Förslag till fortsatt forskning

För interventionerna, MI, videobaserad livsstilsutbildning och ”mindful eating” var evidensen låg eller obetydlig, främst beroende på bristande antal artiklar som underlag. Mer forskning för att undersöka evidensen hos dessa interventioner skulle därför vara intressant eller så kanske de påträffas i fler artiklar vid en större litteraturstudie med fler år inkluderat. I resulta-tet var endast en artikel kvalitativ, men flertalet artiklar RCT-studier. Det stärker evidensen eftersom RCT-studier ger högst evidens, men däremot saknas därmed patienternas syn på in-terventionerna, något som kunde vara angeläget att fokusera på i vidare forskning. Under stu-diens gång har det framkommit att mycket forskning finns om förebyggande av diabetes typ 2 genom omvårdnadsinterventioner för livsstilsförändringar, men det kunde också vara intres-sant med fokus på hur livsstilsförändringar kan främjas vid långt framskriden diabetes. Dessu-tom vore det angeläget att studera livsstilsförändringar och omvårdnadsinterventioner i ut-vecklingsländer eftersom det framkommit att NIDDM ökar i dessa länder och att ökningen framöver väntas bli högst där.

33

REFERENSER

Adolfsson, E. T., Starrin, B., Smide, B. & Wikblad, K. (2007). Type 2 diabetic patients´ expe-rience of two different educational approaches – A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 986-994.

Andrews, R. C., Cooper, A.R., Montgomery, A.A., Norcross, A.J., Peters, T. J., Sharp, D. J., Jackson, N., Fitzsimons, K., Bright, J., Coulman, K., England, C. Y., Gorton, J., McLena-ghan, A., Paxton, E., Polet, A., Thompson, C. & Dayan, C. M. (2011). Diet or diet plus physi-cal activity versus usual care in patients newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTID randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 378, 129-139.

Armstrong Shultz, J., Sprague, M. A., Branen, L. J. och Lambeth, S. (2001). A comparison of views of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and educators about barriers to diet and ex-ercise. Journal of Health Communication, 6, 99-115.

Bawadi, H. A., Banks, A. D., Ammari, F., Tayem, R. F. & Jebreen, S. (2012). Stage of change of 6 health-related behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes. Primary Care Diabetes, 6, 319-327.

Brun, E., Nelson, R. G., Bennett, P. H., Imperatore, G., Zoppini, G., Verlato, G. & Muggeo, M. (2000). Diabetes duration and cause-specific mortality in the Verona diabetes study. Dia-betes Care, 23, 1119-1123.

D’Adamo, E. & Caprio, S. (2011). Type 2 diabetes in youth: Epidmiology and pathophysiol-ogy. Diabetes Care, 34, 161-165.

Debussche, X., Rollot, O., Le Pommelet, C., Fianu, A., Le Moullec, N., Régnier, C., Boyer, M. C., Cogne, M., Bakiri, F., Schwager, J. C. & Favier, F. (2012). Quarterly individual outpa-tients lifestyle counseling after initial inpaoutpa-tients education on type 2 diabetes: The REDIA Prev-2 randomized controlled trial in Reunion Island. Diabetes & Metabolism, 38, 46-53.

Dellasega, C., Gabbay, R., Durdock, K. & Martinez-King, N. (2010). Motivational interview-ing to change type 2 diabetes self-care behaviours. Journal of Diabetes Nursinterview-ing,14, 112-118.

Dyson, P. A., Beatty, S. & Matthews, D. R. (2010). An assessment of lifestyle video educa-tion for people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrieduca-tion and Dietet-ics, 23, 353-359.

34 Eeg-Elofsson, K., Cederholm, J., Nilsson, P. M., Zethelius, B., Svensson, A-M., Gud-björnsdóttir, S. & Eliasson, B. (2010). New aspects of HbA1c as a risk factor for cardiovascu-lar disease in type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Journal of Internal Medicine, 268, 471-482.

Franciosi, M., Lucisano, G., Pellegrini, F., Cantarello, A., Consoli, A., Cucco, L., Ghidelli, R., Sartore, G., Sciangula, L. & Nicolucci, A. (2011). ROSES: role of self-monitoring of blood glucose and education in patients with type 2 diabetes not receiving insulin. A pilot random-ized clinical trial. Diabetes Medicine, 28, 789-796.

Frandsen, K. B. & Kristensen, J. S. (2002). Diet and lifestyle in type 2 diabetes: the patient´s perspective. Practical Diabetes International, 19 (3), 77-80.

Gabbay, R. A., Anel-Tiangco, R. M., Dellasega, C., Mauger, D. T., Adelman, A. & Van Horn, D. H. A. (2013). Journal of Diabetes, 5, 349-357.

Gregg, E. W., Chen, H., Wagenknecht, L. E., Clark, J. M., Delahanty, L. M., Bantle, J., Pownall, H. J., Johnson, K. C., Safford, M. M., Kitabchi, A. E., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., Wing, R. R.

& Bertoni, A G. (2012). Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 308, 2489-2496.

Gutschall, M., Onega, L. L. & Wright, W. K. (2011). Patients´ perspective about dietary maintenance in type 2 diabetes. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 26 (3), 180-189.

Hawkins, S. Y. (2010). Improving glycemic controll in older adults using a videophone moti-vational selfmanagement intervention. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 24, 217-232.

Heinrich, E., Schaper, N. C. & de Vries, N. K. (2010). Self-management interventions for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. European Diabetes Nursing, 7, 71-76.

Hemminki, K., Li, X., Sundquist, K. & Sundquist, J. (2010). Familial risks for type 2 diabetes in Sweden. Diabetes Care, 33, 293-297.

35 Jakicic, J. M., Egan, C. M., Fabricatore, A N., Gaussoin, S. A., Glasser, S. P., Hesson, L. A., Knowler, W. C., Lang, W., Regensteiner, J. G., Ribisl, P. M. & Ryan, D. H. (2013). Four year change in cardiovrespiratory fitness and influence on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes in a randomized trial. The Look AHEAD Trial. Diabetes Care, 36, 1297-1303.

Kamprath, S. & Timmer, A. (2012). Prioritisation of Clinical Research by the Example of Type 2 diabetes: A Caregiver-Survey on Perceived Relevance and Need for Evidence. PLoS One, 7, 1-7.

Karakurt, P. & Kasikci, M. K. (2011). The effect of education given to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on self-care. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18, 170-179.

Kempf, K., Kruse, J. & Martin, S. (2010). ROSSO-in-praxi: A self-monitoring of blood glu-cose - structured 12-week lifestyle intervention significantly improves glucometabolic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 12, 547-553.

Kempf, K., Kruse, J. & Martin, S. (2012). ROSSO-in-Praxi Follow-Up: Long-Term Effects of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose on Weight, Hemoglobin A1c, and Quality of Life in Pa-tients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 14, 59-64.

Khunti, K., Gray, J. L., Skinner, T., Carey, M. E., Realf, K., Dallosso, H., Fisher, H., Camp-bell, M., Heller, S. & Davies, J. M. (2012). Effectiveness of a diabetes education and self management programme (DESMOND) for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: three year follow-up of a cluster randomized controlled trial in primary care. BMJ, 344, 1-12.

Laws, R.A., Chan, B. C., Williams, A. M., Davies, G. P., Javasinghe, U. W., Fanian, M. &

Harries, M.F. (2010). An efficacy trial of brief lifestyle intervention delivered by generalist community nurses (CN SNAP trial). BioMed Central Nursing, 9, 1-10.

Leksell, J., Funnell, M., Sandberg, G., Smide, B., Wiklund, G. & Wiklund, K. (2007). Psy-chometric proporties of the Swedish Diabetes Empowerment Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 21, 247-252.

Levi, R., Rehnqvist, N., Rosén, M & Willman, A. (2008). Evidens är ett verktyg för vården – inte ett slutmål. Läkartidningen, 105, 918-919.

36 Madden, S. G., Loeb, S. J. & Smith, C. A. (2008). An integrative literature review of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type II diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 2243-2256.

Mahler, R. J. & Adler, M. L. (1999). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Update on diagnosis, patho-physiology, and treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84, 1165-1171.

Mc Carley, P. (2009). Patient empowerment and motivational interviewing: engaging patients to self-manage their own care. Journal of Nephrology Nursing, 36, 409-143.

Minet, L., Möller, S., Vach, W., Wagner, L. & Henriksen, J. E. (2010). Mediating the effect of self-care management intervention in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of 47 randomised controlled trials. Patient Education and Counseling, 80, 29-41.

Miller, K. C., Kristeller, J. L., Headings, A., Nagarakja, H. & Miser, W. F. (2012). Compara-tive effecCompara-tiveness of a mindful eating intervention to a diabetes self- management intervention among adults with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112, 1835-1842.

Morrish, N.J., Wang, S.L., Stevens, L.K., Fuller, J.H. & Keen, H. (2001). Mortality and caus-es of death in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetcaus-es. Diabetologia, 44, 14-21.

Nolan, C. J., Damm, P. & Prentki, M. (2011). Type 2 diabetes across generations: from path-ophysiology to prevention and management. Lancet, 378, 169-181.

O´Dea, K. (1991). Westernisation, insulin resistance and diabetes in Australian aborigines.

The Medical Journal of Australia, 155, 258-264.

Orem, D.E. (2001). Nursing: Concepts of practice. St Louis, Mo. Mosby, cop.

Polit, D. F. & Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research. Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

37 Poulsen, P., Grunnet, L. G., Pilgaard, K., Storgaard, H., Alibegovic, A., Sonne, M. P., Carstensen, B., Beck-Nielsen, H. & Vaag, A. (2009). Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in el-derly twins. Diabetes, 58, 1350-1355.

Rejeski, W. J., Ip, E. H., Bertoni, A. G., Bray, G. A., Evans, G., Gregg, E. W. & Zhang, Q.

(2012). Lifestyle change and mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1209-1217.

Rosén, M. (2012). Systematisk litteraturöversikt. In Henricson, M. (red.) Vetenskaplig teori och metod: från idé till examination inom omvårdnad. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Sacket, D. L. & Rosenberg, W. M. C. (1995). On the need for evidence-based medicine.

Journal of Public Health, 17, 330-334.

Sanghera, D, K. & Blackets, P, R. (2012). Type 2 diabetes genetics: beyond GWAS. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism, 3, 1-23.

SBU. (2013a). Utvärdering av metoder i hälso- och sjukvården. En handbok. [Elektronisk].

Tillgänglig: http://www.sbu.se/sv/Evidensbaserad-vard/Utvardering-av-metoder-i-halso-och-sjukvarden--En-handbok/ [2013-09-03].

SBU. (2013b). Vad innebär evidensbaserad vård? [Elektronisk]. Tillgänglig:

http://www.sbu.se/sv/Evidensbaserad-vard/Vad-innebar-evidensbaserad-vard/ [2013-06-10].

Schiotz, M., Bögelund, M., Almdal, T. & Willaing, I. (2012). Discrete choice as a method for exploring education preferences in a Danish population of patients with type 2 diabetes. Pati-ent Education and Counsellin, 87, 217-25.

SFS 1982:763. Hälso- och sjukvårdslag. Svensk författningssamling. Stockholm: Liber.

Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A. & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of dia-betes for 2010 and 2030. Diadia-betes Research and Clinical Practice, 87, 4-14.

Smalls, B. L., Walker, R. J., Hernandez-Tejada, M. A., Cambell, J. A., Davis, K. S. & Egede, L. E. (2012). Associations between coping, diabetes knowledge, medication adherence and self-care behaviors in aduldts with type 2 diabetes. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34, 385-389.

38 Socialstyrelsen. (2010). Nationella riktlinjer för diabetesvården 2010. [Elektronisk]. Tillgäng-lig: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/17924/2010-2-2.pdf [2013-01-15].

Socialstyrelsen. (2012). Svenska effektutvärderingar av psykosociala interventioner.

[Elektro-nisk]. Tillgänglig:

http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/18937/2012-12-31.pdf [2013-05-29].

Steinsbekk, a., Rygg, L. Ö., Lisulo, M., Rise, M. B. & Fretheim, A. (2012). Group based dia-betes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabe-tes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analys. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 1-19.

Stratton, I. M., Adler, A. I., Neil, H. A. W., Matthews, R. M., Manley, S. E., Cull, C. A., Hadden, D., Turner, R. C. & Holman, R. R. (2000). Association of glycemia with macrovas-cular and microvasmacrovas-cular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observa-tional study. British Medical Journal, 321, 405-412.

Trento, M., Gamba, S., Gentile, L., Grassi, G., Miselli, V., Morone, G., Passera, P., Tonutti, L., Tomalino, M., Bondonio, P., Cavallo, F. & Porta, M. (2010). Rethink organization to im-prove education and outcomes (ROMEO). Diabetes Care, 33, 745-747.

Unick, J. L., Beavers, D., Jakicic, J. M., Kitabchi, A. E., Knowler, W. C., Wadden, T. A. &

Wing, R. R. (2011). Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for individuals with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34, 2152-2157.

Wallengren, C. & Henricson, H. (2012). Vetenskaplig kvalitetssäkring av litteraturbaserat ex-amensarbete. In Henricson, M. (red.) Vetenskaplig teori och metod: från idé till examination inom omvårdnad. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Whittemore, R. & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: a updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546-553.

WHO. (2013a). Diabetes programme. World diabetes day 2012. [Elektronisk]. Tillgänglig:

http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/ [2013-02-10].

39 WHO. (2013b). Diabetes programme. About diabetes. [Elektronisk]. Tillgänglig:

http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/index.html [2013-02-10].

WHO. (2013c). World health organization. WHO definition of health. [Elektronisk]. Tillgäng-lig: http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html [2013-10-05].

Wikblad, K., Smide, B. & Leksell, J. K. (2013). Check your health validity and reliability of a measure of health and burden of diabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 1-7.

Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R. & King, H. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes.

Estimates for the year of 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 27, 1047-1053.

Willman, A. & Stoltz, P. (2006). Evidensbaserad omvårdnad - en bro mellan forskning och klinisk verksamhet. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Wing, R. R., Bolin. P., Brancati, F. L., Bray, G. A, Clark, J. M., Coday, M., Crow, R. S., Cur-tis, J. M., Egan, C. M,, Espeland, M. A., Evans, M., Foreyt, J. P., Ghazarian, S., Gregg, E. W., Harrison, B., Hazuda, H. P., Hill, J. O., Horton, E. S., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Jeffery, R. W., Johnson, K. C., Kahn, S. E., Kitabchi, A. E., Knowler, W. C., Lewis, C. E., Maschak-Carey, B. J., Montez, M. G., Murillo, A., Nathan, D. M., Patricio, J., Peters, A., Pi-Sunyer, X., Pownall, H., Reboussin, D., Regensteiner, J. G., Rickman, A. D., Ryan, D. H., Safford, M., Wadden, T. A., Wagenknecht, L. E., West, D. S., Williamson, D. F. & Yanovski, S. Z. The Look AHEAD research group (2002). Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes): design and methods for a clinical trial of weight loss for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Controlled clinical trials, 24, 610-628.

Wing, R. R., Bolin. P., Brancati, F. L., Bray, G. A, Clark, J. M., Coday, M., Crow, R. S., Cur-tis, J. M., Egan, C. M,, Espeland, M. A., Evans, M., Foreyt, J. P., Ghazarian, S., Gregg, E. W., Harrison, B., Hazuda, H. P., Hill, J. O., Horton, E. S., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Jeffery, R. W., Johnson, K. C., Kahn, S. E., Kitabchi, A. E., Knowler, W. C., Lewis, C. E., Maschak-Carey, B. J., Montez, M. G., Murillo, A., Nathan, D. M., Patricio, J., Peters, A., Pi-Sunyer, X., Pownall, H., Reboussin, D., Regensteiner, J. G., Rickman, A. D., Ryan, D. H., Safford, M., Wadden, T. A., Wagenknecht, L. E., West, D. S., Williamson, D. F. & Yanovski, S. Z. The Look AHEAD research group (2006). The Look AHEAD study: A description of the lifestyle intervention and evidence supporting it. Obesity, 14, 737-752.

Wing, R. R., Bolin. P., Brancati, F. L., Bray, G. A, Clark, J. M., Coday, M., Crow, R. S., Cur-tis, J. M., Egan, C. M,, Espeland, M. A., Evans, M., Foreyt, J. P., Ghazarian, S., Gregg, E. W., Harrison, B., Hazuda, H. P., Hill, J. O., Horton, E. S., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Jeffery, R. W., Johnson, K. C., Kahn, S. E., Kitabchi, A. E., Knowler, W. C., Lewis, C. E.,

Maschak-40 Carey, B. J., Montez, M. G., Murillo, A., Nathan, D. M., Patricio, J., Peters, A., Pi-Sunyer, X., Pownall, H., Reboussin, D., Regensteiner, J. G., Rickman, A. D., Ryan, D. H., Safford, M., Wadden, T. A., Wagenknecht, L. E., West, D. S., Williamson, D. F. & Yanovski, S. Z. The Look AHEAD research group (2010). Long term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in indivuals with type 2 diabetes: four year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Archives of Internl Medicine, 170, 1566-1575.

Wing, R. R., Lang, W., Wadden, T. A., Safford, M., Knowler, W. C., Bertoni, A. G., Hill, J.

O., Brancati, F. L., Peters, A. & Wagenknecht, L. (2011). Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabe-tes. Diabetes Care, 34, 1481-1486.

Wing, R. R., Bolin. P., Brancati, F. L., Bray, G. A, Clark, J. M., Coday, M., Crow, R. S., Cur-tis, J. M., Egan, C. M,, Espeland, M. A., Evans, M., Foreyt, J. P., Ghazarian, S., Gregg, E. W., Harrison, B., Hazuda, H. P., Hill, J. O., Horton, E. S., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Jeffery, R. W., Johnson, K. C., Kahn, S. E., Kitabchi, A. E., Knowler, W. C., Lewis, C. E., Maschak-Carey, B. J., Montez, M. G., Murillo, A., Nathan, D. M., Patricio, J., Peters, A., Pi-Sunyer, X., Pownall, H., Reboussin, D., Regensteiner, J. G., Rickman, A. D., Ryan, D. H., Safford, M., Wadden, T. A., Wagenknecht, L. E., West, D. S., Williamson, D. F. & Yanovski, S. Z. The Look AHEAD research group (2013). Cardiovascular effects of Intensive Lifestyle Interven-tion in type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 145-154.

Yalow, R. S. & Berson, S. A. (1960). Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 39, 1157-1162.

Yoon, U., Kwok, L. L. & Magkidis, A. (2013). Efficacy of lifestyle interventions in reducing diabetes incidence in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review of ran-domized controlled trials. Metabolism, 62, 303-314.

Zethelius, B., Gudbjörnsdóttir, S., Eliasson, B., Eeg-Elofsson, K., Cederholm, J. (2013). Level of physical activity associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality in patients with type-2 diabetes: report from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 13, 1-8.

Österlind, J., Eriksson, M. K., Östensson, C-G & Eliasson, M. (2010). Björknässtudien: Färre läkarbesök i primärvården. Randomiserad studie av intensiv livsstilsintervention. Läkartid-ningen, 15, 976-80.

Artikelpresentation Bilaga 1

USA

Miller et al.

USA Manuell sök-ning

kardiovaskulär sjuklig-het och dödligsjuklig-het hos patienter med NIDDM och övervikt.

NIDDM och över-vikt eller fetma.

Bortfall på 4 % ef-ter genomsnitt 9,6 års pågående studie.

ner med NIDDM. studie.