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Spatial vision in diverse invertebrates

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Spatial vision in

diverse invertebrates

JOHN D. KIRWAN

FUNCTIONAL ZOOLOGY | FACULTY OF SCIENCE | LUND UNIVERSITY

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Functional zoology Department of Biology

Faculty of Science ISBN 978-91-7753-714-4 (print) 978-91-7753-715-1 (pdf) Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image of the eye of the millipede

Cylindroiulus punctatus. This compound eye comprises thirty-three large facets, which overlay corneal lenses made from modified cuticle.

9789177537144Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund 2018 NORDIC SWAN ECOLABEL 3041 0903

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