Development and Promotion of Development and Promotion of
Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles
such as DME Trucks such as DME Trucks
March 17, 2006, Washington DC
Prof. André L. Boehman
The Pennsylvania State University and
On behalf of
International DME Association
IDA
Conference on the Development and Promotion of Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles Such as DME Trucks
Washington, D.C.
March 17, 2006
DME: Developments,
Opportunities and Challenges
What is DME? “Synthetic LPG”
Dimethyl-ether (DME)
Methane
Methanol
Water Propane
Butane
Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen
1.4 tons MeOH to 1 ton DME
LPG
About DME
• Burns like natural gas
• Handles like LPG
• Similar to methanol with respect to:
• Manufacturing technology
• Costs
• Petrochemical feedstock
• Environmentally friendly with
significant global consumer history as propellant.
• Clean burning
• Outstanding diesel alternative fuel
• Very large market potential as synthetic LPG, diesel alternative and fuel for power generation
Overview
A brief history of DME
160+ members Formation of IDA and JDF
2000/01
Iran DME project; DME 1 Conference; China DME projects; 2ndAsian DME Conference
2004/5
Japan DME Ltd, DME International, India DME, Chinese ventures
Multiple commercial projects pursued 1996-
now
TNO and 16 companies IEA DME Annex XIV and XX (workshops and studies)
1996- 2001
AVL, BP, DTU, HTAS, Navistar
BP press conference and first papers in Detroit Feb.
1995
BP visit with NEDO, TEPCO, EPDC and others
DME multi-purpose fuel strategy Jan 1995
AVL, BP, DTU, HTAS, Navistar
Diesel fuel demonstration 1992-95
Akzo Nobel First use as aerosol
1963
Companies
Major Activity/Event
DME: clean and green
• HEALTH:
• non toxic, non carcinogenic
• Approved as consumer product propellant
• SAFETY
• Flammable liquid like LPG
• Similar safety guidelines and codes as LPG
• ENVIRONMENT
• Low emission fuel (LPG, Power, Diesel)
• Short half-life in atmosphere
Visit www.aboutdme.org Extensive HSE file
Photos Courtesy of Akzo Nobel and DuPont
Green
Drivers for DME
Gas monetization Clean Coal utilization
Biomass conversion Methanol marketing
LPG alternative Ultimate diesel Power generation
Hydrogen carrier Chemical Feedstock
Multiple Markets Multiple Sources
Methanol and DME production
Syngas (CO+H2)
(DME)
Conventional Two Step Process
Natural Gas
Biomass Coal
Petroleum Coke
Methanol
• Same chemistry, different engineering
• Methanol to DME conversion is very simple
• Similar Capex and Opex (lower than GTL-FT!)
• Co-production feasible
• Choice of technologies
DME
Methanol and DME
Direct or Combined Processes
Ready technologies
DME as LPG blendstock
• DME/LPG blending work (BP, ENI)
• Completely miscible
• Below 20% DME, existing LPG infrastructure can be used
• THIS IS THE PRIMARY MARKET
• Simple marketing
• High value markets
• Large demand (>200 million T/yr market size)
DME and Methanol for Power Generation
• 1995-2000: Partnership with GE and EPDC; Studies with SW
• Multiple, detailed combustor tests
• DME is excellent gas turbine fuel
• GE and SW provide commercial
offerings of DME-fired E class and F class gas turbines
• GE and SW guarantee power
output, heat rate and performance
• DME/Methanol exhibit record efficiencies and low emissions
Picture Courtesy of GE
BP pioneering diesel demonstration
• 1992: Invention by Sorensen/Mikkelsen
• 1994: BP Demonstration in truck engine
• Partnership with HTAS, AVL, Navistar
• Proof of sootless, low NOx, quiet combustion
• “DME is diesel wonderfuel”
• Feb. 1995: Press conference and SAE paper #950061
• Ongoing collaboration with Volvo and AVL Powertrain
“DME is our preferred long term fuel.”
Volvo Group
DME - Global Activities
Over the past several years, global recognition of DME’s potential manifested by the formation of four associations representing about 160 companies, technical institutes, universities and individuals
Korea DME Forum China DME Association
• Over 35 members
• Website: www.aboutdme.org
• Conferences, workshops, newsletter
• “DME 2”: London, May 15 to 17, 2006
Our PATRON members
VOLVO LURGI BP
International DME Association
Other DME Activities Around the World *
• DME-Fueled Shuttle Bus
Demonstration, Penn State Univ.
•Moscow program: "Alternative fuels use in city’s motor transport for 2002-2004”..
•VNIIGAZ (GAZPROM Research Institute) developing technology to manufacture DME
USA Russia
•Volvo DME fleet tests in Växjö
Sweden Europe/USA
A network, headed by the Petrobras Research Centre, was established including one Research Institute and three University Laboratories.
Brazil
•AFFORHD. Alternative Fuel for Heavy Duty Engines
•Volvo, AVP/PTI, DTU, BP, TNO, Växjö
• 2002-2005, 4 million euro
Korea
Italy
•Snamprogetti Program : DME as LPG substitute, and LPG/DME interchangeability in diesel engines (with SwRI)
• KOGAS Demo Plant, 2004-9
• Conducting engine research
• KIER/SK/Inha Univ. Project: First prototype truck
DME Fueled Shuttle Bus Demonstration DME Fueled Shuttle Bus Demonstration
z Demonstrate DME-Diesel Fueling in a Campus Shuttle and Operate the Shuttle on DME-Diesel
z Through Laboratory and Field Studies, Determine How to Maximize the Amount of DME in the Blend without Sacrificing Fuel System Integrity
z Demonstrate DME-Diesel Fueling in a Campus Shuttle and Operate the Shuttle on DME-Diesel
z Through Laboratory and Field Studies, Determine How to Maximize the Amount of DME in the Blend without Sacrificing Fuel System Integrity
Shuttle Bus DME-Diesel Fueling System Shuttle Bus DME-Diesel Fueling System
Diesel Fuel Tank
Mixture Tank
Diesel Transfer Pump
Helium Cylinder
Circulation Pump Fuel
Coolers
DME from Fueling Station 1. Fill Diesel Tank
2. Transfer Diesel to Mixture Tank while Venting Helium and Leftover DME 3. Transfer DME into Mixture Tank
4. Pressurize Mixture Tank with Helium to 90 – 120 psi
5. Start Engine and then Start Circulation Pump, which Keeps the Rail at 250 psi 1. Fill Diesel Tank
2. Transfer Diesel to Mixture Tank while Venting Helium and Leftover DME 3. Transfer DME into Mixture Tank
4. Pressurize Mixture Tank with Helium to 90 – 120 psi
5. Start Engine and then Start Circulation Pump, which Keeps the Rail at 250 psi
DME Fueled Shuttle Bus Demonstration DME Fueled Shuttle Bus Demonstration
DME Shuttle Operated from June 5 to September 30, 2002
DME Fueled Shuttle Bus Demonstration
DME Fueled Shuttle Bus Demonstration
Fuel Properties and Injector Wear Fuel Properties and Injector Wear
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
40 Temperature (oC)
Viscosity (cSt)
25% DME-ULSDF 25% DME-Biodiesel
1% PMA ULSDF 5% PMA ULSDF
1% PMA Biodiesel 5% PMA Biodiesel
1% OCP ULSDF 5% OCP ULSDF
1% OCP Biodiesel 5% OCP Biodiesel 1% Ethoxy ULSDF 5% Ethoxy ULSDF 1% Ethoxy Biodiesel 5% Ethoxy Biodiesel 1% HEAR Oil ULSDF 5% HEAR Oil ULSDF 1% HEAR Oil Biodiesel 5% HEAR Oil Biodiesel 1% PAO-40 ULSDF 5% PAO-40 ULSDF 1% PAO-40 Biodiesel 5% PAO-40 Biodiesel 1% Mixed FAs ULSDF 5% Mixed FAs ULSDF 1% Mixed FAs Bio 5% Mixed FAs Bio 1% HT Soy ULSDF 5% HT Soy ULSDF 1% HT Soy Bio 5% HT Soy Bio
ASTM #2 Diesel Viscosity Specs. at 40oC 4.1 cSt
1.9 cSt
New DME
DME- Scuffed
Fuel Injector Pin
Pilot-Assisted HCCI Combustion Pilot-Assisted HCCI Combustion
-0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
340 350 360 370 380 390 400
HR Diesel-DME data 1000 rpm with variable DME
50mm 70mm 80mm 90mm Diesel
Heat Release (KJ/deg)
Crank Angle (deg)
Global challenges
• Raising awareness of DME
• International standards
• Strategic partnerships with other industries (methanol, LPG, clean transportation fuel)
• Competition with LNG, GTL-FT and hydrogen fuel cells
• Lack of first successful, LARGE plant
Development and Promotion of Development and Promotion of
Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles
such as DME Trucks such as DME Trucks
Japan International Japan International Transport Institute Transport Institute
National Traffic Safety and National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory Environment Laboratory
March 17, 2006, Washington DC
