Munhålan är en mycket komplex miljö som vi inte reflekterar över så ofta. Många viktiga funktioner i munnen kan vi till stor del tacka saliven för. Saliv består av 99 % vatten, och den resterande delen består av en mångfald av komponenter, såsom proteiner, kolhydrater, fetter och salter, som har viktiga funktioner. Mitt arbete har främst fokuserat på den viktiga roll som salivens proteiner utgör.
I saliven har man hittills hittat över 1000 olika proteiner och dessa har många varierande funktioner, varav en del överlappar varandra. Exempel på viktiga funktioner är antimikrobiell aktivitet som påverkar den mångfald av bakterier som också finns i saliven, smörjande egenskaper som underlättar tal och när vi tuggar, samt att motverka syra-angrepp från bakterier.
Protein består av små beståndsdelar som kopplas samman till långa kedjor. De små beståndsdelarna, s.k. aminosyror, kan ha olika struktur och därmed olika egenskaper. Exempelvis kan de vara laddade/hydrofila (älska vatten) eller vara hydrofoba (dvs. sky vatten). Aminosyra-kedjans uppbyggnad; hur lång den är samt hur den veckar sig, har stor betydelse för proteinets funktion och egenskaper. De hydrofoba och hydrofila aminosyrorna i proteinet leder till att proteinet dras till gränsytor där båda sorter av aminosyror trivs, exempelvis mellan tandytan och saliven. Proteinet har då adsorberat; dvs. fäst vid, en yta.
I munnen finns många olika typer av ytor, exempelvis slemhinnan, tandytan samt även material som används för dentala rekonstruktioner. På dessa ytor fäster salivproteinerna och den film som då bildas kallas pellikel. Pellikeln har många viktiga funktioner; bl.a. har den en inverkan på vilka bakterier som fäster till ytorna som senare bildar plack. Plack kan, om det inte tas bort, orsaka hål i tänderna eller tandlossning. Genom att förstå och kunna förutspå
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pellikelns sammansättning och uppbyggnad samt hur komponenterna i filmen växelverkar med varandra vore det möjligt att utveckla nya och bättre metoder för plackkontroll.
I denna avhandling undersöks pellikel-bildningen i olika nivåer av komplexitet. Dels har inbindningen från enskilda salivproteiner undersökts för att förstå vilka grundläggande krafter som är viktiga vid filmbildningen. Därtill har system bestående av flera komponenter undersökts för att ge insikt i interaktioner mellan olika proteiner under filmens uppbyggnad. I studierna har ytans egenskaper, på vilken komponenterna binder, visat sig ha stor inverkan på filmen som bildas; dels med avseende på hur mycket protein som fäster på ytan men även på hur hårt proteinerna sitter fast. På liknande sätt som pellikeln byggs upp kan man bygga en film bestående av flera proteinlager (multilager). En sådan multilager-uppbyggnad påverkas av egenskaperna hos de samverkande komponenterna, samt av ytan. Hur de adsorberade filmerna påverkas av en tensidlösning (SDS; en typ av tvättmedelsmolekyl som finns i tandkräm) har också undersökts. Man fann då att delar av de adsorberade proteinfilmerna lossnade från ytan. Vi kunde även se att genom att adsorbera flera komponenter efter varandra på samma yta, kan man minska fraktionen av enskilda proteiner som lossnar från ytan vid exponering för SDS. Detta kan bidra till att styra sammansättningen hos filmen till exempel öka relativa andelen av speciella proteiner i filmen och därmed få en ökad effekt av deras funktioner.
För att kunna undersöka pellikelns sammansättning krävs att man kan få hela filmen att lossna från tandytan. För att möjliggöra detta har vi visat att genom att gnugga tandytan med en liten fiber-kudde indränkt i 0.5 % SDS lösning kan man få hela pellikeln att lossna från tandytan. Dessutom har vi visat att sammansättningen på pelliklar från olika dentala material (emalj, titan-implantat och akryl-plast) skiljer sig åt, vilket därmed även kan leda till skillnader i sammansättningen av placket och därmed utvecklandet av orala sjukdomar.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work would not have been possible without the help of so many people, and I think most of them are aware of their importance. Special thanks are in order to:
Thomas and Lisa, my supervisors. Lisa, I don’t think many PhD students have been so fortunate as to share office with a supervisor, and also so many laughs. Thank you for sharing your knowledge about the oral field, giving me input on the clinical relevance of my work. Thomas, I envy your wide experience and great knowledge of surface chemistry. Our scientific discussions have been of great value to me, and it is a comfort to known that your door is always open for stupid questions.
Olof, Marité and Ulla for good scientific collaboration, and also for a helpful hand when needed. Zoltan, for expert help on complex chemistry and the english language. Marie, for many interesting conversations in between experiments. PhD students at BML/T; Anna, Gabriela, Jildiz, Linda, Peter, Sebastian, although our projects are far apart, we still have many things in common. Members of the Biointerface group and staff at BML/T for discussions, support and help in the labs.
Past and present staff at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, where I started my PhD. Professor Krister Nilner is particularly acknowledged for encouraging words and interest in my work. Staff at the Department of Oral Biology, especially Ulla-Britt; your vast knowledge of gel electrophoresis has been priceless. I don’t think I ever asked a question that you couldn’t answer.
My family of course; mamma och pappa, Sanne, älskade Morgan och Kevin, även om ni inte har någon direkt koll på vad jag sysslat med har ni alltid varit så stolta över mig. Det har hjälpt att driva mig framåt även i svåra
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stunder. Ni har ställt upp när, var och hur jag än behövt er! Mina vänner för att ni fortfarande finns kvar efter detta kraftprov på vänskap!
Financial support from the Knowledge Foundation (KK stiftelsen, Biofilms- research centre for bioniterfaces), Swedish Patent Revenue Fund for Research in Preventive Dentistry, Research grants from Malmö University and the Institute for Research and Competence Holding AB (IRECO) is gratefully acknowledged.
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