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1" B5%C'('4'0D",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"@"

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9" G&.65"'<"&5<5&5$*5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!9"

9,!" H$'I45(05J+$%5$7+K5"*'68.$+57",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!9" 9,1" L5.6I'&/",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!:" 9,9" ;54<J6.$.0+$0"%5.67",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!@" 9,:" 25&<'&6.$*5"B.$.0565$%",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"1>" 9,>" M"7D$%C57+7"'<"%C5"%C5'&+57",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9A"

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@" P'$*4)7+'$7",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AR"

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1 Introduction

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1.1 Background

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1.2 Problem description

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1.3 Purpose

A.-!<%&14-3!'-/)%*<$*&#!-C<42*#-'!21&>-!4-2'/!$&!$.-!<(%<&/-!&5!$.*/!$.-/*/?!! !"#$%&'%()#$(*$+",)$)+&-.$,)$+($,-#/+,*.$0/-$0/01.)#$"(2$#3+#'/01$0/-$,/+#'/01$*04+(')$0**#4+$ +"#$ #3#4&+,/5$ (*$ %#'*('60/4#$ 60/05#6#/+$ 04+,7,+,#)$ 2,+",/$ 8/(21#-5#9,/+#/),7#$ 4(6%0/,#)$2,+"$)#1*960/05,/5$+#06):$$ $

D! )2/-! )&3<2#;0! E*#':*/-0! :*44! 1-! /$('*-'! $&! -C23*#-! .&:! -55*)*-#$! <-%5&%32#)-! 32#27-3-#$! )2#! 1-! 2).*->-'! *#! )&3<2#*-/! :*$.! $.-! <%-%-F(*/*$-/! /$2$-'! 21&>-?! @&%-&>-%0! $.-! /$(';! :*44! 24/&! <%&>*'-! *3<%&>-3-#$! &<<&%$(#*$*-/! %-72%'*#7! $.-! <-%5&%32#)-!32#27-3-#$!2)$*>*$*-/!2/!%-)&33-#'2$*&#/!5&%!$.-!)2/-!)&3<2#;?!!

1.4 Specified questions

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1.5 Delimitations

A.-%-! 2%-! 32#;! $;<-/! &5! 9#&:4-'7-6*#$-#/*>-! )&3<2#*-/0! /<%-2'! 5%&3! 42:;-%! 5*%3! $&! "A6)&#/(4$*#7! )&3<2#*-/?! A.*/! /$(';! :*44! &#4;! 5&)(/! &#! "A6)&#/(4$*#7! )&3<2#*-/! $.2$! 24%-2';!2%-!:&%9*#7!*#!$-23/!$.2$!2%-!/-45632#27-'!$&!/&3-!-C$-#$?!!

E(%$.-%3&%-0!$.*/!/$(';!:*44!#&$!2#24;/-!244! /-45632#27*#7!$-23/!2$!$.-!)2/-!)&3<2#;?! E&%!-C23<4-!:*$.*#!$.-!824-/!<%&)-//!$.-!-3<4&;--/H!:&%9!2/!2!$-23!1($!#&$!2))&%'*#7!

$&! $,-! ./*0-! 1&%2*#/! 3-$,&'45! 6,-%-7&%8! &#09! $-.34! $,.$! 1&%2! .))&%'*#/! $&! $,-! ./*0-! 1&%2*#/!3-$,&'4!1*00!:-!4$('*-'5!!

"#! $,-! 0*$-%.$(%-! .:&($! ;-%7&%3.#)-! 3.#./-3-#$8! .! <.%*-$9! &7! (4.:0-! .)$*<*$*-4! .%-! '-4)%*:-'! .#'! $,-! %-4-.%),-%4! &7! $,*4! =.4$-%>4! 6,-4*4! 1*00! #&$! *'-#$*79! .#'! .#.094-! .00! .)$*<*$*-45!?&%!-@.3;0-8!).%%*-%!1.94!.#'!3-#$&%4,*;!;%&/%.34!.%-!.)$*<*$*-4!$,.$!,.<-! #&$!:--#!$.2-#!*#$&!)&#4*'-%.$*&#5!!

1.6 Definitions

?*#'1*4-! ?*#'1*4-!AB! C=6! C-07D=.#./*#/!6-.3! E=! E-%7&%3.#)-!=.#./-3-#$! 6=!;%&)-44! 6.0-#$!=.#./-3-#$!;%&)-44! AF=! A/*0-!F&%2*#/!=-$,&'! GH! G4-%!I@;-%*-#)-! ! !

1.7 Disposition

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!

2 Methodology

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2.1 Research method

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2.2 Research process

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Figure 1: The research process (Saunders et al., 2003) 2.2.1 Research philosophy

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! Figure 2: Research approach (Lekvall & Wahlbin, 2001; Saunders et al., 2003) 2.2.3 Research Strategy

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2.2.4 Summary

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! Figure 3: Summary of the methodology

2.3 Research methodology

2.3.1 Problem framing

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2.3.2 Data collection

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2.3.2.1 Interviews

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2.3.3 Data analysis

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2.4 Method criticism

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3 Frame of reference

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3.1 Knowledge-intensive companies

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

3.1.1 Definition

>2&! 6&(/)/1/')! '(! 42$1! #&$55;! ?:$5/(/&0! $0! $! 3)'45&67&8/)1&)0/9&! *'%.$);! 2$0! F&&)! 6/0*:00&6!/)!12&!5/1&#$1:#&!F;!0&9&#$5!$:12'#0!$)6!$0!'(!12/0!6$;!12&#&!/0!)'!4/6&5;!:0&6! $)6!$7#&&6!6&(/)/1/')!@J;5$)6&#!K!L&..$#6<!BCCHE=!Q)&!'(!12&!(/#01!$:12'#0!12$1!:0&6!12&! 1&#%!3)'45&67&8/)1&)0/9&!4$0!R/55/$%!S1$#F:*3=!R2&)!5$F&55/)7!$!(/#%!$0!3)'45&67&8 /)1&)0/9&!12/0!4':56!/%.5;!12$1!T3)'45&67&!2$0!%'#&!/%.$*1!12$)!'12&#!/).:10!0:*2!$0! *$./1$5!$)6!5$F':#U!@S1$#F:*3<!+GGBE=!A**'#6/)7!1'!S4$#1!$)6!V/))/&!@BCC,E<!3)'45&67&8 /)1&)0/9&! *'%.$)/&0! #&(&#! 1'! *'%.$)/&0! 12$1! 7$/)! *'%.&1/1/9&! $69$)1$7&! (#'%! 12&! 2:%$)! $)6! 0'*/$5! *$./1$5<! 42/*2! %$3&! :.! 12&/#! :)/?:&! 1#$6/)7! $00&10=! W:%$)! *$./1$5! /)*5:6&0! &%.5';&&0X! 3)'45&67&! 42/5&! 0'*/$5! *$./1$5! #&(&#0! 1'! 12&! 3)'45&67&! 12$1! /0! &%F&66&6!/)!12&!'#7$)/I$1/')=!!

3.1.2 Knowledge integration - The role of teams

O/1/55'! @BCCDE! 6&0*#/F&0! 12$1! 12&! %$)$7&%&)1! '(! 3)'45&67&8/)1&)0/9&! *'%.$)/&0! /0! 6/((/*:51!F&*$:0&!12&!*'%.$)/&0!6'!)'1!')5;!)&&6!1'!$11#$*1!12&!#/721!/)6/9/6:$50!4/12!12&! #/721!3)'45&67&<!12&;!$50'!)&&6!1'!/)1&7#$1&!12&!3)'45&67&!/)!'#6&#!1'!*$##;!':1!&9&)10! *2$#$*1&#/I&6!F;!:)*&#1$/)1;!$)6!$0;%%&1#;=!>'!#&6:*&!12&0&!.#'F5&%0<!%$)$7&#0!)&&6!

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

3.2 Teamwork

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