LBNL-39981 UC-411
Advanced Light Source
April 1997
Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 -o-ill J CTOJ 0 J ;'< ll -t- I 0 "'l ;u c:: __, ro r-CD z r-0 I 0 Lu -o 10 '< 10 a> ~ ~
This volume is intended to complement the Advanced Light Source Activity Report, which presents an overview of the scientific program, ongoing research and development efforts, and operations.
Related publications available from ALS Administration ALS Activity Report 1995
ALS Users' Handbook
The Art and Science of Magnet Design Volume 1: A Festschrift in Honor of Klaus Halbach
Volume 2: Selected Notes of Klaus Halbach
Editors: Deborah
J.
Dixon, jane Cross, Kathryn Devereaux, and Annette Greiner Cover Design: Marilee BaileyThe editors gratefully acknowledge the work of Tina Aitkens, Bernadette Dixon, Sharon Fujimura, and other ALS staff in compiling this volume, as well as the
DISCLAIMER
This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does, not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California.
Advanced Light Source
Compendium of User Abstracts
and Technical Reports
1993-1996
April1997
Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
.
I
am pleased to introduce the first
Compendium of research abstracts and
technical reports from the Advanced Light
Source (ALS). The scientific program at the ALS started in October 1993 with a single
beamline, the x-ray microprobe on Beamline 10.3.1. Since then we have commissioned
beamlines at a steady pace and added significantly to the set of tools for the research
community. Now twelve beamlines are in operation supporting nearly 350 users in a
scientific program ranging over such diverse areas as materials science, EUV lithography,
chemical dynamics, life science, and environmental science.
The research summaries within are a testament not only to the wide range of research
applications at the ALS but also to the techniques and results spawned by the capabilities
of a third-generation machine. The high brightness of a synchrotron source such as the
ALS translates into fine spatial resolution, so x-ray microscopies of various kinds are
emerging as a mainstream activity. Our users are also doing experiments which may pave
the way to the future, such as the the production of femtosecond x-ray pulses with an eye
toward so-called "fourth generation" light sources. As a relatively new and rapidly
growing national user facility, the ALS welcomes current and potential users to work with
us to continue to develop a scientific program noted for its excellence, scope, and
collaborative nature.
We intend to publish the Compendium on a yearly basis as a supplement to our annual
ALS Activity Report. Scientific highlights and ongoing R&D projects written for a broad
audience will appear in the Activity Report. The Compendium, on the other hand, will be
dedicated to more in-depth research reports by the scientists themselves, and will serve as
a more detailed reference to the scientific program, related publications, and beamline
information. We hope that you will reserve some space on your bookshelves for these
volumes since they will offer a sequence of snapshots of progress at the ALS in years
to come.
Neville Smith
How the phenyl rings
(benzene)
act
as building blocks in the
1tconjugated polymers
, M I
c s·
h 1 d 1 2 2A
2J.-H. Guo , M. agnuson , . at e, J. Nor gren, L. Yang, Y. Luo , H. gren, K. Xing2, N. Johansson2, W.R. Salaneck2, R. Daik3, and W.J. Feast3
1
Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden 2
Department of Physics and Measurement Technology, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden
3
IRC in polymer Science and Technology, Durham University South Road, Durham DHI 3LE, United Kingdom
INTRODUCTION
Organic conjugated polymers have the electronic structure of semiconductors and can be doped to become good conductors (1). Conjugated polymers are now used as active materials in a wide
variety of prototype applications such as light emitting diodes [2] and organic transistors [3,4]. Most of the interesting chemistry and physics of conjugated polymers is associated with the details of the electronic structure at the valence and conduction band edges and, in this connection, various electron spectroscopies can be used as tools for diagnosis of the relevant electronic and geometric properties.
The x-ray emission (XE) technique provides a means of extracting chemical information in the form of molecular orbital (MO) population and local density distribution of certain symmetries
owing to the dipole character of the radiative decay and the localization of core-hole states. The resonance inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements are symmetry selective at high resolution.
X-ray emission occurs due to an interaction of incident x-ray photons with a target consisting of atoms, molecules or a solid. The traget is excited from the ground state lo> to a core excited state Ii> by absorption of an incoming
x-ray photon(')? with specific frequency, wave vector and polarization vector. The core excited state is metastable due to vacuum zero
vibrations or interelectron Coulomb interaction
and can therefore decay to final states !f> in two different ways, by emitting x-ray photons or by
emitting high-energy Auger electrons; M
+
r
~ M; ~Mt+
1
and M+
r
~ M; ~ Mt+ e·constituting the radiative, respectively, non-radiative decay channels of the x-ray scattering process. When the frequency of the incident x-ray photons is tuned below or closely above the
core ionization threshold resonant core
excitation takes place. It is natural to refer to
this case as to resonant x-ray scattering or x-ray Raman scattering.
PPV
PDPV
PMPV
n Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of
poly(phenylenevinylene)s.
In the present work we probe the electronic structure of a set of poly(phenylenevinylene)s (See in Fig. 1): poly(phenylenevinylene) (PPV), poly(4,4'-diphenylenediphenylvinylene) (PDPV) and,
poly(l ,3-phenylenediphenylvinylene) (PMPV), using x-ray absorption and emission
spectroscopies which have been shown to be powerful techniques for studying electronic
structures in other contexts. These compounds are made up of six membered carbocyclic aromatic
rings connected by short hydrocarbon bridges.
EXPERIMENT
The experiments were performed at beamline 7 .0 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory. The beamline comprises a 99-pole, 5 cm period undulator and a
spherical-grating monochrornator [5]. Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra were obtained by measuring the total electron yield from the sample. The resolution of the
monochromator was set to 0.15 e V. The XAS spectra were normalized to the incident photon
current using a clean gold mesh to correct for intensity fluctuation in the photon beam. The XE
spectra were recorded using a high-resolution grazing-incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometer
[6]. During the XE measurements, the resolution of the bearnline was 0.25 eV, and the resolution
of the fluorescence spectrometer was set to 0.5 e V for C K emission.
The PPV sample was prepared from a soluble THT-leaving group precursorpolyrner [7]. The
precursor was spin-coated onto Si(l 10) wafers, and converted to PPV at 240°C for 10 hours under
a mild vacuum of 5xI0·6 mbar. The PDPV and PMPV samples were prepared by McMurry
coupling of 4,4'-dibenzoylbiphenyl and metadibenzoylbenzene respectively, following the method
described by Millichamp [8]. The crude products were purified by equilibrium fractionation
(chloroform solven/heptane non-solvent@ 20°C) following the technique described previously
(9). The PMPV and PDPV polymers were spin-coated from 2 mg/ml polymer/chloroform solution
onto Si(l 10) substrates. All the samples were sealed in an N2 atmosphere in glass and has been
exposed to air for very short time just before they were introduced into the vacuum system for XE
measurement.
RESULTS
The non-resonant XE spectra of the poly(phenylenevinylene )s excited with 310 e V photon~energy
aligned together with the NEXAFS spectra are presented in Figure 2 (left). The spectrum of
benzene, the main part of which is well understood [ 1 OJ, is also included for comparison. The
energy scales of the speclra have been aligned by using the elastic peak in the RIXS spectra
presented at the right side in Figure 2. The normal x-ray emission spectra of all systems can be
grossly subdivided into 6 bands in the energy range from 265 to 283 eV. The band patterns of the
poly(phenylenevinylene)s resemble those of benzene.
Benzene has ground state D61i symmetry with 9 outer valence MO levels with intensity in the XE
spectra. The six bands, which are denoted by the italic letters from A to F from the high energy
side, can thus be assigned to x-ray transitions involving the Ie1g, 3e2g+la2u, 3e1u+lb2u+2b1u,
3a1g, 2e2g, 2e1u MO's, respectivvly. The latter two bands are weak because of the 2s character of
the corresponding MOs and presumably also because of the breakdown of the molecular orbital
picture with accompanying correlation state splittings [11].
The (RIXS) spectra were recorded by tuning the incident x-ray photon beam to the first 1t*
resonance (284.8 e V) and are presented in Figure 2 (right). Similarly to the nonresonant case, the
resonant spectra of poly(phenylenevinylene)s demonstrate a strong similarity with the resonant spectrum of benzene.
l t :,.'.
I's;:
!' ~ XES i Benzene ~fc
B·
v1 ·: -
XAS i, : . , A~i
•F•'1D
: ·-...,.,_ __ _
1 i !260
PPV270
280
290
Energy (eV)260
270
280
290
Energy (eV)Figure 2. Non-resonant C K x-ray emission spectra excited at 284.5 e V together with x-ray absorption spectra of polymers (left) and resonant CK x-ray emission spectra excited at 310 eV (right).
DISCUSSION
The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) o f ~ is Ieiu (using ground state D6h point
group symmetry). When the incident x-ray is tuned to le2u, only electrons occupying the ungerade
MO's can fill up the C15 hole according to the parity selection rule for resonant x-ray scattering
(gerade - gerade and ungerade-ungerade). This assumes that the core excited state maintains the same symmetry as the ground state D6h. In particular, the HOMO le1g level, corresponding to emission energy around
280
e V will be symmetry forbidden. This is the reason that the emission band A of highest energy in the nonresonant spectrum disappears in the resonant spectrum. The band B at278
e V in the nonresonant spectrum, which originates in transition from the 3e2g+1
a2u levels, should also be depleted in the resonant case due to symmetry selection. Although it does show reduced intensity, there is a significant intensity remaining, which was arguedas
being due to a final state vibronic coupling effect [10].For the polymers, there exists no symmetry at all, and one could expect from this point of view that the resonant and nonresonant XE spectra would be similar. On the other hand if the vinylene groups exert only small perturbations on the phenyl ring the local electronic structure of the benzene molecule can remain intact and since the x-ray process is local one can then argue that an "effective" symmetry selection can be restored. The experimental spectra for polymers, indeed show benzene-like features also in the resonant case, with the band A intensity considerably reduced. The restoration of the effective symmetry selection (as well as the benzene similarity) must be ascribed to channel inte,ference; the x-ray scattering of the different close-lying core-hole states interfere in such a way that the total signal is depleted. To estimate the chemical splitting of the C15 ~ 1t* transitions from the phenyl ring and vinylene core sites, a static exchange (STEX) calculation has been carried out for PPV. It gives a maximum for the energy splittings of 0.18 eV for the C1s ~ 1t* excitations corresponding to different core sites (actually also for the C1s
ionization potentials).
We note that by combining the resonant and the nonresonant XE spectra, one can obtain the band
gap of the polymers. It equals the energy difference between the elastic peak in the RIXS spectrum
and the front edge of the non-resonant XE spectrum. They are close to 2.8 e V for all the PPV,
PMPV, and PDPV polymers. These quantities seem to fall in between the values obtained from
optical absorption spectroscopy [12], 2.45 eV for PPV, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
3.1 eV for PPV [13). The differences might refer to the different broadening mechanisms for the
bands and to the actual identification of the adiabatic or vertical transition energies which might
come out differently in the different kinds of spectroscopies.
CONCLUSIONS
The conspicuous resemblance with benzene in both resonant and nonresonant x-ray emission
spectra indicates no major electronic or geometric structure changes in the phenyl rings connecting
with a vinylene group. and indicates also that the phenyl ring works as an excellent building block
for these spectra. The benzene-like features in the RIXS spectra of the polymers are interpreted as
the result of a strong channel interference. Only by accounting for this interference the re-electron
emission derived from the forbidden e1g level in benzene vanishes for the polymers.
The aspect of an alternative way to detennine the band gap, as well as the building block character
and the particular interference effects here studied, might be worth exploiting for other types of
polymers as possible diagnostic tools.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to T. Warwick and E. Rotenberg for their assistance in the experiment at the beamline.
REFERENCES
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2. J.H. Burroughes, D.D.C. Bradley, A.R. Brown, et al. Nature 347, 539 (1990).
3. J .H. Burroughes, C.A. Jones, and R.H. Friend, Nature 335, 137 (1988).
4. F. Garnier, G. Horowitz, X. Peng, et al., Adv. Mater. 2, 592 (1990).
5. T. Warwick, P. Heimann, D. Mossessian, et al., Rev. Sci. Instr. 66, 2037 (1995).
6. J. Nordgren, G. Bray, S. Cramm, et al., Rev. Sci. Instr. 60, 1690 (1989).
7. P.L. Bum, D.D.C. Bradley, et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I. 3225 (1992).
8. W.J. Feast and LS. Millicharnp, Polym. Commun. 24, 102 (1983).
9. F. Cacialli, R. Daik, et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 355, 707 (1994).
10.P. Skytt, J.-H. Guo, N. Wassdahl, et al., Phys. Rev. A 52, 3572 (1995).
11. L.S. Cederbaum, W. Domcke, J. Schirmer, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 69, 1591 (1978).
12. J.L. Bredas, J. Comil, and A.J. Heeger, Adv. Mater. 00, OOO (1996).
13. M. Fahlman, M. Logdlund, S. Stafstrom, et al., Macromolecules 28, 1959 (1995).
This work was supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council and the G. Gustafsson Foundation for Science and Medicine.
Principal investigator: E. Joseph Nordgren, Department of Physics, Uppsala University. E-mail; joseph@fysik.uu.se. Telephone: +46 18 4713554.