylight hours, twilight and night graph of Stockholm and Milan in winter and summer in Northern Hemisphere. In Stockholm, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours in late June but only for 6 hours in late December.

Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer

06:12 - 06:48 17:54 - 18:30 06:48 - 07:25 17:16 - 17:54 07:25 - 08:00 16:42 - 17:16 Total: 01:08 Total: 01:15 Total: 01:12

Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer Stockholm Winter Stockholm Summer

Not for this day 00:00 - 01:59 23:39 - 00:00 01:59 - 03:30 22:08 - 23:39 Total: 03:04 Total: 02:19 00:00

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In Stockholm, long sunset hours composes vivid colors on the sky. [Fig.17-Fig.25] : Sunsets and Sunrise in Stockholm

[Fig.18] : 2016, 26th of September 19:40 [Fig.17] : 2016, 3rd of October 19:29

[Fig.19] : 2016, 27th of September 19:50 [Fig.20] : 2016, 6th of October 19:25

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[Fig.24] : 2018, 28th of March 20:32 [Fig.23] : 2018, 2nd of April 20:22

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The Northern people are known to have always stayed and socialized in their homes because of the darkness and cold and long winters. It makes them care about their living environment to create more home feeling and cozy spaces. Jan Garnert explained it: ‘’How long the darkness prevails at our latitudes, it increases interest in lighting and its possibilities.’’ (Sommar, Ingrid; Gyllenstierna. Nordiskt ljus hemma.2004. Page:15-17)

When the dark evenings fall, the lights in the windows start to lit up. They make us fantasize about the homes and the people live inside. The book says that: ‘‘Nowhere else in the Nordic region, a lamp in front of the window has so many meanings. The view from outside is as important as the interior of the living spaces. It is another way to show the signature of the house. Like; tell me what kind of lamp you have in front of the window and I will tell you who you are!’’ (Sommar, Ingrid; Gyllenstierna. Nordiskt ljus hemma. 2004.Page:27)

Furthermore; during Christmas, Swedes use specific electric lanterns in the windows called ”adventljusstake” with 7 light points [Fig.26].

A candle light version with four candles is also used. The culture started in 1930s and people still preserve this culture [Fig.26-Fig.29].

Nordic Light

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[Fig.26] : Adventljusstake with 7 light points

[Fig.28] : Adventljusstake with 4 light points

[Fig.27]

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Nordic Light

Using daylight as a background

Usually artificial light in living spaces are focusing more on adding quantities rather than adding qualities. Creating atmosphere through electrical light enhance the actual experience in spaces. Even though light has its measurable factors, focusing on measures reduces the experience or mood of the space.

Carlo Volf ’s article points out an important factor where color contrast is responsible for us to perceive warm light warmer and cold light colder when seen together in the same scene. In this case, electrical light becomes like an artificial sunbeam or sunshine, striking the room and creating bright and warm colors on the faces. During the prolonged twilight hours in winter people in Scandinavian countries use artificial light to get more and warmer light in their living spaces. It means that electrical lighting during a large part of the day is used on a background of daylight.

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Nordic Light

History of Lighting in Sweden and Nordic Light through Paintings

The first electric source in a home was always a light bulb, which shone in most of the homes for the first time in the late 1910s or early 1920s. The light bulb differed greatly from kerosene lamp’s flames, which for half a century had been the Swedish standard lighting.

From 1917, kerosene was no longer sold for private use and trade of candles became rationed. The First World War swept darkness over Sweden. The best alternative to overcome darkness was to try to get electric light. On 1 September 2009 the EU phase out of incandescent light bulb, which by then had lit for almost a century homes in Sweden. In 2009 the bulb was replaced by fluorescent lamps , halogen lamps and other light sources , but it was still the preferred light if compared to others. On average, you find 42 light sources in a Swedish home, of which an average of 25 are incandescent bulbs. Unlike in most of southern Europe Swedish homes are in love with the warmth of the incandescent bulb and it’s gentle light (Garnert,Jan.2014. Report

diverse and unique approach and tell us many things about lighting culture in Scandinavia. Its atmospheric and pictorial world invites us to observe and learn more about them.

On this part, I want to show how painters from Nordic countries painted Nordic light. That time; the reduced amount of light in living spaces is related where electricity was not existed or expensive. Having lights through candles or oil was a luxury. People used light as a tool for gathering, focusing on something or for other activities. The approach to look at paintings are as a source of information giver of how the Nordic lighting culture has evolved.

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Hanna Hirsch Pauli / 1864-1940

Vänner, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1900 - 1907 [Fig.30] : Large living room with warm light and a contemplative atmosphere, a group of people have gathered at twilight in Södermalm. Ellen Key, the Swedish writer, sits center in the light of the evening lamp and reading to her friends. In the twilight, they have all come to the home of the Pauli family at Bellmansgatan 6 in Södermalm, Stockholm. On this painting, we can see that people gathered under warm color and low intensity lighting. We can also see that there is more than one light source with warm color in the living room which is coming from the right.

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[Fig.31]:Evenıng Readıng, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1884

[Fig.32]:Wınter Evenıng at Söder, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1889

Swedish painter Georg Vilhelm Pauli’s painting called Evening Reading shows that warm light is also preferable in the bedroom. Table lamp placed next to the bed with low intensity seems it is sufficient for the activity.

In Winter Evening at Söder, warm color light coming from the windows at twilight in Södermalm shows Swedes preferences in color temperature of light. Dark

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Especially from the 1890s its observable that figure and interior are interwoven in the Nordic countries. Norwegian painter Harriet Backer’s By Lamp Light can be a good example of this image type. The warm color lamp doesn’t illuminate the room uniformly so that greater part of the interior stays in semi-darkness. Artificial light sources as oil lamps or a fireplace can be found in many of these paintings.

In Getting Ready for a Game by Swedish painter Carl Olof Larsson shows us an oil lamp and candles are immersing the dining room with warm light and make it visible from outside in Sundborn. The contrast between inside and outside emphasize darkness and interior appears like a place of comfort and safety. Herrıet Backer / 1845-1932

[Fig.33] : By Lamp Lıght, Oil on canvas, Oslo, 1890

Carl Olof Larsson / 1853-1919

[Fig.34] : Gettıng Ready For a Game, Oil on canvas, Sundborn, 1901

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Alfred Bergström / 1869-1930 Vintermotiv vid Stockholms Ström, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1899

[Fig.35] : Winter Scene from the Stockholm Waterfront by Alfred Bergström, he painted a clear sky day from Blasieholmen in Stockholm during winter. Long shadows on snow compose half of the painting which is quite typical for a winter day in Stockholm.

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Eugène Jansson / 1862-1915

Dawn over Riddarfjärden, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1899

[Fig.36] : Blue was an inspiring color for Eugène Jonsson. ‘’The Blue-Painter’’ was sensitive to the strange blue atmosphere caused by Nordic light which emanated from the night.

Dawn over Riddarfjärden is one of his blue painting which shows shades of blue with the warm color street lights and their reflections in the water during sunrise. His paintings from his home or street views from various parts of Södermalm show typical Nordic light with its shades in Stockholm.

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Survey

Description

The methodology for this thesis includes the literature review presented previously and an online based survey. The survey includes twenty-one questions gathered from the literature review and my observations [Fig.37]. Questions are answered by seventy-two participants. The colored circles on the survey present which question is inspired from which topic. Questions are prepared understandable for all professions. The aim of the survey is to find a connection between the literature review and my personal observation in order to find a relation between Nordic daylight in winter and preferred lighting in the living room. The survey includes questions regarding light distribution, color temperature, lighting solutions, comfortability with Nordic light, use and purpose of candle lighting, lighting traditions and use of background light. Paintings are chosen carefully in order to understand participants’ perception and find a connection in Nordic light qualities [Fig.38-Fig.47].

This study focused on people who live in Stockholm more than 5 years is due to the connection they may have with daylight under the Nordic daylight conditions during winter.

Questions answered by seventy-two people include lighting designers, architects, students, urban planner, landscape architect and many more. My goal was to reach thirty Swedish people born and raised in Stockholm or lived in more than 5 years. Unfortunately, I reached only eight people who lives in Stockholm more than 5 years.

The variety of topics and answers led me divide the results into three evaluation categories. I decided to analyze them through all participants, people who live in Stockholm more than 5 years and comparisons between lighting designers and other professions.

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1- What is your age? 2- What is your gender?

3- Where did you born and raised?

4- Since when are you living in Stockholm? 5- What is your profession?

6- Which direction does your living room face?

7- Do you pay attention to lighting solutions in your living room? 8- Do you use dimmers at home? If yes, where and what time?

9- How many different lighting solutions do you have in your living room? 10- Which ones are your preferred lighting solutions in your living room? 11- Do you use candles regularly? For which purpose?

12- In winter, if you don’t have to focus on something, when do you prefer to turn on the electrical light?

13- Do you place lights in front of the windows? If yes, for which purpose? When do you use them?

14- What is your preferred color temperature in your living room?

15- Do you use background light(ex: low illumination for general lighting) as a supplement with stronger light(ex: table lamp for working)?

16- Do you have a fireplace in your house? If yes; are you using regularly during winter times? For which purpose? (ambiance, heating, both, sound etc.)

17- How do you describe Nordic light during winter time?

18- Does it feel comfortable living with Nordic light during winter time? 19- Which paintings summarize Nordic light during winter season?

[Fig.37] : Survey

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50 [Fig.41] : Davıd Lıgare / 1945- _{Italıan Landscape wiıth Olie Trees, Oil} [Fig.42] : Harald Sohlberg / 1869-1935_{Spring Evening, Oil on canvas, oslo 1913} on canvas, 2014

[Fig.39] : Clarence Gagnon / 1881-1942

Twılıght, Oil on canvas, 1908-1913 [Fig.40] : Claude Monet / 1840-1926San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk, Oil on canvas, Venıce 1908-1912

[Fig.38] : Georg Vilhelm Pauli / 1855-1935 Pabryggan, The Asch Sisters, Oil on canvas, Stockholm 1891 - 1892

1

2 3

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[Fig.45] : Þórarinn Benedikt Þorláksson / 1867-1924

Þingvellir, Oil on canvas, Þingvellir 1900 [Fig.43] : Peder Severin Krøyer / 1851-1909

Sommeraften på Skagen Sønderstrand, Oil on canvas, Skagen 1893

[Fig.44] : Camılle Pısarro / 1830-1903 Boulevard Montmartre Night, Oil on canvas, Parıs 1897

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7 8

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Overall Results of Survey

Forty-one participants are female and live in Stockholm less than five years. Results prove that participants are quite comfortable with Nordic daylight qualities during winter and they pay attention to their lighting solutions in their living room. Neutral white an warm white are most preferred color temperatures. Results from the direction of light have similar qualities with Nordic cloudy, indirect, diffused daylight during winter. We can see that people may influenced by Nordic daylight qualities.

Combination of artificial lighting with natural daylight shows us natural daylight conditions are used as a background lighting solution. During the long Nordic twilight hours, participants use the outdoor daylight condition as their background lighting solution. The low light solutions create uniformed atmosphere and even though people change the solutions, they still keep the low light level in their living room. Light creates connection. A high percentage of window lighting show us people want to create

people want to add coziness to the streets by using their windows as a tool for street lighting. Quantity of light solutions tells us peoples’ attention to the lighting in their living space. Table lamps, floor lamps, pendant lamps, wall recessed luminaires, candles, and even oil lamps are the preferable solutions.

Twilight by Clarence Gagnon, Spring Evening

by Harald Sohlberg, Boulevard Montmartre

at Night by Camille Pissarro and Thorarinn Thingvellir by Þórarinn Benedikt Þorláksson

are most chosen paintings related with Nordic daylight qualities. Except for Boulevard Montmartre at Night, others are painted in Northern countries. Camille Pissarro’s painting represents effects of the artificial lights with a warm color temperature. The nocturnal scene with a misty dark sky, wet streets and hanging clouds in the air show similarities with Nordic daylight quality.

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[Fig.49] :Lighting Solution Quantity

[Fig.50] :Preferred Light Distribution

[Fig.48] : Cardinal Direction of Living Room

0 5 10 15 20 25 N NE E SE S SW W NW 0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Type 2 Types 3 Types 4 Types 5 Types 6 Types 7 Types 8 Types 9 Types

0 5 10 15 20 25

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[Fig.52] :Comfortableness with Nordic Light

[Fig.53] :Paintings

[Fig.51] :Preferred Color Temperature

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1000 K - 2000 K 3000 K - 4000 K 5000 K - 6000 K 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 uncomfortable less comfortable adequate comfortable very comfortable 15 20 25 30 35 40

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Female Male Yes No

Yes No

Yes No < 5 years 5-10 years >10 years

Chart Title

Female

Male

Chart Title

Yes

No

Chart Title

Yes

No

Chart Title

Yes No

Chart Title

Yes No

Chart Title

< 5 years 5 - 10 years > 10 years

[Fig.56] :Use of Dimmer [Fig.57] :Window Lighting

[Fig.54] :Gender [Fig.55] :Paying Attention to Lighting in Living Room

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During dusk time When I come back home (consired at 17:00 pm)

After complete darkness 1 (Low) 2 3 4 5 (High)

Chart Title

After complete darkness During dusktime When I come back home

Chart Title

low

mid-low

mid

mid-high

high

[Fig.60] :Preferred Light Level [Fig.61] :When do you turn on electrical light?

[Fig.62] :Preferred Lighting Solution

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 p p d e _ht t

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Evaluation

The reason this study focused on people who live in Stockholm more than 5 years is due to the connection they may have with Nordic daylight. Unfortunately; lack of participants, answers may not help us to have a final evaluation.

All 8 participants are living in Stockholm more than 5 years and they all use backlight with outdoor daylight condition and pay attention to lighting in their living room. Additionally, they don’t prefer to have direct light in their living room.

Paintings with shades of blues at twilight hours, cloudy dark gray and vivid sky are chosen by people. Males prefer to live with warm color temperature compare to females. There is no clear relationship between use of dimmer and time of electrical lighting use. Floor lamps, candles, table lamps with mid-low and mid light level preferred by participants.

Descriptions about Nordic daylight during winter times show us that people find a way to combine warm and cold color temperature

the windows present how they create a balance in between two environments. Two participants have fire place in their living rooms and they use it both for heating and ambiance.

Window lighting becomes a decoration more than a functional purpose. People using lights in the windows because of its nice-looking, inviting and welcoming reasons.

Another interesting result show us females who live in Stockholm enjoy with twilight hours and they prefer to turn on electrical light after complete darkness. Meanwhile males prefer to turn it on during dusk time.

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[Fig.64] : Lighting Solution Quantity

[Fig.65] : Preferred Light Distribution

[Fig.63] : Cardinal Direction of Living Room

0 1 2 3 W S SE E NE 0 1 2 3 4

3 Types 4 Types 5 Types 6 Types 8 Types

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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[Fig.67] : Comfortableness with Nordic Light

[Fig.68] : Paintings

[Fig.66] :Preferred Color Temperature

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1000 K - 2000 K 3000 K - 4000 K 0 1 2 3 4 uncomfortable less comfortable

adequate comfortable very comfortable 2 3 4 5 6

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Female Male Yes No

Yes No

Yes No 5-10 years >10 years

Chart Title

Female

Male

Chart Title

Yes

No

Chart Title

5-10 years

> 10 years

Yes

1 Yes

1 Chart Title

Yes No

[Fig.71] :Use of Dimmer [Fig.72] : Window Lighting

[Fig.69] :Gender [Fig.70] :Paying Attention to Lighting in Living Room

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During dusk time When I come back home (consired at 17:00 pm) After complete darkness

1 (Low) 2 3 4 5 (High)

Chart Title

1 2

Chart Title

When I come back home During dusk time

After complete darkness

_{[Fig.76] :}_{Preferred Light Level}

[Fig.75] : When do you turn on electrical light?

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Generally, lighting designers and other professions showed similar answers. Designers prefer to have semi-direct, indirect or diffused light distribution compare to other professions. Result of the distribution preferences shows that it follows the pattern of Nordic daylight qualities. Its generally cloudy sky conditions may influence people preferences. It is also interesting that two groups have similar comfortableness pattern under Nordic daylight quality in winter. Merely, lighting designers prefer to have warm color temperatures than others. First three lighting solution preferences are the same for both groups.

There is no clear relationship between the cardinal direction and the use of dimmers. Almost most of the lighting designers have positive emotional thoughts about Nordic light [Appendix.1, Appendix.2 and Appendix.3 Page: 78-80]. They describe Nordic light warm, thankful, hopeful, mystic and interesting. More than half of the designers feel comfortable under

the low level of light regularly use candles, and their preferred color temperatures are between 1000K-2000K.

Both groups choose paintings with blue sky during twilight hours, vivid colors and grayish dark cloudy sky.

Differences between lighting designers and other professions perspective Evaluation

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66 0 5 10 15 20 25

Direct Semidirect Indirect Diffused 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1 Type 2 Types 3 Types 4 Types 5 Types 6 Types 7 Types 8 Types 9 Types 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 N NW W SW S SE E NE

[Fig.79] : Lighting Solution Quantity

[Fig.80] : Preferred Light Distribution

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1000 K - 2000 K 3000 K - 4000 K 5000 K - 6000 K 7000 K - 8000 K 9000 K - 10000 K 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

uncomfortable less comfortable adequate comfortable very comfortable

10 15 20 25

[Fig.82] : Comfortableness with Nordic Light

[Fig.83] : Paintings

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68 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Male Female 0 5 10 15 20 25 No Yes 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Yes No 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Yes No 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Yes No 0 5 10 15 20 25

[Fig.86] : Use of Dimmer [Fig.87] : Window Lighting

[Fig.84] : Gender [Fig.85] : Paying Attention to Lighting in Living Room

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Pendant Candle Cove Light Oil Lamp Ceiling Washer Salt Lamp Fireplace Painting Light 0 5 10 15 20 After complete darkness

During dusk time When I come back home

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1 (Low) 2 3 4 5 (High)

[Fig.91] : Preferred Light Level

[Fig.90] : When do you turn on electrical light?

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Discussion

Despite the fact of the survey’s first step, we can have some results about the desired lighting preferences among the Stockholm residents. It does show a tendency on desired light levels at living rooms and could be taken into account in the next phase when planning the lighting and control systems in living rooms. Having more people participating would make it easier to see tendencies and to make stronger statements. Preferences and explanations for window lighting show similarity with use of candles. Both are preferred because of its decoration rather than its function. Survey shows that adding coziness in living rooms play a significant role and people want to use oil lamps because of heating and ambiance. Although new technology allows us to control light easily, people in Stockholm still prefer to keep low light with oil lamps, candles, fireplaces as a tool for heating, coziness, calming and lighting. Lighting solution like oil lamps are still preferred by people and they want to preserve their lighting culture.

For further researches, it needs to be researched more to focus directly on color temperatures between indoor and outdoor environments.

Because of the results, I can say people are consciously or unconsciously prefer to complement blue with yellow or orange. Blue twilight hours let people to get closer to warm lighting.

The graphics of the use of backlight and preferred color temperature clearly show similar results with Carlo Volf ’s article. In this case; color contrast plays a significant role. During the prolonged twilight hours in winter people in Scandinavian countries use artificial light to get more and warmer light in their living spaces. It means that electrical lighting is used on a background of daylight. The size of the living room has to be considered too so we can have direct relation between preferred quantity of solutions and size. On the paintings, some of them have clear indicators like skirts, leaves on threes and light clothes. That might have an effect on the results. It was a personal choice to combine paintings from different seasons. It helped me to understand awareness and attention of participants. For further steps, it can be better to focus directly on sky conditions without giving any clue or additional information.

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Overall results show us there is no clear relation between cardinal direction and use of dimmer, preferred color temperature and preferred light level. It might be related to the lack of knowledge about the size of windows or casting shadows from the outdoor environment. Averagely, people have four different lighting solutions in their living room and the most preferred solutions are below eye level. On the literature part, we saw that lighting positioned below eye level can enhance the feeling of individual importance and creates an informal atmosphere. We can use it as a design tool for further projects. Interactions between the color of light and gender showed that males are performed best in the warm and cool white. Results of the survey also present that males prefer to have warm and cool white in their living room.

Less than half of participants prefer to turn on electrical light after complete darkness and enjoy with Kura Skymning.

The survey was deeply studied, however, there are some choices that could had been done differently. Some questions were highly related with the size of the window and where it faces. It will be better to consider for the further steps in order to have a final result. As main focus of the thesis was to understand the connection between Nordic daylight qualities and preferred light level - improvement of the survey and other related topics are not demonstrated due to the time and thesis scope limitations.

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The survey helps to have a conclusion about the desired light levels in living rooms and user satisfaction. It could be taken into account in the next phase when planning the lighting in living rooms.

The conclusion is that the attention people give to the desired light levels and colors are more related to the person’s interests than to their background, profession and length of stay in Stockholm. It would be interesting to investigate this topic with more people with considering the size of the window in living room.

This thesis was the first attempt to create a methodology and it needs to have further research.

The final goal of this thesis is to implement the knowledge and collected information into the lighting design process in living rooms in Nordic countries.

Conclusion

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Image References

[Fig.1] : http://www.onlinegalleries.com/art-and- antiques/detail/pabryggan-the-asch-sisters-by-georg-vilhelm-pauli/54828

[Fig.2] : Selen Çelik. 2019. Scheme [Fig.3] : https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/ publications/lpbh/043LivingRooms.pdf [Fig.4] : http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~arch201/readings/ Basics_Design%20and%20Living_Krebs.pdf [Fig.5] : https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/pdf/ Report_DevelopmentSwedishHealthy HomePUBLIC.pdf [Fig.6] : https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/pdf/ Report_DevelopmentSwedishHealthy HomePUBLIC.pdf [Fig.7] : https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/pdf/ Report_DevelopmentSwedishHealthy HomePUBLIC.pdf

[Fig.8-Fig.14] : Selen Çelik.2019.Photograph [Fig.15] : Selen Çelik. 2019. Scheme [Fig.16] : Selen Çelik. 2019. Scheme

[Fig.17-Fig.25] : Selen Çelik.2016.Photograph [Fig.26] : http://thedandelionchronicles-denmark. blogspot.com/2011/05/light-candle.html [Fig.27] : https://hiveminer.com/User/frokenviksten [Fig.28] : https://vk.com/forgotton_dream?z=photo-66343377_456239305%2Fwall-66343377_1109 [Fig.29] : https://www.flickr.com/ photos/mattchamplin/8293281051/in/ album-72157609587442710/ [Fig.30] : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hanna_Pauli_-_Friends_-_Google_Art_Project. jpg [Fig.31] : https://www. tuttartpitturasculturapoesiamusica.com/2015/12/ Georg-Pauli.html [Fig.32] : https://theartstack.com/artist/georg-pauli/ winter-evening-from-sod [Fig.33] : Alsen,Katharine;Landmann,Annika.Nordic Painting-The Rise of Modernity.Prestel

[Fig.34] : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Larsson_-_Getting_Ready_for_a_Game.jpg [Fig.35] : https://sv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Alfred_ Bergström,_Vintermotiv_vid_Stockholms_ ström,_1899.jpg [Fig.36] : https://www.artsy.net/artwork/eugene-jansson-dawn-over-riddarfjarden

[Fig.37] : Selen Çelik. 2019. Scheme [Fig.38] : http://www.leicestergalleries.com [Fig.39] : https://www.amazon.com/Twilight-Clarence-Gagnon-Premium-Canvas/dp/ B017TD7H6A [Fig.40] : https://www.overstockart.com/painting/ monet-san-giorgio-maggiore-by-twilight-515947317 [Fig.41] : http://www.hirschlandadler.com/modern-inventory/david-ligare-b-1945 [Fig.42] : https://elephant.art/iotd/harald-sohlberg-spring-evening-akershus-fortress-1913/ [Fig.43] : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_ Evening_at_Skagen_Beach_–_The_Artist_and_his_ Wife [Fig.44] : http://www.galleryintell.com/artex/the-boulevard-montmartre-at-night-by-camille-pissarro/ [Fig.45] : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Þórarinn_B._ Þorláksson [Fig.46] : https://fineartamerica.com/featured/farm-and-stubble-field-peggy-wilson.html [Fig.47] : https://fineartamerica.com/featured/italian- landscape-joseph-william-allen.html?product=art-print

[Fig.48-Fig.92] : Selen Çelik. 2019. Scheme

Reference List Reference List

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Reference List [1] : https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/ statistics-by-subject-area/housing-construction-and-building/housing-construction-and-conversion/ dwelling-stock/pong/statistical-news/dwelling-stock-2016-12-31/ [2] : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4xn NVvBl4w

Online References

Reference List

Bibliography

ALSEN, KATHARINE; LANDMANN, ANNIKA.2016.Nordic Painting-The Rise of Modernity. Prestel

GARNERT, JAN. 1993.Anden i Lampen. Carlsson Bokförlag

GARNERT, JAN. 2016.Ut ur mörkret/Ljusets och

belysningens kulturhistoria. Historiska Media

PIIPPO, KAI; ÅNGSTRÖM, EMMA. 2010.Ljussätt Ditt

Hem. Forma Books AB

SOMMAR, INGRID; GYLLENSTIERNA, TOVE. 2004.Nordiskt Ljus Hemma. Bokförlaget Forum ZUMTOBEL GROUP

GESCHAFTSBERICHT.2013-2014.Living the Nordic

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KTH Royal Institute of Technology - Survey Online survey will be used for Selen Çelik's degree project at KTH for Architectural Lighting Design Master Course ( It takes approx. 5 - 7 min )

1- Age < 18 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 > 64 2- Gender Female Male Prefer not to say

3- Where were you born and raised ? (City) Short answer text

KTH Thesis Questionnaire SEND

QUESTIONS RESPONSES 73

7- Do you pay attention to lighting solutions in your living room? Yes

No

8- Do you use dimmers at home? If yes, where and what time? Long answer text

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9- How many di"erent lighting solutions do you have in your living room?

Other…

10- Which ones are your preferred lighting solutions in your living room? (possible to choose multiple solutions)

Table lamp Floor lamp Pendant lamp Wall recessed lamp Candles Oil lamps

11- Do you use candles regularly? For which purpose? Long answer text

4- Since when are you living in Stockholm? < 5 years

5 - 10 years > 10 years

Other…

5- What is your profession? Architect

Lighting Designer Interior Designer Student

6- Which direction does your living room face? North North-East East South-East South South-West West North-West Other…

12- In winter, if you don’t have to focus on something, when do you prefer to turn on the electrical light?

After complete darkness During dusk time When I come back home

13- Do you place lights in front of the windows? If yes, for which purpose? When do you use them?

Long answer text

14- What is your preferred color temperature in your living room? (possible to choose multiple temperatures)

1000 K - 2000 K

3000 K- 4000 K

5000 K - 6000 K 7- Do you pay attention to lighting solutions in your living room?

Yes No

8- Do you use dimmers at home? If yes, where and what time? Long answer text

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9- How many di"erent lighting solutions do you have in your living room?

Other…

10- Which ones are your preferred lighting solutions in your living room? (possible to choose multiple solutions)

Table lamp Floor lamp Pendant lamp Wall recessed lamp Candles Oil lamps

11- Do you use candles regularly? For which purpose? Long answer text

7000 K - 8000 K

9000 K - 10.000 K

Yes No

16- Do you have a ﬁreplace in your house? If yes; are you using regularly during winter times? For which purpose? (ambiance, heating, both, sound etc.)

Long answer text

17- How do you describe Nordic light during winter time? Long answer text

Uncomfortable

1 2 3 4 5

Comfortable 18- Does it feel comfortable living with Nordic light during winter time? 4- Since when are you living in Stockholm?

Other…

5- What is your profession? Architect

Lighting Designer Interior Designer Student

6- Which direction does your living room face? North North-East East South-East South South-West West North-West Appendix_Survey

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7000 K - 8000 K

9000 K - 10.000 K

Yes No

16- Do you have a ﬁreplace in your house? If yes; are you using regularly during winter times? For which purpose? (ambiance, heating, both, sound etc.)

Long answer text

17- How do you describe Nordic light during winter time? Long answer text

Uncomfortable

1 2 3 4 5

Comfortable 18- Does it feel comfortable living with Nordic light during winter time?

low

1 2 3 4 5

high 20- What is your preferred light level in your living room?

21- Which ones are your preferred light distribution in your living room? (possible to choose multiple options)

Direct

Indirect

Semi-direct

Diffused 19- Which paintings summarize Nordic light during winter season? (possible to choose

multiple paintings) Painting 1 Painting 2 Painting 3 Painting 4 Painting 5 Painting 7 Painting 8 Painting 9 Painting 10

19- Which paintings summarize Nordic light during winter season? (possible to choose multiple paintings) Painting 1 Painting 2 Painting 3 Painting 4 Painting 5 Painting 6 Appendix_Survey

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78 Q -1 Q -2 Q -3 Q -4 Q -5 Q -6 Q -7 Q -8 Q -9 55-64 M ale Vä ne rs bo rg < 5 y ea rs La nd sc ap e a rc hi tec t So ut h Ye s no 6 35-44 Fem al e Vär nam o > 10 y ea rs A rc hi te ct So ut h Ye s A lm os t a ll r oo m s. m os tly e ve nin gs 8 25-34 Fem al e Bo rn i n Sa n D ieg o, C A ti ll a ge 4. R ai sed in H el sing bo rg , Sk åne. 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s A ll r oo m s. M or ni ng a nd ev eni ng 3 35-44 M ale Bu da pe st 5 10 y ea rs A rc hi te ct So ut h Ye s No 3 25-34 Fem al e Ka ss el , G er m any < 5 y ea rs Li gh tin g de sign So ut h, E as t Ye s Yes , m os tly a t ni ght to d im m the l ig ht 3 35-44 M ale M ex ic o C ity > 10 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner So ut h Ye s Ev er yw her e, a ll t im e, nev er s et a t 100 p er cent 4 45-54 Fem al e St oc kh ol m > 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner We st Ye s No 4 35-44 M ale Bo de n > 10 y ea rs Bus ines s D ev el op m ent We st Ye s Ev er yw her e ( ex cep t t he b as em ent ) a nd a t a ll t im e t o a dj us t t he l ig ht a cc or di ng to m y m oo d a nd need s. 5 35-44 Fem al e G er m any 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h-W es t Ye s no 5 35-44 Fem al e H aag in O be rb ay er n < 5 y ea rs M ar ket ing m ana ger So ut h Ye s Ev er yw her e i n t he ev eni ng s 4 25-34 Fem al e Teher an < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner N orth -W es t Ye s Fo r d inni g r oo m , w hen w e w ant to w at ch T V 2 55-64 Fem al e St oc kh ol m > 10 y ea rs re tire d So ut h Ye s 6 45-54 Fem al e På l an de t > 10 y ea rs Ing ej ör Ea st Ne j 35-44 M ale Ö re bro < 5 y ea rs Li ght des ig ner N orth , S ou th Ye s Ö ve ra llt o ch d e ä r a llt id in ko pp la de . S å a llt id 1 25-34 Fem al e C hia ng M ai, T ha ila nd < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s N ope 3 45-54 Fem al e D enm ar Sw ed en > 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h-Ea st Ye s A lw ay s 9 35-44 M ale U pps al a A rc hi te ct So ut h-W es t Ye s A ll r oo m s. A ll t im es . 5 18-24 Fem al e Ba rc el ona < 5 y ea rs St ud ent Ea st No Ba th ro om 2 25-34 Fem al e Za gr eb < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner N orth Ye s Ev en in g, li vi ng room , b ed room 8 55-64 M ale St oc kh ol m > 10 y ea rs C iv il eng ineer So ut h-Ea st Ye s In a lm os t a ll r oo m s 3 > 6 4 M ale m jö lb y > 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner We st Ye s Ki tc hen, li vi ng ro om , ev eni ng s 5 25-34 M ale A le ppo < 5 y ea rs A rc hi te ct So ut h No No 3 25-34 Fem al e To kyo < 5 y ea rs A rc hi te ct N orth -W es t Ye s No 3 25-34 M ale Bueno s A ires , A rg ent ina < 5 y ea rs G eo gr ap her Ea st Ye s no 2 18-24 Fem al e Bes anç on FR A N C E < 5 y ea rs st ud ent N orth , W es t No no 3 25-34 M ale A bu D ha bi 5 10 y ea rs A rc hi te ct So ut h Ye s no 3 25-34 Fem al e M ex ic o C ity < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner , St ud ent So ut h Ye s No 3 18-24 Fem al e Br usse ls < 5 y ea rs I a m a m as ter s tud ent N orth Ye s No 3 35-44 M ale Sy ria < 5 y ea rs Int er io r D es ig ner N orth -W es t Ye s No 5 25-34 M ale M alm ö < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing d es ig ner N orth , W es t Ye s No 4 25-34 Fem al e St oc kh ol m 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner N orth -E as t Ye s No 3 25-34 Fem al e Sw ed en < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing d es ig ner N orth Ye s No 5 25-34 Fem al e Ma že ik ia i, L ith ua nia < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner , I nt er io r D es ig ner N orth -E as t Ye s No 4 25-34 Fem al e G reec e < 5 y ea rs St ud ent So ut h-W es t Ye s No 3 25-34 Ja ka rta < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h Ye s Yes , ev eni ng ti m e a nd m or ni ng ti m e 3 18-24 Fem al e Rom e 5 10 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner So ut h Ye s Yes , ev er yw her e 6 18-24 M ale C hâ tea u-d' O ex , Sw itz er la nd < 5 y ea rs St ud ent So ut h, E as t No 1 25-34 Fem al e M uni ch < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner N orth -E as t Ye s No 3 25-34 Fem al e Tr ik ala / G re ec e 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s yes . B ed ro om (B ef or e s leep ) & L iv ing ro om (w hi le r el ax ing -w at chi ng m ov ies ) 3 18-24 Fem al e O ot m ar su m H olla nd < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner N orth Ye s -4 25-34 Fem al e A izk ra uk le < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s No 4 > 6 4 M ale En köp in g > 10 y ea rs St ud ent N orth -W es t Ye s Ye s liv in gr oo m + h all 3 35-44 Fem al e N or rk öp ing , Sw ed en < 5 y ea rs O rth oti st We st Ye s N o, b ut I w ou ld lik e t o 5 55-64 M ale Pit eå > 10 y ea rs El ec tri ca l d es ig ner a nd li ght ing o n N at io na l p ro per ty b oa rd So ut h-W es t Ye s Ye s 2 25-34 Fem al e Re ykj avi k < 5 y ea rs U rb an p la nner We st Ye s Yes . L iv ing ro om . E veni ng s. 2 45-54 M ale O ul u Fi nl and > 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h Ye s O n a ll lig ht s ou rc es 9 25-34 M ale U pps al a < 5 y ea rs Eng ineer So ut h Ye s No 2 25-34 Fem al e 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h Ye s 5 55-64 Fem al e U pps al a A rc hi te ct N or th-Ea st , So ut h-W es t Ye s Yes , a t a ll t im es ! I n t he b at hr oo m , ha ll, k itc hen, li vi ng ro om . 8 45-54 M ale G äv le, Sw ed en A rc hi te ct N orth -E as t Ye s Ki tc hen a nd b at hr oo m , d ue t o p ar t o f y ea r a nd w ha t I d o 4 25-34 M ale Tehr an < 5 y ea rs D at a Sc ient ist So ut h, E as t Ye s Ye s, B ed room s 2 25-34 Fem al e Ko rç ë, A lb an ia < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner So ut h-W es t Ye s No 4 18-24 Fem al e Va res e, IT < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner So ut h-Ea st Ye s No 2 35-44 Fem al e Sa ler no < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h-W es t No Yes , a fter d inner 4 35-44 M ale C am br idge , E ngl an d 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s Yes , i n t he l iv ing ro om a nd b ed ro om ... a ll t hr oug ho ut the d ay . 7 25-34 Fem al e M ate ra , I ta ly < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner , I nt er io r D es ig ner So ut h-Ea st Ye s no 6 25-34 Fem al e Iraq , B ag hd ad > 10 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner So ut h Ye s Yes , I ha ve L ED d im m ab le a rm at ur er a t ho m e, us ua lly a fter 9 o cl ic k a t ni ght i s at rts to d im m the ho us e 4 45-54 M ale St oc kh ol m > 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s Yes , ev er yw her e a nd a ll t he t im e. 8 25-34 Fem al e Viln iu s < 5 y ea rs A rc hi tec t, L ig ht ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s No 4 25-34 Fem al e St oc kh ol m > 10 y ea rs A rc hi te ct We st Ye s yes , l iv ing ro om /k itc hen, ni ght tim e 5 25-34 Fem al e Is ta nb ul < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing d es ig ner So ut h Ye s Li vi ng ro om , m or ni ng & la te a fter no on i n w int er 4 25-34 M ale St oc kh ol m > 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner So ut h-Ea st Ye s No 4 18-24 M ale Pa ris < 5 y ea rs A rc hi te ct So ut h-W es t Ye s Yes , i n t he m ai n b ed ro om li ght ing , o nl y d ur ing the ev eni ng 5 45-54 M ale Bo B ueno s A ires , r ai sed - St oc kho lm > 10 y ea rs St ud ent So ut h No Ba th ro om 3 25-34 M ale N orrtä lje < 5 y ea rs By ggn ads in ge nj ör We st Ye s D ini ng ro om , b ed ro om , k itc hen, b at hr oo m 4 18-24 M ale Jön köp in g < 5 y ea rs Lig ht in g a dv iso r So ut h-Ea st Ye s I us e P hi lip s hue w ith d iff er ent s cenes d ep eni ng o n w ha t t im e i t i s 6 > 6 4 Fem al e G ot henb ur g A rc hi te ct So ut h Ye s In t he d ini ng ro om , s om et im es 6 35-44 Fem al e St oc kh ol m 5 10 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st Ye s liv in g r oo m , k itc he n, h allw ay , b at hr oo m 3 25-34 M ale U pps al a < 5 y ea rs by ggn ads in ge nj ör Ea st Ye s m el la n 19-23 3 25-34 M ale ke ra la < 5 y ea rs Li ght ing D es ig ner Ea st No no 1 25-34 Fem al e Is ta nb ul 5 10 y ea rs A rc hi te ct So ut h-W es t, W es t Ye s O nl y d im m er i us e i s s po tli ght in k or rid or w her e t her e i s no t m uc h a m out h o f l ig ht . I us e g ener al ly fr om 17: 00 i n s um m er s ea so n a nd fr om m ay be 15: 00 f ro m w int er s ea so n w hen i ts need ed 6 25-34 M ale Ö rn sk öld sv ik < 5 y ea rs Eng ineer Ea st Ye s 2 Append ix_1

Selen Çelik Living with low intensity and warm light: Designing light in living rooms through Nordic daylight qualities