Passive Aircraft Altimetry using GPS as a Bistatic Radar : A simulation model

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(193) WTMOV ì_ SY`NQR"PXUP"V MdlVYR[R _ìR S [S^XYxTPxANQs S V _ XUP"VUVUMd`yR|\ q ìR _ g

(194) q S^Pc_ X X AP V ZTRTh j Aq `fS `fS q W[_ X MOìRAPh _rsys ` Xk_ MpVUMrhAMOV q _ _rsysi_ q sy_ _ q _ _ TP"` q IXM s XYìNQPXYPV o + A`

(195) kXYV MORTSYNQ` X SV MdhAMdV x Z s SYPS T` s P 3:c MdRThkWTMOV _ NQP"XYP"V MdVYP MrSYSY` PpìRTS^XYVUZANQP"RIXUS X APQP P,

(196) XYV N|M RAP"XY`

(197) M PSXYV MOR~S^NQ`yX^XYP}h W% XAP|ao

(198) "MdR WDPh[x P"XYP,

(199) XYg P}h RQNe` s ` X MOV M xTxAs `

(200) "sMOXY` _ RT_ S`yXLq `fS _ \ XUP"R h[P}g S^ìVUMdW s P7`yX |M x MrSYSY` g PS [S^XYPN MOR~h SYZ

(201) MOR3M s XYPVYR~MXY` g PcX _ XAPao _ Z s htW~PWDP"RTP 2

(202) "ìM s RTPM X M8

(203)

(204) N ìS 3X TìS.`fSX Z~S^PQM WA`fS^XUMXU`.

(205) V MdhAMdVcM XYìNQPXUP"V,0 AP"VUP MkS^` R~M ìS XU VUMdRTSYNe`yX^XUPh_ \ V _ N_ MkxAsh[` 1DPVYPRIX.S _ ZA_ V

(206) P8DVUP+~P

(207) XUPh MOXcX AP q V _ s ZARTh MORTh X AP"R<VYP,

(208) P` gq Ph3s W% XAP MdP"V _dxAs MORAP |\M s S _ M3h[ìVYP,

(209) XpSY` q RTM s `fSVUP

(210) P` g Ph0l` X ìS xD_ SUSY`yW s PQ\ _ V X AP Md`yV

(211) V M\ X X _

(212) M s

(213) Z s MXUPXAP AP"` q IX _ g PV q V _ ZARTh|W%|ZTSY`yR q XAPh[`21 P"VUP"R

(214) P.`yR MOVUVY` g M s XYìNQP Lj AP.VUMrhAMOV SY` q RTM s SD` sis X APR R _ X WDPXUVUMdRTS^NQ`yX^XUPh W%eX TP.Md`yV

(215) V M\ X MdRThQX AP.S5[S XUP"N ` sys WDP x MrSYSY` g P P}S^`fh[PScV MdhAMdVwSY` RTM SZ~S^P}h3`yR V Mdh[`

(216) NQNpZART`.

(217) MXY` R~ScS5[S XUP"N|ScMdVYPeM S VYP TP

(218) XYP}h MX XB AP q V _ ZARTh0SY`yR

(219) "q P X As P}S^P<S^` q RTM s S|MdVY_ P XU_ VUMdRTSYNe`yX^XUPh _ _ RP s P,

(220) XUV _ NQM q RAP"XY`s

(221) "_ M g PSQNpZ

(222) VUPSYP"N W `yR X S^P \-V MdhAMdV j AìS PMdhTSLX X TP`fh[PM X TMOX XAPSYPcSY` RTM SD

(223) MOR|WDPcZ~S^P}hQ\ V XAP x ZTV s xD_ q SYP _ \w_ MWA_ `fS X MXU`.

(224) x MrSYSY` g Ps VUMrhAMOVLS5_ [S XUP"N n` q RTM s S\ V _ N SYMOq XYP sis s ` XUPSìRQX AP ! sy_ WT_ M s #SYZ_

(225) S^ `yXY`M|_ RTS [`yR S^qXYPN %[ S XUP"N ! # & \ Z s 2~sys XAPtRTP

(226) P}SYSUMOV VYP *rZT`yVUP"NQP"RIX S MdRTh-

(227) "MdRFWDPkZ~S^P}h `yR aPSYPMOV

(228) _ R Z~S^ìR q ! # SY` q RTM s S VUP+TP,

(229) XUPh \ V _ N q V _ ZAR~h TMdS W~PP"R qr_ ìR q _ R \ _ VpX AP s MdS^Xh[P,

(230) "MdhAP R ) MOVYX R[ :aP`yV M x V _rx~_ S^P}h XAP ZTSYP _ \D! # tSY` q RTM s SVUP+~P

(231) XUPht\ V _ N. .

(232) . C @"zB-G;ld@8?BDC. _ \

(233) "PS^MOP}R M S^SYZAZAVYV^\?\?M/M8

(234) "

(235) PP S T\ P"_ ` VQISYXUMOS XY P sis J` XUK PtM P"sVUXY`yìNQNQP"PRIXUX V5M V \?S j XTTPtMOXpN|XMOAìRFP ìVURIP+XYTP"P,VU

(236) PXUS^PXhFSYMd` SpRT`yM R S X AMdPkVYP S^PS^XYRTV SY`yRR q _PR Z P"VUP h[P ` q P"VUPh `yR x TP"R¼s x Øa_nZA_ WDP"V M8

(237)

(238) `fh[PRrX NQP}MdSYZAVYP}h q XAs P VYP TP

(239) XY` _ RTq S s _ \ V _ _ N q X AP _

(240) P}MORs g j TPLìhAPMX ZTSYPX AP VYP TP

(241) XYPhSY` RTM S \ VvMOìV

(242) V M\ XvM XYìNQPXUV5 MrS-h[`fS5

(243) "ZTSUS^P}hcW%MX "WDP"V. P"X M s .ìR _ LMOR~h3PK x P"VU`yNQq P"RIX s M s _ VYP}S^Z s XUS

(244) _ R 2 s VUNQPh X AìScXAP _ V5 MOX "WDP"V q P"X M sq M S h[PVY` P}h S NQP X AP VYP"XY`

(245) "M VYP}S^Z X S

(246) R

(247) "P"VURA`yR M/

(248)

(249) ZAV M/

(250) /DM X Z 3XAP XYP

(251) TRA`8*IZAP X _ s _PS^XYìN|Mg XYP.X A_ P AP"` q IX_ \ V _ N(X s AP

(252) _ s VYVUP s M_ XU` _ R|\ ZAR

(253) q XY` _ R MdS *IZA`ysXYP _SY`yN q xAs P j TìS

(254) R

(255) P X MdSw\ ZTV^X AP"Vh[P P Ph MdRTh PKAMONQìRAPh `yRpS^XYZ~h[`yP}S P"V-W X MdRTh MdRThS^P}M&. W% Md_ S^XYPVUSx P"X M s lìR Or g si_d j x TP pìR g P}S XU` q MXYP}h SYP g P"V M s NQPX _ g _ hAS __ \DP}S s XU`yN|MXU`yR q X AP TP"` q IX\ V _ N X APVUP+TP,

(256) XYP}h SY` q RTM s x MdV^X s ;`yX AP syxQ_ \DMX AP _ VYP"XY`

(257) "M s N _ h[P s \ _ VVYP TP

(258) XYP}h ! # pSY` q RTM s S j$ _ P"K x PVYìNQP"RIXUM s ~` q rX S

(259) _ R 2 VUNeP}hX APX AP _ VU`yP}SMdRThX APVYP}S^Z s XU`yR q xXAP"`fVYSa\ _ MOVUVUN|PM MORìS

(260) "P R _ \ X ìAR P| WA`fS X MXU`.

(261) |M s XU`yNQPXUP"V M xAx P}MOVUPh X _ WDP SYMOXY`fS \ nìR q 6AZTV^X AP"V; _ VUm3`yR _ qr_ q j TPt`fh[PM \ VeX AìSeX APSY`fS VY` ìRTMOXYPS \ V N [MdMdW \ VUSeb IR~MONQ`.

(262) S b ' MdR? \. XAPNQ` s `yXUMOV_ M xAxAs `.

(263) MXY` _ R~S_ h[P gq P si_dx PhkMX_ X TìS

(264) _ N Bx Md_ R?_ \ PMXUZAVUPcXAP XYV MdhAB ` XU` _ RTM s ao _ P q ìR RTM g ` q MXU` _ R S5nS^XYPN|S\ _ V Ne`fSUS^` s P}S X; _ Z s h WDPe`yRIXYPVYP}S XU`yR q X _ ìR g PS^XY` q MOXYPpX AP xD_ SUSY`yWA` s ` XU`yP}S _ \ZTS^ìR q M x MrSYSY` g P.M s XU`yNQP"XYP"VìRTS^XYP}Mdh . .

(265) p . j TP x ZAV xD_ SYP _ \ X A`fS X TPSYìS TMrS W~PP"R X _ P"K[MdNQ`yRAP|MdRTh

(266) ~MOV M/

(267) XUP"VU` P XAPQZTS^P _ \$! # . MrSMQWA`fS X MXY`

(268) V MdhAMdVM XU`yNQP"XYP"VcS [S^XYP"N [`yR

(269) "P X A`fS`fh[PMQ`fSRAP `yX T`yR b[\

(270) ZTS TMdS N|Md`yR s FWDP"PR _ R x P"VY\s _ VUNQ`yR q MdR ìRA` XUìM s S^XYZTh(8MdRTh x VYP x MOVUìR q \ _ VQ\ ZAV^BXAP"V|VU_ PSYPMdV

(271) 6TZAVYX APVYN _ VUP/?`yX AìR XAP.XYìNQP s `yNQ`yXUS _ \-X APcX TPSYìSnX AP AP` q rXNQPMrS^ZAVUP"NQPRrXNQPX _ h ~MdSWDP"P"R|P"KAMONQ`yRTPh` XeVUPS x P

(272) XX _ h[`21 P"VUP"RIX x MdVUMdNQPXYPVUSOSYZ

(273) |MdSX TPX3 x P _ \ q V _ ZTRTh

(274) _ g PVMdRTh XYP"VUV MOìR g MOVU`fMXY` _ R~S 6TV _ N(X TP _ VU` q `yRTM s x ZAV x~_ S^P.X3 _eqr_ M s S TM g P.PNQP"V q Ph- cbj AP g P P syN _rx hAMdP RTh Np`yZ~N S xAX s P"W~NQP P"

(275) RIXtN M SYP`yXYN P Z P"s MR XY` Z_ RE N X _ h[PN|s MO\ mr_ P VQAX APP3` IVUP+Xk~NQP

(276) PXUMrPS^h ZTVY! PNe# EPRISYXU` S q RTM s P"S V _ s _ xAs _ q _ q _g gh[MO` 1DVnPVY`yR PRIq X YX PV VYV MOìP"R VYXYìPnSP MOg VUPP VUMh[s P}S^X3ì V xMOWPS P _\ n`yq R V

(277) _ PZANQRTh MdR%

(278) _ g SYPìN VUSP` q

(279) "4MOXY` MRTXUSP"V _ ` VeWD\ _ PVUh PS^XRA'P8{X `yAX P SY`yN Z s MOXY` _ x R _dN x _ h[P s ` sis WDP hAPSY` q s RAPhtX _ W~P MdS ~PK[`yW xTs Pps 2 MrS xD_ _ SUS^ìW s P/sy~s ` P ~` X _ S _ Z s h WDPPMdS5QX _ hAP g P sy_rx MdRTht`yN xAs P"NQP"RIXaP q AMQRAP N _ h[P s \ _ VaSY` q RTM s S5

(280) MX^XUP"VU`yR q .

(281) . ~B =:;v@}8?BDC 9FHI@B-G NQSYPP X X Th P eN j _ ThAPeP s NQX _ P"X x PV^h \ _ S VY N Z S^ìhNpZWDs PQMOXYP ` _ M RTSZTMOMdXYRTPhkhP g M`yX s ZTMVYXUP}P S X APP

(282) X.AX P"` q h[I`2Xa1 NQP"VUPP"MrRIS^X ZAVUP"MdNQVUMdPN RrX PXUP"V S w_ SYZ

(283) <MrSaXUP"VUVUMd`y_ R g MdVY_`fMXUs ` _ RTS _ V g s `fhnX _ \ MORIXYPRARTM x

(284) _ g PVU_ M q P cj APeRnx ZANpWDP"V _M \ MOx ` MOMdV W MONQPtP"XUXY`yP"NQV SP µMORTØh S S

(285) P"RAR~P3MOVUP ` _ M ScZTìRMO

(286) XYs` ZTRhAPNQh P`yR<X X Th0P S^X ìTNpP Z As MP"XU` ` _ IRTX SNQMOVUP}PQMdSYh[ZAPVY

(287) "P}ìhh[P}h ` W?X XX AAPP SY`yg N Z s s MOXYs ` _ RkN _ hAP s

(288) _ N _ x MOVUPg h sX _ X T_ P XYVUZAP AP"_ ` q IX ` sys WDPq ZTSYPh . . j TPkSY`yN Z MXY` R N h[P ~MdS W~P,

(289) NQPkMORFìN V^X MORIX MdV^X \XAP XAPSY`fS W X h[ZAPtX. VUP+*IZAìVUP"NQP"s RIXUSv_ \ V _ N _ B bs OMORTh S^ìR_

(290) "P `yXìSXAPx~S __rs Z[XU` _ Rpx NQPX _ _ h

(291) _ SYP"R j AP_ SYìNpZ s MXU` _ R_ N _ h[P s `yXUSYP s \v`fSR _ XS^Z xTx~_ S^P}h|X _ WDP.M x MOVYX _ \lM s MOV q PV S5nS^XYPN IWTZ[X XAP 2 RTM s M s XU`yNQPXUP"V NQ` q IXaWDP . ' "t e! 2 j TP.S _ds Z[XY` _ RtNQPX _ h TMdS WDP"P"RtX _ h[P g P si_dx MpSY`yN Z s MOXY` _ RtN _ h[P s _ \-XAP x V _ W s PN ?`yX hAPS

(292) VU` XU` RTS \ X AP ! S^` RTM -X AP V ZARTh VUP+~P

(293) XU` R MdRTh<X AP|VUP

(294) "P"` PV Qj APQW~PR[ P 2 XUSx ` X _ X A_`fSQNeP"X _ # h MOVUP3q S^P g s PVUM s Eq j __ S _ds g PtX AP x _ V _ W s PN MORTM s IXU`.

(295) g M sis _ Z s h W~P X _n_ h[`29

(296) "Z s XkMORTh R _ X ~PK[`yW s P3PR _ Z q _ NQP MdRTM s IXY`

(297) "M s N _ h[P s S TM g P WDP"P"Rh[P g P s _rx

(298) "PP}MOh0R<[WAS^Z[ZAXVY\?XM/A

(299) "PPS MdVYP.`yXZT SYZTM M sis P"RA_ PR VUs M M SYìxANpxAZs `

(300) "MMOXUW ` s PcR `yRN

(301) PhAV^P X MO`ìXR `f

(302) "S MrS^P}S SU S^sì`yW mrP.PpSYX ` q RTSYM`yN s SZ VYP MTXYPP

(303) AXYP}Ph` rMXX _NQP}MdSYZAVYPNQP"RIXUS P"VcS^P P"V q M X3 sPS \ s V ZA_ RTh3MOR~_ h XYs PVYV MOìRxD~_ MdRTh*s`yX _ S P

(304) `fs M X3 P}S q \ XUP"VUVUMd`yR g MOVU`fMXY` _ _ R~g S LXcìg SaM s S s _ PxMrS X_ _ q

(305) T_ MdR q P h[` 1 P"VUP"RIX x MOV MONQP"XYP"V S s ìmdx PX AP;s `fhnx X __ \ XAP MORIXUP"RARTMeWDPMdN _ VX AP x~_ P"V _ \vX AP S^` q R~M s S AMdRThtS^XYZ~h( X APP+1 P

(306) X _ \X A`fS ØR X AP"V M V M8

(307) p`fSX M8

(308) XYZ~M WAZA` hQM AP` rXLM XU`yNQPXUP"V MdRTh PV^\ VYN VYP}M NQPMrS^ZAVUP NQPRr_ X S AxA`

(309) x _ M s S _ TMdS _ WDP"PR h sis _ RAP s vWTZ[Xq X A`fS;s _ Z s h W~PQX _nx _

(310) _ _ S^X s MOR~h<s M s S _ s P}SYS ~PK[`yW s P Lo _ P g PVIX _ g M s `fhAMXUP X AP SYìNpZ s MXU` _ RtN _ h[P s nX TìS`fSRAP,

(311) P}SYSUMOV . 't" 3

(312) . ! j TìS XAPSY`fS TMrS NQMd`yR <W~PP"R-

(313) R

(314) PRIXYV MXYP}h R h[P P ìR M3S^ìN P WAZ[X \ Z \ ZAR

(315) . XU` _ RTM s S^ìNpZ s MXU` _ R N _ h[s P s j AP A_ P` q IXLNeP}MdSYZAVU_ P"NQP"RIXg NQsi_dPx X _ q h ~MdS _ xAR ss pW~PP"R|PKAsys MdNeìRAP}h WTVYìP+kMORThtXAP"VUP `fSaS XU` N Z

(316) kX h TP"VUP MOR%tSY`yN `

(317) "MOXY` RTS ~M P W~PP"R h RAP X XAPS^ìNpZ s MOXY` _ R N _ h[P s dh[sis ZTP X _ XAP _ s ìNQ_ ` XUPhQS5

(318) _dx P _ \TX TP xAXAs P2 SYìS 46_ _ VP"K[Mdg N xAs P8N _ _ hAP s `yR _q XAP q V _ ZARTh3MdRTh VYP TP

(319) XY` _ RTS _ \XAP ! # S^` q RTM s MdVYPpM xAx V _ K[`yN|MXUPh"`yX s PSUS

(320) _ N xAs PK N _ h[P s S j TPaS^ìN xAs ` 2

(321) MXY` _ R~S _ \DX APN _ h[P s MOVUPh[P}S5

(322) "VYìWDPheN _ VUP ìR|h[PX MO` s `yR # TM x XYPV .

(323) . . . t"! . C @"zB-G;ld@8?BDC. j TP _ [Z X s ìRAP _ l\ X APVUPS^X _ \X A`fSVUP xD_ VYX`fSXAP \ _dsisy_ ìR q . >@HIz h[P}S5

(324) "VYìW~P}SX AP x V _ W s PN ìR q P"RAPVUM s . > x @VHI_ z W s P"N q ` g P}SX AP RAP,

(325) P}SYSUMOV XAP _ VYP"XY`

(326) "M s mnR _ s Ph q P|RAP"P}h[PhFX _ ZAR~h[P"V S X MORTh X AP. >SY@` HIq zRTM s MOh[R~P}h S5

(327) "X VYAìW~PP}P+Sa1 X PA

(328) PQX _NQ\PR X _ `f_ S^hTP ScìRkZ~S^X P}Ah3PX VU_ P

(329) "PP"S^` XYg ìP"N|V MXUPpXAP TP"` q IXc\ V _ N XAPQVYP,

(330) P"` g P}h. > @HIz h[P}S5

(331) "VYìW~P}S-X AP hAPSY` q RpMORThp`yN xAs P"NQPRrX MXU` _ R _ \[X APSYìNpZ s MXU` _ R N _ hAP s ZTSYPh . > MO@R~HIhz

(332) TMd

(333) VU_ M8RI

(334) XUXUMOP"ìVURT` S PVYP}X SÂZ P s X ASLP"\ ` Vq _ IN XaNQh[`P1 MrP"S^VUZAP"VURIP"XNQSYPìNpRrX Z S s MXU` _ RTS Z~S^P}h|X _ P g M s ZTMOXYPX AP.N _ hAP s. > @HIz SYZANQNQMdVY8` "P}S X APVUPSYZ s XUS\ V _ N X AP SY`yN Z s MOXY` _ RTS . > @HIz q ` g P}S X AP

(335) _ R

(336) s ZThA`yR q VUP"N|MOVUm[S _ RkX AP X APSY`fS . . .

(337) . C . . # RTSYìh[PV X AP S5

(338) "P"RTMdVY` h[P}S5

(339) "VYìWDPh|ìR"6` ZAVUP. ¢ØRkMdP"VUìM P A`

(340) P/nP [MdR MOPV MdRAP/ f` S _ nìR q _ g P"VXAP q V _ ZA_ R~hpMXLM

(341) PV^X MOìR Tq P"` q IX j AP! # s gS^` q R~M ss ìSXUVUq MdRTSYNe`yX^XUP_rh xA\s V _ N MQSUMXUP `yXYP;`yX 3MORkP P MOXY` R MOR P PV V ZARTh \ 7 TMdRThtVYP}M/

(342) AP}S XAPVUP

(343) P` P"V\ V N X3 _ h[` si1 s P"VUP"RIXh[ìVUP

(344) XU` _ s RTg S _ _ RAPh[ìVYqrP,s

(345) X_ S^g ` q RTM q sT__ RQX _dx _ _ \wX TPcMOPV _rxAs MORAPaMdRTh _ RAPcgVYP TP

(346) XY_ P}h SY` q RTM s \ V _ N X AP q V _ ZTRTh j TP X MdSYm3\ _ V.XAPAP"` q IX NQPMdSYZAVUP"NQP"RIX S5nS^XYPN

(347) "M sys Ph X AP M XU`yNQP"XYP"V,T`fSX PS^XYìN|MXYP \ V N,XAPSYP SY` RTM S j AP N|MOìR x V _ W s P"N)ìS _

(348) MORkX A`fS WDs P h _ RAP/TMdRTh _ ` X" ~MXaZAR

(349) "P"_ VYXUMd`yRIX3 q s. . !#"$ ¥§ w22{ }+ y. .

(350) .

(351) zB =?Hn9B DHrz

(352) -8:H8@ . GPS satellite. . Propagation path. . $ ! v. a L"! #. . Receiver. Height Correlation function. w7 -zg}+ w -|xy'ª w22{L} y. "# e . \lX AP h[ìVYP,

(353) XS^` q R~M s MOVUVY` g P}S MOX XU`yNQP MdRTh|XAP.VYP TP

(354) XYPhtS^` q R~M s MXXYìNQP Ò IX AP AP` q rX _P g P P"VvMX XYA` P R q VMO_ R ZAR~P h;

(355) "MOP"RpV W~P$V

(356) "ZAM R~s

(357) "h0Z ns MOVYPXYP}MOh XY`\ V _PcN X X AX TP P XYìMdNQP"VPhAP sMOMRT/P/ 7 [`fS mnÒ R RI\AX TX TP PASUP"M` XUPIsiX s `yXY

(358) "P MdR S WDs P.g PS^XYì_NQMOXYP}h|qds W% _ Xg APc\q _dsi_ sy_ ìR q VUs P s MXUg ` _ RTS_ T` x nMdSUSYZA_dNQxAs`yR q X TMOX XAP.hA_ P s M `fS NQP}MdSYq ZAVYP}hQX _ XAP S _ VYXYP}S XVUP+TP,

(359) XY` _ R SYÓ `yR 7 j _._ W[X MOìRpX APXYìNePh[P s M X AP x V _dx P"VYXYìPS _ \TX AP ! # pS^` q RTM s

(360) "MOR W~PZTSYPh ¢Ø S

(361) AP"N|MXU`.

(362) gMeìPS

(363) "_ M \DX PAh PaS

(364) PRTMOVU` _ `fSLS _ Re`y3R ì6S$` q

(365) ZAM VU

(366) PZ M XUP h0 % TP"ARQ`

(367) X T`fPaSS^ZT` q S^P}RTh|M s X MOVUXUVYVU` g M8P}

(368) SmQMMdXRTX h TPVY

(369) "P,MO

(370) XYP"Pc` g X PAVP SY` q RT_ M s sy js AP X _dx _ \[X TP \ ZAR

(371) XY` _ R ` sys M xTs x V s _ K[ìN|MXYP s

(372) _ VYVUPS xD_ RTh._ X _ X AP XU`yNQP si_ _ \~MdVYVU` g M s oP"R

(373) "P/-`y\ W X X AP

(374) VYVUP MXU` R \ ZAR

(375) XU` R \ V NX AP|h[ìVYP,

(376) X S^` R~M MORTh X AP

(377) VUVYP MOXY` R \ ZTR

(378) XU` _ R \ V _ _ N X AP VYP T_ P

(379) XYPs htS^_ ` q R~M s MOVUP _

(380) "M s

(381) "Z _ s MXYP}h0IX AP`yVX _dx qS7` s sys WDPMXX3 _ _ h[`21 s P"VUP"_ RIX XU`yNQP}S j APQh[` 1DPVYPR

(382) PeW~P"X3 PP"R3X APSYP X3 _ XYìNeP}S ` sis W~P X APQh[P s M WDPX3P"P"R X AP X3 _ SY` q RTM s S S^PP 6` q ZAVUP 8 R _ V h[P"VX _

(383) _ N x PRTSUMXYP \ _ VaX APeP s P g MXU` _ R MOR qrs P _ \X APQSYMOXYP sys ` XUP/~X APeMOR qrs P 7 TMrSX _ WDPmnR _ R \` Xa`fSR _ XmnR _ RkPKAM8

(384) X s /nXAP MOR qds P.N ZTS^XaW~PP}S XU`yN|MXUPh j TP"VUPQMdVYP X AP"V V W PNQScX TMX

(385) N `

(386) "MOXYPeX TPQS

(387) PRTMOVU` R 6` ZAVUPQ X AP|SY` RTM. \ V _ N XAP q _ V _ ZARTh x ìS_ _ s R s VUP+TP,

(388) XYP}_ h MOxAX s _ RAP xD_ ìRIX M S _ _

(389) "M sys Phq S x P

(390) "Z s MO VkVYP TP

(391) XYq ` _ R s o _ P g PVdX AP.S^` q RTM s `fS _ \ XYPR VUP+TP,

(392) XYP}h MXN|MOR% xD_ ìRIXUS(

(393) "MOZ~S^ìR q M P sys mnR _ x V _ W s P"N

(394) M P}h3NpZ XU` MOX V M MXY` R S^PP6` ZAVUP ? cbcP P"RTh[ìR R ZAR~h[Z MXYìR X AP XUP"VUsisVUMd`yR<ìSs MdRTx h Tx MX_rmnx ìRTq h _ _\ q V _ ZARTh

(395) q _ g PVX AP"VUPQìSwx X AP|NpqtZ s _ XY` x MOX _ x V _ W s P"s N

(396) MOq R W~P N _ VYP _ V s PSUS x V _ R _ ZAR

(397) P}h j AP VYP,

(398) P` g Ph

(399) _ VUVYP s MOXY` _ R|\ ZTR

(400) XU` _ R"` sis W~P MeSYZAN _ \lN|MOR%

(401) _ VUVYP s MOXY` _ Rt\ ZAR

(402) XY` _ RTSDMOXch[` 1DPVYPRIXaXYìNQPph[P s M[S j APpS TM x P` sis

(403) TMdR q PMdRThkX APpX _rx

(404) MOR _

(405)

(406) ZTVaMXM s MOXYPVXYìNeP8AìRrXUV _ h[Z

(407) ìR q MORkP"VUV _ VìRkX AP XU`yNQP h[P s M 6TZAVYX APVYN _ VUP/nX AP SY` q RTM s ` sys W~P h[`fS^XYZAVUW~P}h W% R _ `fSYP`yRkX TPVYP,

(408) P"` g PV j A`fS ` sys `yRIXYV _ hAZ

(409) P MdRtZAR

(410) P"VYXUMd`yRIX3 ìRkX AP TP"` q IXNeP}MdSYZAVUP"NQP"RIX( T`.

(411) TMdSX _ W~P MdRTM s "P}h . . . . ! "#.

(412) . . . .

(413) . Hn>A6};lz{8:Cl Hn8? D @ . 1.2. Direct signal. 1. Reflected signal. Correlation function. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 ∆t −0.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 Time delay [µs]. 8. 9. ! ¥§ zB2}2~%a|§-2{ |§yB { }' 2

(414) - Pªpyz . y'ª '{L}+2. 10. 11. w-y'2}+ y'{ ªs {w- y{ . .

(415) . "!$#&%'(#&)*',+&-.'(0/1(0#&%-.2*-.34#&),56+&5 75 8 #&5 9. :%/;2"(.!=<.

(416) . zB =?Hn9B DHrz

(417) -8:H8@.

(418) . j _ WDPaMOW s PX _

(419) "VYP}MXYPMdRQM8

(420)

(421) "ZAVUMOXYPS^ìNpZ s MOXY` _ RQN _ hAP s `yXLìSLRAP

(422) "PSUSYMdV5X _ ZARTh[PVUS^XUMdRThpX AP

(423) N RAPRrX S \X AP V W P"N [P [XAP ! kS5[S XUP"N,MdRThtX APVUP+TP,

(424) XU` R \vXAPpSY` RTM S R _ X AxD`f_ S

(425) TM x XU_ P"V,TXAP x hA_ `21 P"s VUP"RIXc`yXYq PN|ScMdVYP# XUVYP}MXUPh _ RAPpW% _ RAP8 ~MXc_ P"K[ì_ S^XYìR q XAqP _ VYìs PS XAP"VUP MdVYPeMORTh _ X AP* _ VYmkìR3X A`fS

(426) "MrS^P .P}Mdh[PVUSa\?MONQ` s `fMOV ` X XAP XAP _ VYìPS

(427) "MdR V WTMOW VYP}Mdh3`yX *rZT`.

(428) m s kWTZ[X S _ Z s h x M R _ XY`

(429) P X _ XAP|M xAxTs `

(430) "MOXY` _ R _ \LX APN1`yR X A`fS Xx AP_ SY`fS s . . ak . # RTSYìh[PV X AP V W PN

(431) MrS h[P}S5

(432) "VYìWDPhìR # T M x XYPV j AP N _ h[P s _ Z s h

(433) _ RTSYìS^X _ \ P}SY_ SYP"RIXUìM sys |X TVYPx P _ x MOs VYXUS j^S XYAVUZP

(434) XYXUVZAMOVYRTP8SY NQ` XYXYìP"R Vq MdRT! ht# \ VYP SU*rMZTXYP"P Rsys

(435) `yXY P MORTj hkAM `fS S `yR

(436) s Z~SYh[`yXYP` SeR ìN \xDX_ AVYXUP MdSURIMX XUP `fSYSY`yZAXYP PS s `ymrPtSY` q RTM s x~_ s _exD_ _ _ sis XY j V APh[Zx

(437) "MOP X S Ne_ \cP|X Ah[P`fS^X SY` qVYXYRT` M sR XUX VUM g X P As P`yR SYq ` X RT_ M XlAWAP Z[VYX P,

(438) XPA` P g P"N|V EMOìRj AP V MOW XYN P"N _ S x `fS APXAVYP"P V ` sys ZTìRTR[h _ _ _ q s x _ s q _ VUP+_TP,

(439) XY` _ R _ j AP VUP

(440) P` g P"V,n`yR

(441) s Z~h[`yR q X AP MdRrXUP"RAR~M . j TìS

(442) TM XUP"V` XYVUPMOX X TP h[` 1DPVYPRrX ìSUS^ZTPSpMdRTh<X AP X AP _ V RAPPh[P}h X _ ZTRTh[P"V S^XUMOR~h. P}M/

(443) x V _ W x s P"N ìRksisX AP \ _rsysi_ ìR q M .

(444) . HnBTz>. . S^XUMdlRTHh X A P SY` 6q >-RT6M @s HnS^9 XYVUZ

(445) j XUZA_ VUW~P/P xDMd_ W s PPVX _ MdRTN h _ hA\ VYP P s *rX ZTTP"P R

(446) ! # PSYSY` q ìh[RTP}M Ss nX ÀX`fS`fSnX RTAPP

(447) P}N SYSU_ MOS^VX `yNX _ xDZA_ RTVYXUh[MdPRrV^X . `fSUS^ZAP ìS-X AP VYP,

(448) P"` g PV-MORTh.XAP

(449) _ VUVYP s MOX _ V~XTMX x V _ hAZ

(450) P}B S X AP7

(451) _ VYVUP s MXU` _ R\ ZAR

(452) XY` _ R j AP}S^P x MOVYXUSMOVUPh[`fS5

(453) "ZTSYSYPhtìR3[P

(454) XU` _ Rk pX _dq P"X APV ` X _ X TP"VaMdS x P

(455) X S _ \lX AP ! # tS5[S XUP"N ØcSaX AP SY` q RTM s XYV M g P s S\ V _ N)XAP SUMXUP sis `yXYPpX _ X AP VYP,

(456) P"` g PV~` X ` sis xMdVYMdlPcSUHS.N X >[A@}hAV 9FP_ Z PB~q hk6 MdlXSAHIh[P zP H s MMQdP"`yV RtS X _ A\P X SYA` P RTMOM XYN S _ S MOx X A PLVYP o !. PP"RAP"PV,VUdM ìsyRts 3X XAA`fSP|X P"AVUP}V S^_ `fVUS ScX ìARrP XUV P+_ 1 h[PZ

(457)

(458) XUPS h \vAX PAVYPP MOXYN _ S _ x APs VYP MOVUP

(459) _ s R~S^`fh[P"VUPhkMdSq RAP qds s ` q `yx W s PMdSMe_ VUPSYgZ s X _ \vX TP hAìS

(460) ZTSUSY` _ RtìR [P

(461) XU` _ _ Rk ØZTSYP\ Z X \ Vh[PS

(462) VU`yWT`yR X TP V M MOXY` R \-X APSY` RTM M\ XUP"V `y X T>AMrSCXYClV HnM = g P 9 s P}B-h GlXHnA=:V 6 _ Z q XAPMOs XYN _I__rSs x _APVYPMOR~h `fSVUq P+TP,

(463) XUxPh|_dMx XXq AP q_ V _ _ZARTh0O`fSXq APX s TP _ V _SYZ\

(464)

(465) TMOMdRTSRA\?P Mrs h[N `yR _ hA P ns S P,

(466) XY j ` AR3`fSL X AeP ì_ SV5h[Ph[``sy

(467) "s MOM XYP}s S h _ X W~Pc

(468) RATPMO

(469) "RAPRTSUSYP MdV5N h[AP P"S R XYVUPMOXYìR q _ X AP"VSYZAW P

(470) XUS q _ _ s _ s GSMOVUPc N _ h[6}8?P Ds PClh >A=:6XXYZARFVURTnS P,

(471) _ XUZA` _XR X _ W~ &PvN Mt_ hAVUìP S

(472)

(473) ZT_ SUR SYg` _ P"R<RAì`fP"S RIXAP X s_ h h[_ P}R S5

(474) "VYì_ W~ P VUP+~B-PGl

(475) XUHnP=:h 8?C! # ztH S^` Hnq dR~@M Hns XAPVUP

(476) P` g PhkS^` q R~M s `yRkXUP"VUNQS _ \ xD_ P"V,nMrSM|S^ZTN _ \N|MOR%

(477) _ VYVUP s MXU` _ R|\ ZAR

(478) XY` _ RTS j

(479) "M

(480) "Z MOXYPQX AP

(481) VYVUP MXU` R \ ZAR

(482) XY` R \X AP|VUP ~Pl

(483) XUH PhQ8:SY6"` q @}RT>[M@8:s X Tz>APGlVYP,>A

(484) z P"` H g wP}h ;>[xD@_ 8: B~PC VLMdSM._ \ ZARs

(485) XY` s _ R _ \ h[P s M_\ V _ s N X_ APah[ìVYP,

(486) X _ SY` q _ RTM s NpZ~S X WDP hAPXYPVYNQìRAPh j TìS

(487) "MOR3WDPph RAP W%kZTS^ìR X APpWA`fS^XUMXU`.

(488) VUMrhAMOVP *rZ~MXY` R \ V N)VUMrhAMOV XAP _ V5 Ø \ ZAV^X AP"V`yR g P}S XU` q MXU` _ R _ _ \lX A`fS

(489) MORkq W~P \ _ ZARThk`yR nP,

(490) XU` _ R _ _ j APtN S Xeh[`29

(491) "Z X MdV^X X

(492) M

(493) Z MXUP `yRFX APtVUMrhAMOV P *IZTMXU` R. `ftzSXBDA;lPpCVUP+G ~Pz{

(494) H XU` _ HnR O@_ 8:\B~X C TP SY` q RTM s MO_ XXAP q V _ ZTs RThx anP g _ P"V M s-s x MOVs MONQPXUP"V S

(495) _ RrXUVYìWAZ[XUPX _ X _AP VUP+~P

(496) XUPh x~_ P"V,nP q rX APMXYXYPRIZ~MXY` _ Rt`yRtX TP q V _ ZARTh MdRTh X AP S5

(497) MX^XUP"VU`yR q _ \-X AP SY` q RTM s xD _ T`.

(498) P" V.`f`ySR h hA`2RA1 P P"VUìP"R RIXnPh[

(499) `yXYVU` P

(500) R3XY` _ RT S j A`fS

(501) _ N xAs PK3ìSUSYZAP ~MdSX _ WDPePKAMONQìRAPh X _ V _ Z q s / _ _ Ø

(502) NeN R V W P"N7ìRFVUMrh[`

(503) NeN ZARA`

(504) "MOXY` RTS S [S^XYP"N|S ìSp\?MdhA`yR A`

(505) `fSe>AMdGhA8?Ch[VU PSUSYPh ì_REnP,

(506) _ XY` _ Rx _ s j APVYPkMOVU_ P SY_P g PVUM s X3 x PS _ _ \\?MdhA`yR q h[P x P"R~h[`yR qq _ RFX AP

(507) ~MOV M/

(508) XUP"VUìS^XY`

(509) "S _ \aX AP

(510) TMORARTP s LP q `y\X TP q V _ ZARTh \ P}MXYZTVYP}S s MOV q P g MdVY`fMXU` _ RTS _ V X AP S x P"Ph A`

(511) <X AP MdP"V _dxAs MORAPpXYV M g P s S `yX |j AP|N|MOìR P+1 P

(512) X _ \ \?Mrh[`yR q ` sis W~P MkV MOR[ h _ N s g MdV5nìR q SY` q RTM s X AP MON xAs `yXYZTh[PMdRTh x ~MdSYP` sys WDP TM g PcMrSS^X _

(513) TMrS XU`.

(514) g MOVUìMdW s P}S o P PVOh[ZTP X X AP

(515) N PKpRTMOXYZAVUP \~\?Mdh[ìR OX APVYP$` R W~PM h[`fS5

(516) "ZTSUS^` _ RQMOW _ Z[X XA_ P x V g _ W s P"N)MORT_ hk`yXaìS_ R _ XaxAs `yN xAs P"NQPRrXU_PhkìRtX Aq P SY`yN Z s MOXY` _sysARk_ N s _ hAP s 5_t\LC X @THnPeCMdClRr>AXU6 P"RAR~ j M TP

(517) _ VUg PP"

(518) "V P"M ` g q `yP.R qWDP"MOìRIR XUq P"RAX ARTPeMXYN ZT_ VYRAS^XcP}h ìN _ x~Z[_XV^X X _ MORIW~X P x_ \MdVUq MdVUNQPMOPXXYPSY`V q IRAØ` 2

(519) "RTMdMORVU

(520) V P8_ { X AMOP$RIXUP"`fRAhnRTX M

(521) PVUM P TMdSM MOV PV MORIXUP"RARTM MOìR MdRThQX TP"VUP\ VUPX APcSY` RTM X R ìSYPVUMOXY` `fS WDPXYXYP"V, WT_ Z[g X _ R<q XAP _ X AsPV q TMOR~h sy_ SYMOqXYP sys ` XUP MOR qds PS.XYP_ RTh X _

(522) "MOqZ~S^P|s PVY_ V _ V _S kj A`fS_ ìSpW~P,

(523) "MdZTS^P XAPpS x P,

(524) Z s MOVVYP TP

(525) XY` _ R A`.

(526) `fSX APpS _ VYXYP}S XXUVUM g P s Ph x MX 3W?tX TP VYP TP

(527) XYP}hkSY` q RTM s N|M R _ X|W~P*

(528) "M x XYZTVYP}h W% X TP MdRIXYP"RTRTM ØaR `yRIXUV _ h[Z

(529) XY` _ R _ R MORIXYPRARTMdSe`fS q ` g P"R `yR [P

(530) XU` _ R3 . .

(531) Mean anomaly (deg). C @zB-Gl;O@}8?BDC. . @B. . 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 −30 −60 −90 −120 −150 −180. Equator. A. B Plane. C. D. $ #"$ y{2 }+ y{ y'ªO ¬®d¡}+- 22 ! $ (' !e 2 e . . . ! # `fStMFS5[S XUP"N+h[P g P si_dx Ph W% X AP bP x MOVYXYNQPRrX _ \pbcP\ PRTS^P b _ b |X _ q ` g P _ V s h(ìhAP/~M8

(532)

(533) "ZAVUMOXYP xD_ SY` XU` _ RAìR q o _ P g P"V,AìR X A`fSaXAPSY`fS ! # k`fSaR _ XZTSYPh3\ _ VXTMX xTZAP"` V xDI_ X SYP MO W RTP S XUPV MrhEZARTX hFAP \

(534) V|TMOMOV R M/

(535) MOXYPPVYVY`f`fM S XU`.

(536) S P A_ `.\

(537) P8XALP \ ! Ve# P"KAMON S^` q R~P M s MdR`fS MdZ~P"S^V P}h X MO_ RAP NQ P}j MdSYAZAPVYVYP P"\ X AVUPP SYP g q P"V M s h[P"_XUMdg ` s SLq MOW _ _ ZAX7! _ # QMdVYP s P\ X _s Z[g XrWAZ[s XL\ _ VL_ XAPaìRrXUP"xAVUsPS^XYP}h VUPMrh[_dP"xAVs XAP"VUPMdVYPN|MO_ R% XUPKnXaW _I_ m[S _ RtX AP SYZAW P,

(538) XTP q lMdRTh !

(539) RTS^`fS^XUS \ X AVUP"P S^P NQP"RIXUS X AP<S M8

(540) P SYP NePRIXX TP ZTSYP"VtSYP NQP"RIXtMOR~hEX AP

(541) _ # RIXYV _ds _ SYP q NQP"RI_ X kj AP S x M/q

(542) P SYP q NQP"RIX ìS x VYP x VYP}S^Pq RIXYPh W% XAP SUMXYP sys `yXYq PS _ VUWA`yXYìR q X AP P}MOVYX dX APZ~S^PV S^P q NQP"RIX SMOVUPX APVUP

(543) "P"` g P"V SZTSYPheX _ R~M g ` q MOXYPMOR~hpX AP

(544) _ RIXYV _ds SYP q NQPRrX hAPM s S$`yX kX APN|MdRTM q P"NQP"RIX _ \X APSUMXYP sys `yXYPS R s |X TP S x M8

(545) PMOR~h ZTSYP"VaSYP q NQP"RIXaMOVUP _ \ìRIXYPVYP}S X APVYP j TPQ\ _dsisy_ ìR q S^P,

(546) XU` _ RTSh[PS

(547) VUìW~PQX AP S x M/

(548) P SYP q NQP"RIXwX AP ! # <SY` q RTM s MORTh MkX3 x `.

(549) M s. ! # tVYP,

(550) P"` g PV ìR q PRAP"V M s . . .

(551)

(552). 1

(553)

(554) .

(555) . 6` q ZAVUP S _ aS M x `

(556) XYZTVYP _ \wX TPcSUMXYP sys `yXYP

No results found