A field study using steel industry slags
i l dfill t ti
in a landfill cover construction
S. DIENER, L. ANDREAS, I. HERRMANN, A. LAGERKVIST Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
f S &
Division of Waste Science & Technology
5
thICLRS Colorado 2008
2008-09-12
1. Materials used 2. Cover design
3. Lab results 4. Field results
5. Summary and conclusions
Materials (slags from Uddeholm Tooling AB) ( g g )
Electric arc furnace slag (EAF)
- four types whereof EAF 1, 2, 3 are:
- coarse (gravel-like)
no cementitious properties - no cementitious properties EAF 4: similar ladle slag
Ladle slag
- 67 w.-% < 0.25 mm
- cementitious properties - cementitious properties
- disintegrating (high Ca/Si ratio)
Composition of the steel slags –
major o ides
Ca/Si Al/Si
EAF1+2 1.7 0.2
EAF4 4.1 0.7
major oxides
CaO SiO2 MgO Al2O3 Fe2O3
Ladle 5.6 1.3
MSWI BA 0.4 0.3 Fly ash 2.9 0.1
C t II 3 0 0 2
40 50
% ]
g Cement II 3.0 0.2
30
ati on [w t- %
10 20
C onc ent ra
0
EAFS 1 EAFS 2 EAFS 4 LS
Composition of the steel slags –
minor oxides minor oxides
6 7
MnO Cr2O3 TiO2 V2O5 P2O5
4 5
on [w t- % ]
2 3 4
C onc ent ra ti
0 1
C 2
0
EAFS 1 EAFS 2 EAFS 4 LS
Design of the top cover g p
Compost
≥ 0,2 m
Vegetation layer
Ash Sludge Excavated soil
≥ 1,5 m
Protection layer
EAF slag 1+2 (8-60 mm)
≥ 0,3 m
Drainage layer
Geotextile
50% EAF slag 1+2 (<8 mm) 50% Ladle slag (<20 mm)
≥ 0 7 m
Li
g y
Geotextile
50% Ladle slag (<20 mm)
≥ 0,7 m
Liner
Excavated earth, sweepings
≥ 0,3 m
Foundation layer
Three different test areas Three different test areas
Test area 1 Test area 2 Test area 3
Compost
Vegetation layer Compost Compost 0.3 m
Ash Sludge
Soil (excavated earth)
Protection layer Ash
Sludge
Soil (excavated earth)
Ash Sludge
Soil (excavated earth)
≥ 1.5 m
EAF slag 1+2 (8-60mm)
Drainage layer EAF slag 1+2 (35-60mm) EAF slag 1+2 (35-60mm) ≥ 0.3 m
Excavated earth, Sweepings 50 % EAF slag 1+2 (<8mm)
50 % Ladle slag (<20mm) Liner
Foundation layer Excavated earth, Sweepings
65 % EAF slag 1+2 (<35mm) 35 % EAF slag 4 + Ladle slag
Excavated earth, Sweepings 50 % EAF slag 1+2+3 (<8mm) 50 % EAF Ladle slag (<20mm)
≥ 0.3 m 0.7 m
Waste y
Waste Waste
Laboratory investigation of Hydraulic Conductivity
1.E-03
EAF 45%, WC 9%, time 0h EAF 55%, WC9%, time 0h EAF 55% WC 13% ti 0h EAF 35% WC 9% ti 24h
in EAF slag & ladle slag mixtures
1 E 06 1.E-05
1.E-04 EAF 55%, WC 13%, time 0h EAF 35%, WC 9%, time 24h EAF 55%, WC 9%, time 24h EAF 35%, WC 13%, time 24h EAF 55%, WC 13%, time 24h EAF 45%, WC 11%, time 6h estimated limit value
1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06
H C (m /s )
1.E-10 1.E-09
H
1.E-12 1.E-11
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (days)
C2S (dicalcium silicate) -> curing
Installation of lysimeters and probes y below the liner, area 2
August 2007
Leachate amounts for test area 1 and 2
Hydraulic conductivity for test area 1: 28 L / m 2 *a (05/2006 - 08/2008) Hydraulic conductivity for test area 2: 147 L /m 2 *a (12/2007 - 08/2008)
80
2006-08-30 2006-12-05 2007-05-08 2007-09-04 2007-10-17 2007-11-30 2008-05-22 2008-08-27 Test area 1
Test area 2 80
2007-11-30 2008-04-14 2008-05-23 2008-08-28
60 60
e [L ]
40
ach at e [ L ]
L each at e 40
20
Le a
20
0
Lys 1 Lys 2 Lys 3 Lys 4 Lys 5 Lys 6 Lys 7 Lys 8 Lys 9 Lys 10
0
Lys 1 Lys 2 Lys 3 Lys 4 Lys 5 Lys 6 Lys 7 Lys 8 Lys 9 Lys 10
Amounts of leachate below the liner d t i it ti
compared to precipitation
precipitation sum in sampling period leachate mean n =10 area 1 leachate mean n = 10 area 2
350 400
80
precipitation sum in sampling period leachate mean, n =10, area 1 leachate mean, n = 10, area 2
200 250 300
ti on [ m m ]
60
h at e [ m m ]
100 150 200
Pr ec ip it at
20 40
L eac h
0 50
jun-06 aug-06 okt-06 dec-06 feb-07 apr-07 jun-07 aug-07 okt-07 dec-07 feb-08 apr-08 jun-08 aug-08 0
LS area 1: 0.002 0.009 0.012 Time 0.020 0.039 0.041
Leachate quality - pH Leachate quality pH
14
pH area 1 (average 2006-2008) pH area 2 (average 2008)
12
pH [- ] 10
6 8 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Leachate quality - El t i d ti it Electric conductivity
5
EC area 1 (average 2006-2008) EC area 2 (average 2008)
4
y [m S /c m ]
2 3
co nduct ivi ty
0
El . 1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Leachate quality (test area 1) –
j d i l t
1000000
Average 2006-2007
major and micro elements
10000 100000 1000000
100 1000 10000
g /L ]
1 10
[μ g 100
0,01 0,1
Fe Mg Ca K Si Na S Al Cu Cr Mo Ba B Sr V
Comparison of leachate from column test ( SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004 (c 0 at LS 0.1) ) and lysimeters in the field
Columnt test laboratory Field 08-2006 (n=6) Field 12-2006 (n=8) Field 05-2007 (n=2) Field 09-2007 (n=7) Field 10-2007 (n=2) Field 05-2008 (n=8)
14405:2004 (c 0 at LS 0.1) ) and lysimeters in the field
50
/l]
Field 09 2007 (n 7) Field 10 2007 (n 2) Field 05 2008 (n 8)
2003/33/EG limit value for landfill for inert waste (c0 at L/S 0.1):
Chloride: 460 mg/l Sulphate: 1500 mg/l
30 40
S O4 2- [m g /
20 30
Cl - , S
10 0
Chloride Sulphate
Comparison of leachate from column test ( SIS-CEN/TS 14405 2004 ( 0 t LS 0 1) ) and lysimeters in the field
14405:2004 (c0 at LS 0.1) ) and lysimeters in the field
Columnt test laboratory Field 08-2006 (n=6) Field 12-2006 (n=4)
4
0 2 1 2 10
Field 09-2007 (n=4) Field 10-2007 (n=2) Limit for inert waste (L/S 0.1)
0,6
0,2 1,2 1
0,1 0,04
[m g/ l]
0,01
0,001
Ba Cu Mo Se Sn Zn V
Comparison of leachate from column test ( SIS-CEN/TS 14405 2004 ( 0 t LS 0 1) ) and lysimeters in the field
14405:2004 (c0 at LS 0.1) ) and lysimeters in the field
Columnt test laboratory Field 08-2006 (n=6) Field 12-2006 (n=4)
1
Field 09-2007 (n=4) Field 10-2007 (n=2) Limit for inert waste (L/S 0.1)
0,06
0,02
0,1 0,12 0,15
0,1
