Frankrike

I mars 2018 publicerades resultatet från en task force ledd av Cédric Villani, matematiker och parlamentsledamot, ”For a meaningful Artificial Intelligence”.¹⁴¹ Uppdraget, som gavs i september 2017, var att ta fram ett underlag för en AI-strategi för Frankrike och Europa.

Huvudfokus i strategiunderlaget är:

• An Economic Policy Based on Data

 Reinforcing the European Data Ecosystem

 Consolidating and Raising the Profile of the French AI Ecosystem

 Leveraging Public Procurement

 A Clear Choice: Focusing on Four Strategic Sectors

 Initiating European Industrial Momentum with Regard to AI

 Transformation of the State: Leading by Example

• Towards Agile and Enabling Research

 Building a Network of Interdisciplinary Institutions for Artificial Intelligence

 Computing Means for Research

 Enhancing the Appeal of Careers in Public Research

 Stepping Up Interaction Between Academia and Industry

• Anticipating and Controlling the Impacts on Jobs and Employment

 Anticipating the Impacts on Employment and Testing Out

 Developing Complementarity Within Organizations and Regulating Working Conditions

 Setting in a Motion an Overhaul of Initial Training and Continuing Professional Skills

 Testing Out New Methods for Funding Vocational Training to Factor in Value Transfers

 Training AI Talent at All Levels

• Using Artificial Intelligence to Help Create a More Ecological Economy

 Making this Issue Part of the International Agenda

 Promoting the Convergence of the Ecological Transition and Developments in AI

 Designing AI that Uses Less Energy

 Releasing Ecological Data

• What are the Ethics of AI?

 Opening the ‘Black Box’

 Considering Ethics from the Design Stage

 Considering Collective Rights to Data

 How Do We Stay in Control?

 Specific Governance of Ethics in Artificial Intelligence

• For Inclusive and Diverse Artificial Intelligence

 Gender Balance and Diversity: Striving for Equality

 Developing Digital Mediation and Social Innovation so that AI Benefits Everyone

141 Villani, C., For a meaningful Artificial Intelligence. Towards a French and European strategy. A parliamentary mission assigned by the Prime Minister Édouard Philippe in September 2017, published 8th March 2018.

President Macron presenterade den 29 mars 2018 sin vision och strategi för att göra Frankrike till en ledare inom AI,¹⁴² vilket baseras på det strategiunderlag som tagits fram inom Villanis task force.

Huvudpunkterna i strategin är:

• Developing an aggressive data policy:

1 Encourage companies to pool and share their data:

2 Create data that is in the public interest 3 Support the right to data portability

• Focus on four secotors:

 Health field - Predictive and personalized medicine will make it possible to monitor patients in real time, and improve the detection of anomalies in electrocardiograms.

 Transport field - In the transport field, the development of the driverless car is a key industrial priority.

 Defence and security field - AI could be used to detect and even respond to cyberattacks that cannot be detected by humans, and facilitate the analysis of multimedia data.

 Environmental field - the development of monitoring tools for farmers will pave the way for smart agriculture benefiting the entire agrifood chain.

• To better connect geographical regions and AI research areas:

 Create interdisciplinary AI institutes (3IA) in selected public higher education and research establishments. These institutes must be spread throughout France and cover a specific application or field of research.

 Allocate appropriate resources to research, including a supercomputer designed especially for AI applications in partnership with manufacturers. In addition, researchers must be given facilitated access to a European cloud service.

 Make careers in public research more attractive by boosting France’s appeal to expatriate or foreign talents: increasing the number of masters and doctoral students studying AI, increasing the salaries of researchers and enhancing exchanges between academics and industry.

• New training models must be planned and tested to prepare for these professional transitions:

 Create a public laboratory on the transformation of work. The creation of a public laboratory on the transformation of work will encourage reflection on the ways in which automation is changing occupations. It will also make it possible to test tools supporting professional transitions, especially for those likely to be most affected by automation.

 Develop complementarity between humans and machines. To improve future working conditions, reflections must focus on developing a “complementarity index” for businesses, and including all aspects of the digital transition in social dialogue. This could result in a legislative project on working conditions in the automated era.

 Test new methods for vocational training. This testing would make it possible to address AI-related changes to value chains. Currently, businesses fund the vocational training of their own

employees. However, for their digital transformation, they often call on other actors who capture value and play a key role in automating tasks but do not help fund vocational training for employees. New funding methods must therefore be tested through social dialogue.

142 AI for Humanity. French Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. The President of the French Republic presented his vision and strategy to make France a leader in artificial intelligence (AI) at the Collège de France on 29 March 2018.

https://www.aiforhumanity.fr/en/

• Making AI more environmentally friendly:

 Firstly, by creating a research centre focusing on AI and the ecological transition. This centre could contribute to projects such as Tara Oceans, which is at the crossroads of life sciences and ecology.

 Secondly, by implementing a platform to measure the environmental impact of smart digital tools.

 As part of this approach, it must help AI become less energy-intensive by supporting the ecological transition of the European cloud industry.

 Lastly, ecological transition must go hand in hand with the liberation of “ecological data”. AI can help reduce our energy consumption and restore and protect nature – for instance, by using drones to carry out reforestation, or by mapping living species through image recognition technology.

• Opening up the black boxes of AI. Artificial intelligence technologies must be socially acceptable:

 Develop algorithm transparency and audits by developing the capacities necessary to observe, understand and audit their operation. To do so, a group of experts must be created to analyse algorithms and databases, and research on explainability must be supported to encourage civil society to carry out its own evaluations.

 This means focusing on three areas of research: producing more explainable models, producing more interpretable user interfaces, and understanding the mechanisms at work in order to produce satisfactory explanations.

 Consider the responsibility of AI actors for the ethical issues at stake:

– By including ethics in training for AI engineers and researchers.

– By carrying out a discrimination impact assessment, along the lines of France’s privacy impact assessment (PIA), to encourage AI designers to consider the social implications of the algorithms they produce.

 Create a consultative ethics committee for digital technologies and AI, which would organize public debate in this field. This committee would have a high level of expertise and independence.

Indeed, 94% of those interviewed considered that the development of AI in our society should be regularly addressed in public debates.

 Guarantee the principle of human responsibility, particularly when AI tools are used in public ser-vices. This includes setting boundaries for the use of predictive algorithms in the law enforcement context. It also means extensively discussing any development of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) at the international level, and creating an observatory for the non-proliferation of these weapons.

Dagen efter lanseringen av Frankrikes AI-strategi annonserades etableringen av the PRAIRIE Institute, ”a center of excellence dedicated to artificial intelligence in Paris” i samverkan mellan CNRS, Inria och PSL University, tillsammans med Amazon, Criteo, Facebook, Faurecia, Google, Microsoft, NAVER LABS, Nokia Bell Labs, PSA Group, SUEZ och Valeo.¹⁴³

Det övergripande målet är "to become an international reference in the field of artificial intelli-gence”, genom samverkan mellan industri och akademi. Tre operativa för en 5-årig samverkan är:

• to make a significant contribution to driving progress in fundamental knowledge in artificial intelligence (AI) freely distributed among the international scientific community;

• to take part in solving concrete problems with a major application-related impact;

• to contribute to training in the field of artificial intelligence.