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...----Document No. 10.
IN SENATE.] [SES;;lON 1855.ANNUAL REPORTS
OF THEO.FFICERS
OF THEINSANE ASYLUM
OF THESTATE OF CALIFORNIA.
FOR THE YEAR 1854.
[n. B. REDDING, STATE PRINTER .
.,;
REPORT
OF THEBOARD OF TRUSTEES,
OF '.rHEOFFICERS OF THE ASYLUM.
BOARD OF RUSTEES.
NELSON T.A. YLOR, PRESIDENT.
P. E. JORDON, VICE PRESIDENT.
SAMUEL .A.. BOOKER.
ANDREW LESTER.
ENOCH GOVE.
ROBERT K. REID, M. D.
RESIDENT PHYSICIAN AND SUPERINTENDENT.
'
W. D. COW .A.N, M. D
.
.A.ssISTANT PHYSICIAN.
W. W. STEVENSON,
REPORT
•
To the Legislature ef California :
The Board of Trustees of the Insane Asylum for the State of California, respect fully submit their report of the management of the Institution for the year 1854, accompanied by the reports of the Resident Physician aud Trea�urer to the Board, fer the same period.
By Act of Legislature, passed May 15, 1854, the sum of $80,000 was appro priated out of the General Fund to enable the Trustees of the Insane Asylum to erect, or cause to be erected, such additional main or centre building as they might deem necessary, and also to enclose the lands or grounds belonging to the Asylum with a proper fence, the cost of such building and fence not to exceed the sum appropriated; and, upon the Board receiving a certified copy of said Act, they proceeded at once to obtain a suitable plan for such a building, at the same time having in view the future extenoion of the building, by the addition of wings, when required.
A plan having been agreed upon by the Board, in connection with the Resident Physician, proposals were solicited through newspapers published in Marysville, Sacramento, San Francisco a!!d Stockton, (as required by law) for the erection of a main building and the fence, and furnishing materials for the same, acocrding to plans and specifications furnished by the Board.
Within the time specified, a number of bids were received, opened at the time appointed, and contracts awarded to the lowest bidders. •
J. J. Denny, Esq., of San Francisco, was the lowest bidder on the house, and Messrs. J. C. Daniels & <Jo., of Stockton, the lowest on the fence. To them were awarded the contracts, on their giving the security required by law.
Both building and fence have been erected, finished, and accepted by the Board, and the contractors paid.
Although this main building, in its internal arrangements, so far as the division of its rooms and means of ventilation is concerned, prove3 satisfactory to the Trustees, yet it is must be acknowledged that it is far from meeting the wants of such an Institution, being destitute of all those conveniences and accommodations which all Asylums have, or should have, and which are essential to the health and comfort of their inmates.
This main building, being devoted to the purposes for which such buildings, are generally used for, such as a residence the Physicians, room for the '.Crustees
reception room for visitors, reading room for patients, apothecary's room, &c., also rooms for patients in the upper stories, does not allow the location of such conven iencies in it as hot and cold baths, warming the rooms by hot air or steam, ap paratus for forcing water to all parts of the house, water closets, &c., &c.; these conveniencies and accommodations for the patient, being generally derived from rooms located in the wings.
If the Act contemplated the furnishing of such convenier.ces in the main build ing, the sum appropriated was entirely inadequate, as the sum has been entirely expended in the erection of the building and fence, and the necessary and unavoid able expenses of moving fences and buildings from the site of the main building, rebuilding fences for the confinement of the patients within proper bounds, relaying sidewalks, fitting up the apothecary's room, superintendence of the entire work, &c., and the Board would here state, that, although, since the first of January. 1855, the balance of the Building Fund remaining in the hands of the Controller has been drawn, no debts or liabilities contracted on account of said fund remain unpaid.
By reference to the Treasurer's report of warrants received from the Building Fund, and expended, it will be seen that up to January 1st, 1855, he received from the
Controller-In Warrants
Amount of payments made
On hand of Building Fund, Jan. 1, 18&5 Amount of fund appropriated for building Amount drawn to January 1st
Balance $63.281 08 62,992 "27 $288 81 $80,000 00 63,281 08 $16,718 92
The main building, just erected and finished, is a bric\k structure, seventy feet square, three stories high. The first &tory is fifteen feet in the clear, contains eight rooms, and two halls fourteen feet wide. The second story is twelve feet in the clear, contains sixteen rooms, with halls same as in the first 8tory. 'l'he third story is eleven feet in the clear, contains eighteen rooms, with halls same as the lower stories. There is a ventilator in every room, flues in all the rooms in the first story and in all the principal rooms in the second and third stories. The hight of the top of the spire from the ground is one hundred and nine feet, and hight of top of pediment from the ground is sixty-one fret.
For the better understanding of the Legislature, the Board have caused an en graving to be made, not only of the main building as it now is, but also with wings attached, corresponding and in keeping in architectural appearance with the main building.
The appropriations of the last Legislature, on account of the Insane Asylum, were as follows :
For relief of the Asylum, For support of the Asylum, For Salaries of Physicians, For Building Fund
Total, $15,000 00 50,000 00 8,000 00 80,000 00 $153,000 00
By reference to the report of the Treasurer, it will be found that the following sums have been received during the year
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In cash from Passenger Tax, &c., $ 8,851 99
In State Warrants, 43,701 27
In State Warrants for paying tho indebtedness of
Asy-lum Jan. 1st, 1854, 15,000 00
Total, $67,553 26
Deduct the aniount of funds accumulated from Passen-ger Tax before Jan. 1st, 1854, but not passed to
credit of the Asylum until after Jan. 1, 1854, say, - 2,553 26
$65,000 00 . which amount of $65,000 was the sum appropriated for the relief and maintenance of the Asylum for the year 1854.
The following is an abstract from the Treasurer's account of the monthly dis bursememts, during the year 1854, for the maintenance of the Asylum :
Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1854, $ 406 12
Warrants received, 58,701 27
Cash received, 8,851 99
Amount disbursed in January,
"
$ 1,399 20February, 14,370 38
"
March, 252 58"
"
"
April, 1,880 34"
"
"
"
May, 15,939 18 �une, 1,220 66"
"
July, 5,4\.,8 69"
"
August, 3,197 21"
September, 3,837 77"
"
October, 3,761 13"
"
November, 779 99"
December, 857 95Loss on sale of Warrants, 13,043 54
Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1855 2,010 81
$67,9f9 38 $67,959 38 The following abstract shows the actual cash expenditures for the maintenance of the Asylum for the year 1854, inclusive of the amount owing by the Asylum January 1st, 1855, which is required to be paid in cash :
Amount of cash paid nut as per monthly account,
Amount of indebtedness on Jan. 1st, 1855, (cash) $52,905 03 9,170 14 $62,075 17 Deduct amount of cash realized from sale of $15,000 Warrants
appro-priated for payment of the indebtedness of the ARylum on Jan. 1st,
1854, 13,125 00
$-!8,950 17 which amount of $48,950 17 is the actual cash liabilities incurred during the year, for the maintenance of the Asylum, and beiug $4,079 18 per month.
It will b0 seen that the amount expended and liabilities incurred for the main-2
tenance of the Asylum, by the Trustees, is less than the sum appropriated, by $1,049 83 ; but the law requires payment of all bills in cash, whereas the Board receives but a small portion (say one sixth) of the appropriation in cash, the bal ance being in warrants, which were disposed of, as will be seen in the Treasurer's report, at seventy to eighty-seven cents on the dollar, in order to realize the cash and conform with the requirements of law in the payment of bills.
Were it not for the loss on sale of the warrants, not only would the Institution have been free from debt on January 1st, 1855, but a balance on hand of $6,009 21, as will be seen in the following account :
Loss on sale of Warrants, Cash on hand Jan 1st, 1855,
Cash from sale of $'.l,000 in warrants, valued at 75 cents, remaining to credit of Asylum Jan. 1st, 1855, in Controller's hands,
Deduct amount owing by Asylum Jan. 1st, 1855,
$11,668 54 2,010 81 1,500 00 $15,179 35 9,170 14 $6,009 21 Attached to the Treasurer's report 1s a schedule of the debts owing by the Institution on January
1st-Amounting to $9,170 14
Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1855, $2,010 81
Cash from sale of Warrants of $2,000 at 75 cents when drawn, said $2,000 being to the credit of the Institution
Jan. 1st, 1855, 1,500 00
Amount to be provided for,
-3,510 81 $5,659 33 And for the purpose of relieving the Asylum from the debt of $5,659 33, the Board would respectfully suggest that the sum of $8,500 be appropriated, which amount in Warrants, when sold, would probably realize the necessary amount of . cash to pay the debt, and the Board would respectfully urge the passage, at as ·early a period as possible, of the act appropriating the above sum of $8,500, from
the fact that the persons to whom this debt is duo expected the cash at the time the debt was contracted.
It will be seen, in a former part of this report, that the sum of $48,950 17 was the actual cash expenditures for the maintenance of the Asylum for the year 1854, and in view of this fact, the Board conclude that the same sum, or say $50,000 in cash, will be sufficient for the maintenance of the Hospital this year, and therefore ask that to realize the said sum of $50,000 in cash, the Legislature will appropriate a sufficient amount, which amount, in the estimation of the Board, would be $60,000, allowing the same amount of moneys to accrue to the Asylum lfond this year, as last, from the passenger tax.
Besides the appropriations required for the relief of the Asylum and its main tenance, tbe Board would respectfully urge upon the Legislature the necessity of appropriating a sum for the purpose of the erection of a one story building, (brick) to contain a kitchen, dining rooms, for both male and female patients, wash rooms, store rooms and rooms for servants, whose duties confine them to the building ; also an appropriation for the furnishing of the main building with such furniture as may be required and without which it cannot be occupied.
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kitchen the Asylum ever had, is a small one story wooden building, containing a room not much larger, than the kitchen of private dwelling houses. As for a dining room, the wooden building, which contained a small one for the male patients, has been removed from its former site, to make room for the main building, lately erected, and appropriated to the female patients. On the removal of this building, which took place last August, the Board caused a long shed to be built from rough red wood boards, enclosed on the sides, and with a floor, for the purpose of a dining room for the male patients, which answered the purpose very well until the rainy season commenced, when, for want of a better place, the long tables were placed in the hall of the second story of the wing, an improper place, as it disturbed the sick, besides very inconvenient.
A kitchen of proper 8ize and dining rooms to accommodate 150 persons, with other necessary rooms attached, and furnishing the same, would require, as esti mated by the Board, the sum of $10,000, and for furnishing the main building, the sum of $5,000. It has been and will be the aim of the Trustees to conduct the pecuniary affairs of the institution in as economical a manner as possible, consistent with the wants and comforts of its inmates, and great credit is due both to the officers and inmates of the institution, who have cheerfully, since its foundation, indured such inconveniences as have never before been experienced by similar institutions.
As the number of patients have increased largely in the last year, there being 33 per cent. more in the Asylum the 1st of January, 1855, than the lst of January, 1854, renders it absolutely necessary that the Asylum be now furnished with those conveniences which are found in the Asylums in the older States, and the Board hopes that the appropriations asked for this year will be cheerfully made.
During the year 1854, two hundred and two patients were admitted and one hundred and fifty discharged, cured.
For a full and particular account of the condition and management of the Asylum, reference is made to the report of the Resident Physician, for the year 1854.
Last summer it was deemed best by the Trustees, for the interests of the Asylum, to appoint a Steward, to relieve the Resident Physician from the performance of those duties which, in all such institutions, properly belo,1g to the Steward, such as the daily purchase of articles for consumption, keeping account of such and making monthly reports to the Trustees, keeping buildings and fences in repair, &c., &c. J. K. Hatton, Esq., of Stockton, received the appointment.
The only alteration of any act passed in relation to the Insane Asylum which the Board would recommend, is that which relates to counties being at the expense of conveyance of their insane to the Asylum.
The act will be found on page 37 of the Statutes of 1854. It operates unequally, as an adjoining county is at comparatively little expense in proportion to counties in more remote parts of the State, in the conveyance of their insane to the Asylnm, while both counties have equal claims to the benefits of the institution, as both have contributed their share of taxes for its support. Another and important reason for alteration of the act. is that the financial condition of several of the counties is in such a state that their scrip is and has been greatly depreciated,c onsequently, in such counties, officers, whose duty it is to see that their insane are conveyed to the Asylum, utterly fail in obtaining suitable persons to attend to their conveyance, on account, not only of the kind of payment offered, but uncertainty of realizing any thing from it.
The Board have noticed, with pain and regret, assertions in the newspapers even lately, that insane persons (in one case, two the same day,) were wandering at large, wanting perhaps the common necessaries of lifo, destitute and neglected, no one to care for them.
The Trustees are satisfied that too many who are fit subjects for inmates of the Asylum, receive none of its benefits, who either wander away to perish miserably,
or if in time, taken care of, then too late to effect a cure, and, consequently, an inmate of the Asylum at the expense of the State, during lifetime.
The Board can only account for such inhumanity and neglect as has been spoken of, except for reasons before given, and ther-efore they suggest that the act be altered so that the State be obliged to pay the expenses of transportation of insane persons in and from any part of it. Also, that a separate appropriation be made for the purpose of paying such demands, occasioned by said act, as may become due, on a proper certificate of delivery to the Asylum during the year, from the Resident Physician.
We also recommend that Justices of the Peace in the different counties have the same powers as the County Judges, to commit persons who are insane to the Asy lum.
1N e cannot close this report without awarding the praise justly due the Resident and Assistant Physicians, for their care and kindness to the patients during the year, and skill manifested in restoring so many to reason. Also, to the Matron and Steward, for the faithful performance of their respective duties.
In conclusion, the Board respectfully invite one and all of the members of the Legislature to visit the Asylum, at any time they think proper.
A number of members of both houses have visited it the past year, some a num-ber of times.
Hoping the suggestions herein made will meet your approbation, we respectfully submit our report.
NELSON TAYLOR, P. E. JORDAN, ' SAM. BOOKER,
ANDREW LESTER, ENOCH GOVE.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THERESIDENT PI-IYSICIAN
OF THE OF THESTATE OF CALIFORNIA..
1854.
...
REPORT
OF THERESIDENT
PHYSICIAN.
The Resident Physician of the Asylum for the Insane of the State of California, in accordance with the requirements of law, respectfully submits his Annual Report to the Board of Trustees, for the information of the Senate, the Assembly and the people.
The following statistical tables, with the accompanying explanatory remarks, will afford an accurate exhibit of the condition of the Institution; the number of patients admitted ; the number under treatment during the year; their social and civil rela tions; the number who recovered and were discharged; their nativity; residence; sex ; age ; and the mortality :
TABLE I,
Will show the number admitted; the whole nttmber under treatment; the number who recovered and were discharged; the number who died, and the nitmber remaining in the Asylum December 31, 1854.
Number in the Asylum Dec. 31, 1853. Number admitted to Dec. 31, 1854,
-w·hole number under treatment during year 1854, Number who recovered and were discharged,
Number who died, - - - -
-Number in the Asylum Dec. 31, 1854,
Total. 103
- 202
305 15021
134 Males.93
179
272
132
20·
120
Females,10
23
33 18 1 14 The Institution has thus received, provided for and had under medical treatment, above three hundred human beings, deprived of their reason, incapable of takingcare of themselves, many of them dangereus to the peace and good order of society and a terror to the community.
These have been sent to us, in every variety of form and condition, from raving madness and acute delirium to dementia and melancholy, with a slight wandering of the understanding. Some from comfortable and luxurious homes, others from jails and prison ships, habitations unfit for beasts, and, in many instances, ragged, filthy and covered with vermin ; some in the early and curative stages of the disease, others, old and chronic, past the hope of recovery ; some partially conscious of their condition and desirous of admittance, others fearful and in dread of confinement and a dungeon; some in early youth and boyhood, others in the sear and yellow leaf, even in extreme old age. A large majority, however, were in the prime, the vigor and the meridian of life, when all the feelings and emotions possess the highest energy and the greatest activity. To classify correctly-to establish and maintain some degree of order and harmony among such varying, discordant and dangerous ele ments, among such a ma�s of shattered intellects, required constant watchfulness and anxiety, and demanded unwearied care and attention. And it is with devout gratitude and thankfulness to Him who healeth the sick, the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, that we acknowledge our dependence, in the recovery and restoration of more than one-half of these miserable and unhappy beings.
TABLE II,
Will show the present condition and termination qf all those cases remain in1; in the Hospital at the close qf the year 1853.
Number in Hospital Dec. 31, 1853, -recovered and discharged, who died, remaining Dec. ?1, 1854, Total. 103
61
537
Mal•s. 93 57 5 31 Females.10
4
0
6
Thus, of all those cases remaining in the Hospital at the close of last year's report, over sixty per cent. recovered and were restored to usefulness; only five per cent. died, and thirty-seven are still resident in the Asylum.The prognosis of Insanity is more or less favorable, according to the duration of !l1e disease, and the probability of recovery diminishes as the length of time mcreases.
At least, nine-tenths of all recent cases are curable, while nearly three-fourths of chronic cases are past the hope of recovery.
TABLE III,
SlV1ws the number admitted during the present year; the number who re: covered; the number who were discharged; the number who died, and the member remaining in the Asylu1ii December 31, 1854.
Number admitted from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, -recovered, who died, discharged, in Asylum, Total. - 202
150
15150
134
Ma lei:=.179
132
14
132 120 FamR.les. 23 18 1 1814
17
At the date of the last report, there were one hundred and three patients in the Institution. Since that time two hundred and two persons, additional, have been admitted, making the whole number, under treatment in the Asylum, during the year, three hundred and five ; two hundred and seventy-two males, and thirty-three fomales. Of these, one hundred and fifty have recovered and been discharged ; twenty-one have di3d, and one hundred and thirty-f:mr are yet inmates of the Asylum.
TABLE IV,
Shows the number qf admissions, recoveries, discharges, deaths, and the number remaining in the Hospital at the close qf each year, since the organization qf the Institution.
1852. 1853. 1854. Total. Admissions, 124 222 305 651 Recoveries.
-
52llO
150 312 Deaths,-
10 12 21 43 Discharges,-
52llO
150 312 Remaining, 62 103 134 299As the laws of health and disease are constant and invariable, it is necessary, before we draw any general conclusions, to examine a great number of facts, col lected at different times and under various circumstances, then our deductions are reliable-they are physical truths-fixed facts. Hence the necessity for alarm and anxiety at the rapid increase and progression of mental diseases in this State, at the ratio of one hundred per year, according to the statistics of the last three years.
TABLE V,
Will show the number admitted during every month in each year. 1852. 1853. 1854. Total. January, 1 4 8 13 February, - 2 13 15 30 March,
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4 4 15 23 April, - 2 17 17 36 May,-
-
21 23 16 59 June, 10 15 15 40 July,-
7
17
2347
August,-
7
15 20 42 September,-
-
18ll
19
48 October, 7 14 14 35 November, 22 13 24 59 December, 23 15 1654
124 160 202 486The temperature of our climate is so equable, the atmospheric changes so regular and gradual, that they exert but little influence in the production and development of this disease.
During the six hottest months of the dry season, 272 patients were admitted, arid 214 during the other months.
TABLE VI,
Indicates the method qf classification and the different forms of Insanity existing in the
305
cases under treatment during the year.Acute Mania, Chronic Mania, Periodic Mania, Epileptic Mania, Puereperal Mania, -Nympho Mania, Mono Mania, Dementia, Melancholia, Suicidal, -Homocidal,
104
- 52
25
- 14
12
4
32
- 34
28
- 25
12
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In a public institution, devoted exclusively to the care and treatment of insane persons, no other principle is more important than a proper, judicious and scientific system of separation and classification.
It is perfectly apparent to every one, that it would be highly prejudicial and dangerous to place a raving madman-a_ furious maniac-in tho same ward with the fearful, the depressed and the melancholic; or the curable and the convalescent with the noisy and the turbulent ; or the religious and the tractable with the profane and quarrelsome ; or epileptics, those deprived of every sentiment of decency and pro priety, with those who are neat and cleanly in their persons, whose minds were only slightly disordered, or whose affective faculties were alone deranged.
There are numerous other cases, not so extreme perhaps, but equally important, which experience and enlightened judgment demand should be kept separate and distinct.
The principle is, to divide the patients into families and groups ; to associate those most likely to benefit and amuse each other; to secure the convalescent from disturbance ; the violent from injury, and the quiet from annoyance, and yet permit a constant inspection of the conduct and actions of all. To perfect these separations and divisions, proper and suitable architectural arrangements are necessary and indis pensible. But who shall design the building? Who shall make and adopt the plan? The architect, with a grand display of columns, towers and external decoration,? or those who are ignorant of the human mind, either in health or disease ? or
physi-cians, who have made Insanity their study and know the requisite wants and appli- , ances? No plan for the erection of Hospital buildings, nJ alteration even, should
be attempted, without being submitted to the coni�dcration of medical men, who, by education, knowledge and experience, are acqui'.ffnted with the character, habits and wants of the Insane. They alone can estimate and understand what arrange-ments are convenient and desirable, and what are necessary and effective in each portion of the structure. Thus, light, and forced ventilation ; pure air and artificial heat; cold and hot water; baths and cleanliness, are requisite and indispensable to the comfort and cure of the patients, and demand special attention in the construc-tion of every Hospital and, particularly, in one for the Insane.
The intention, in every such establishment, being the restoration and comfort of the afflicted, the relief of their families and the protection of the community, it is economy, justice and humanity, to provide, at once, all the applianaes necessary. The mere erection of buildings, with grandeur of design and splendor of architec ture, is of little importance, compared with those internal equipments necessary to obtain the satisfa,ctory results, which scierwe, {):rogr(;)SS :.ind an ir.telligent commu-nity demand,
rn
In the different States of the Union, there are above thirty Hospitals for the Insane. In all of them, the accommodations and appliances are excellent and abundant, and many of them, elegant and luxurious. And shall this great com monwealth, renowned for its energy and enterprise, be unmindful of this, her great charity, and suffer it to remain in its present incomplete condition, mere walls of brick and mortar, without any of those necessaries which are essential for the con venience and comfort of the afflicted ?
TABLE VII,
Shows the supposed productive causes of Insanity, in three hundred and five (805) cases under treatment during the year.
MoRAL CAusEs-132. Mental Excitement, Domestic Affliction, Pecuniary Disappointment, Political Disappointment, Disappointed Affection, Desertion of Wife, -Desertion of Husband, Desertion of Mistress, Seduction and Desertion, Jealousy, &c.,
Grief and Fear, Sudden Wealth, Religion, &c., Fanaticism, Spiritualism, -Mormonism, PHYSICAL CAUSEs-173. Intemperance in Spirits, Intemperance in Opium, Intemperance in Tobacco, Masturbation, Amativeness, Consequence of Parturition, Suppressed Menstruation, Congestive Fever, Typhoid Fever, Injury of Head, Epilepsy, Syphilis, Coup de Soliel, Ill Health, Hereditary, Unknown, 7 2L - 28 2 5 3 3 2 2 2 5 2 3 3 4 1 42 2 1 - 28 3 - 10 2 2 6 6 10 4 2 - 23 10 12
The attention of the public, of medical men and legislators, should be constantly directed to the •. fearful and alarming increase of Insanity in this State. The pro ductive causes of this disease should· be sought for and investigated with minute care and attention ; the method of prevention and cure should be pointed out, and, especially, of its curability in th,� early stages of the disease.
In the whole scope of medical science, more crude, ignorant and mistaken notions are entertained in regard to mental derangement, than to any other malady. Esquirol believed that it was one of the attributes accompanying· civilization, and steadily increased with every advancing step in luxury, refinement and intellectual progress. In the struggle, which is now continually maintained and absolutely necessary to acquire wealth, power or distinction, it requires an immense amount of mental energy, incefsant application and the utmost tension of all the faculties. The brain is in perpetual excitement in every department of business; in every branch of trade and commerce ; in science ; in the mechanic arts and in agriculture. Never, since the world was made, has there ever been exhibited such an amount of mental energy, activity and. determination. There is no cessation-no rest no relaxation. The call for mental labor is unceasing and unremitting. There is no reflection-no thought-that the regulation of the functions of the brain are as necessary to health as suitable and digestible food for the stomach, or pure and respirable air for the lungs.
That lnsanity is a corporeal disease ; that the brain is the instrument of the mind an organic part of the system ; that it is generated and nourished, becomes diseased and is cured, as any other organ of the body.
The negleet qj physical education is another prolific cause of incipient Insanity. Parents, teachers and the learned, dilate and dwell upDn the importance of culti vating the intellectual faculties, while the natural laws, which govern the physical organization, are wholly neglected. The youthful mind is stimulated to the highest point, while principles of self control, of morality and religion, are unregarded, or deemed of only secondary importance.
This premature and overstrained exercise of the mind, particularly in precocious children, induces disease of the brain and predisposes to Ins'lnity.
The physical constitution, the organic stucture, the different temperaments and dispositions, are transmissable and propagated from parents to children, and thus the disease becomes connate and hereditary.
In a previous report, it was remarked, that California possessed the ability and capacity for producing, rearing and educating the most healthy, vigorous and ener getic race of men on the earth. The climate is mild and equable, the atmosphere dry and exliilarating, the sun clear and cloudless, and the sky bright and beautiful, for nearly ten months of the year. These impart an elasticity, cheerfulness and hilarity to the mind, and vigor and activity to the body, entirely unknown and inappreci able by the inhabitants of colder and moister countries.
It is incumbPnt, therefore, upon those who have the guardianship and education of the youth of the land under their control, to see that their physical organizations are cultivated, expanded and trained, as well as thrir moral sentiments and intel lectual faculties. Give them games of strength and feats of agility, active exercise in the open air and pure sunshine ; not constantly coufine them to crowded, heated and l-adly ventilated apartments, moping and worrying over studies they cannot and care not to understand. Develope their physical structures, their muscular systems ; retard their precocious propensities ; then cultivate and expand their cerebral organization and prepare it to manifest the powers of the mind, remember ing that the healthy function of every organ is weakened by inactivity, strengthened by exercise, but exhausted by continual application.
Intemperance in the use q1· liquors, qf tobacco, ef opium, and in our daily food, exerts an importan_t and dangerous influence on the digestive organs, on the vascular system <and the brain, and is a productive cause of many terrible diseases. It increases the determination ot blood to the brain, excites some of the organic func tions and suppresses others, produces morbid changes in the structure of the brain, and, immediately or remotely, mania and dementia. Our manner of living is not at all comforrnable to sound dietetic principles. We all fo·e too fast; consume too many stimulants, eat too heartily, dine too late, and drink too much wine. Our
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21
climate require�, and health demands, a less quantity of food, and drinks of a different and milder nature ..
Amatfreness, the desire for sexual pleasures, although implanted in the human race for the propagation and preservation of the species,. is sometimes a productive came, but frequently a -tonsequence of Insanity. In many sensitively organized and vigorous persons, the indulgence of this passion constantly occupies the mind, excites other passions, causes sleepless nights, extravagant reveries, and leads to debasing and demoralizing habits, which enervate the body and destroy the mind. The abuse of this propensity is the source of innumerable evils, and the only remedy is the suggestion and recommendation of Spurzheim : "that of instructing young persons in the terrible and fatal consequences of the improper gratification of· this J)assion, as preferable and better than keeping and permitting them to grow up in a state of ignorance, compromising, and, in the end, destroying their own bodily and mental constitutions, and that of their descendants."
Pecuniary disappointments, reverses 0f fortune, domestic trouble, sorrow and anguish, melancholy, fear and intense anxiety, disturb the healthy operations of the brain, and, by continued action, produce disease. Individuals thus afilicted, should arouse themselves and strive against every feeling of despair and despondency; should seek active employment, industrious toil, manual labor, and ardently engage in the duties of life. 'l'hus, a healthy, vigorous, physical system will be secured, which is the best prevention and safeguard against the developement of nervous and mental disorders. Then, with sensible, moderate and rational habits of life, and fortified with pure and correct principles of morality and ·eligion, if trouble and misfortune come, the mind and feelings will not be enfeebled or crushed, but purified and strengthened.
Parturition, child bearing, is another frequent cause of Insanity, and the number of females who have become deranged, after confinement and during or immediately subsequent to the period of lactation, has nearly doubled within the last year 'rhe reascms are : the peculiar fruitfulness of the sex in this climate ; the intense pain of delivery ; errors in regimen; indiscretions in exercise and labor; fatigue; anxiety, and the neglect of the moral affections. The lochia are suppressed or diminished ; the milk is not secreted; a l::ictael metastasis occurs, and mania or melancholy as certainly follows.
These cases appeal, with peculiar sympathy, for the utmost care and attention. They .are the weaker sex and not only liable to all the connate, accidental and hereditary causes of Insanity, but· they suffer from numerous other complaints, to which the male sex are not exposed.
In consequence of the large accession of females to the population of the State, within the past two years, and the increased number who have become insane, and sent to this Asylum for care and treatment, it is highly expedient, indeed absolutely necessary, that an additional wing should be immediately erected for their special accommodation, so as to separate them wholly and entirely from the males, and ren der them secure from o\-iservation and intrusion. Then the Institution will, in all rrobability, possess ample space for the accommodation of all the Insane of both sexes, that will have accumulated during the next ten or twenty years.
It is therefore earnestly recommended, that immediate steps be taken to secure an appropriation of funds from the Legislature, sufficient to effect these objects.
TABLE VIII,
Will exhibit the civil condition of those admitted, and the influence qf marriage and celibacy on the development of insanity.
Males. Females Total.
Single, 213
4
217Married, 38 18 56
Widowed, 21
11
32272 33 305
The most tangible facts connected with the relation of marriage and celibacy to insanity, are displayed by comparing the number of married and unmarried persons in great public ho�pitals. It is a fact deducible from such statistics, that celibacy tends to augment the number of lunatics, from the restraints which it imposes and the vices to which unmarried persons are more or less exposed. The lives, habits and pursuits of the married are more regular, their social condition and employment more fixed, and they are less subject to excitement and violent emotions.
The above table presents some remarkable, interesting and curious results, such as are exhibited by no similar institution in the world .
•
TABLE IX,
Will show the different ages qf 305 patients, at the time qf their admission into the Asylum.
l\lales. Females. Total.
Between 10 and 20 years,
"
21 2 2320 and 30
"
142 12 154 30 and 40"
68 10 78 40 and 50"
26 6 32 50 and 60"
9
211
60 and 70"
4
15
70 and 80"
2 0 2The average age was only 32 years. The extremes 10 and 70 years. Children rarely become insane. They are not capable of maintaining any long or extensive combination of thotight. 'fhey have few cares and little anxiety, and are not initiated in the troubles and trials of life. Neither are old persons often afflicted with this disease, except with a variety known as senile dementia.
They have passed through all the dangers and frivolities of youth, the illusions of a preceding age, and, feeling their physical infirmities increasing, live calmly, tranquilly, and free from excitement.
It is middle age, the prime and vigor of life, between 20 and 30 years, when the mind possesses the highest activity and energy, that insanity most frequently occurs.
'fhe means of preventing a disease is superior to the knowledge of remedial measures or the ability to perfect a cure. As great and important a service is therefore rendered to society by investigating the causes and suggesting preventive measures, as in providing for the protection and medical treatment of those alrAa1:ly afflicted ; and, as many of the sources productive of insanity have beeu pointed out
•
23
and examined in the preceding pages, it only remains to add to the genero.l advice, investigate, avoid and prevent the causes.
TABLE X,
Shows the different occupations pursued by the 305 individuals in the Asylum during the year.
Lawyers,
1
Preachers,2
diEtors, 3 Teachers,1
Printers,2
Druggist,1
Artist,1
Engraver,1
Machinists,2
Architects,2
Merchants, 8 Traders.-
12
Clerks,11
Pedlars,5
Tailors,4
Shoemakers, 2 Distiller,1
Turner,1
Tanner,1
Saddlers,2
Masons,2
Butcher,l
Gardeners, 4 Bakers,2
Cooks,6
Farmers,-
10 Laborers,7
Soldiers, 8 Sailors,14
Rancheros, 3 Arrieros, 2 Yaqneros, Blacksmiths,10
Carpenters,-
12
Wagon Maker,1
Cabinet Maker,1
Gamblers, 3 Miners,- 102
No occupation, 43TABLE XI.
Will show the residence ef the Patients at the time ef admission, and the number sent from each County in the State.
Alameda, Butte, Calaveras, Colusi, Contra Costa, El Dorado Humboldt, Los Angeles, Mariposa, -Marin, Monterey, Placer, Plumas, Sacramento, -San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, -Santa Cruz, Shasta., Siskiyou, -Solano, Sonoma, -Sutter, Trinity, Tuolumne, Yolo, Yuba.,
-- I
2
- 20
I
• 2
22
. I
2
- 5
I
- 2
5
- I
50
- 07
30
• 1
10
- ,1 4- 3
5
• 3
2
. I
12
- I
14
· Those counties containing large cities, as San Francisco, Sacramento and San Joaquin, have sent more th m one half of the whole number, while the populous mining counties of El Dorado, Calaveras, Yuba and Tuolumne have been largely represented.•
25
TABLE XII,
Will show the nativity ef each Patient, and the whole number of Americans and :Foreigners admitted during the year.
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, -Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, -New York, New Jersey, -Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, • Sonth Carolina, Georgia, -Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, -Illinois, Michigan, -Wisconsin, Iowa, Oregon, Utah, California,
4
AMERICANS-183.
--
6 2-
5
24
-
43
- 34
5
-
8
2
.
4 4-
32
-
2
1-
3
10
-
4 2-
3 67
14-
5
8
-
3 2-
2 1-
14
England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany," Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Prussia, Poland, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Canada, Australia, China, Hindostan, TABLE XIII, FoREIGNERs-122. 16 24 7 22 2 2 5 18 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 10 2 2 1 1 This table shows the character of our population a perfect conglomeration of different peoples and nations, without fusion or assimilation. Americans from every State in the Union, foreigners from nearly every Government in Europe, from South America, from Asia, and from the Islaads of the Pacific.
We have also admitted nine Africans-six males and three females-four of whom have been discharged. One died, and four yet remain in the Asylum.
TABLE XIV,
Shows the number of deaths which occurred d1iring the year, and the diseases which proved fatal.
Acute Mania, Mania a Potu, Typhoid Fever, Puerperal Fever, Marasmus, Erysipelas, Epilepsy, Dropsy, Dysentery, Ramolisment, Total, 2 2 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 21
27
Our table of mortality is somewhat greater than last year, owing to a variety of causes, but principally from the admission of persons not proper subjects for an Asylum for the insane, such as mania from typhoid fever, mania a potu, and epileptics. Thus, three deaths occurred from the first, two from the second, and four from the last disease ; while, out of one hundred an three cases of acute mania, the most violent form of insanity, only two cases proved fatal.
'l'he general health of the establishment has been good. No epidemic-no acute disease of any kind, unconnected with the brain, bas prevailed to any extent.
No suicide has occurred within the past year, nor, indeed, at any time, since the organization of the institution. These cases of self.destruction have become so numerous lately, have swept over the State almost like an epidemic, that the Asylum is considered exceedingly fortunate that nothing of the kind has happened within its walls.
Several homocidal cases have also been under treatment, yet no accident of a serious or dangerous character has taken place.
The treatment of patients, their diet and clothing, the admission of visitors, the duties of attendants, and other subjects, have been commented upon in other reports.
In regard to the admission of patients, it is suggested that the law be so amended, made clear, plain and comprehensive, as to admit of no misconstruction, in order to secure every individual in his personal rights, and at the same time protect the physician from bearing the whole responsibility.
It is advisable that the different magistrates in each county, as well as the County Judge, should be invested with authority to commit insane persons to the A�ylum on the cert.ificate of competent physicians.
The written application of the friends of an individual, accompanied with the certificate of the attending physicians, is suggested, should also be deemed sufficient to procure admission.
In conclusion, it may be allowable to add, that my duty, although laborious and responsible, has been faithfully performed, and the reputation of the institution and the character of the State proudly sustained.
ROBERT K. REID,
M.
D.,Resident Physician, &c.
REPORT
ON THECONSTRUCTION OF HOSPIT.A.LS
FOR THE INSANE ;
MADE BY THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS OF AMERICAN INSTI
TUTIONS FOR THE INSANE, AND UNANIMOUSLY ADOPT
ED AT ITS MEETING IN PHILADELPPIA, MAY 21, 1851.
1. Every hospital for the insane should be in the country, not within less than two miles of a large town, and easily accessible at all times.
2. No hospital for the insane, however limited its capacity, should have less than fifty acres of land, devoted to gardens and pleasure grounds for its patients. At least one hundred acres should be possessed by every State hospital or other insti tution for two hundred patients, to which those propositions·apply, unless otherwise mentioned.
3. Means should be provided to raise ten thousand gallons of water, daily, to reservoirs that will rnpply the highest part of the building.
.. 4. No hospital for the insane should be built without the plan having been first submitted to some physician or physicians, who have had charge of a similar estab lishment, or are practically acquainted with all the details of their management, and received his or their full approbation.
5. The highest number that can with propriety be treated in one buildin·g, is two hundred and fifty, while two hundred is a preferable maximum.
6. All such buildings should be constructed of stone or brick, have slate or metalic roofs, and, as far as possible, be ruade secure from accidents by fire.
7. Every hospital having provision for two hundred or more patients, should have in it at least eight distinct wards for each sex, making sixteen classes in the entire establiehm ent.
8. Each ward should have in it a parlor, a corridor, single lodging rooms for patients, an associated dormitory communicating with a chamber for two attend� ants, a cloth.es rOOJll, a b_a!h room, a �ater closet, a dinin� room, a dum.b �aiter, and a speakmg tube, leadmg to the kitchen or other central part of the buildmg.
'
9. No apartments should ever b'il provided for the confinement of p11tients, or as
their lodging rooms, that are not entirely above ground.
10. No class of rooms should ever be constructed without some kind of windows in each, communicating directly with the external atmosphere.
11. No chamber for the use of a single patient should ever be less than eight by ten feet, nor should the ceiling of any story occupied by patients be less than twelve feet in bight.
12. The floors of patients' apartments should always be made of wood.
13. The stairways should always be of iron, stone, or other indestructible mate rial ; ample in size and number, and easy of access, to afford convenient egress in case of fire.
14. A large hospital Rhould consist of a main central building, with wings. 15. The main building should contain the official receiving rooms for company,'
and apartments entirely private, for the Superintending Physician and family, in case that officer resides in the hospital building.
16. The wings should be so arranged, that if rooms are placed on both sides of a corridor, the corridors shoulil be furnished at both en-ls with moveable glazed �ashes, for the free admission of light and air.
17. The lighting should be by gas, on account of its convenience, cleanliness, safety and economy.
18. The apartments for washing clothing, &c., should be detached from the hos-pital building.
19. The drainage should be made under ground, and all the·inlets to the sewers should be properly secured to prevent offensive emanations.
20. All bosr,itals should be warmed by passing an abundance of pure fresh air from the external atmosphere over pipes or plates containing steam or bot water the temperature should not exceed 212 degrees Fahrenheit-and placed in the basement or cellar of the building to be heated.
21. A complete system of forced ventilation, in connection with the heating, is indispensable to give purity to the air of an hospital for the insane, and no expetlse that is required to affect this object. can be deemed misplaced or injudicious.
22. The boilers for generating steam for warming the building should be in a � detatched structure, connected with which may be the engine for pumping water, driving the washing apparatus, and other machinery.
23. All water closets should, as far as possible, be made of indestructible mate rials; be simple in their arrangements, and have a strong downward ventilation con nected with them.
24. The floors of bath rooms, water closets, and basement stories, should be made of materials which will not absorb moisture.
25. The wards for the most excited class should be constructed with rooms on but one side of a corridor, not less than ten feet wide; the windows of which should be large, and have pleasant views from them.
26. Wherever practicable, the pleasure grounds of a hospital for the insane should be surrounded by a substantial wall, placed as not to be visible from the building.
PROPOSITIONS
ON THEORGANIZATION OF HOSPITALS
FOR THE INSANE;
MADE BY A STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS OF AMERICAN INSTI
TUTIONS FOR THE INSANE, AT ITS MEE'J.'ING IN BAL'lI
MORE, MAY 10, 1853.
1. The general controlling power should be vested in a Board of Trustees or Managers, if of a State institution, selected in such a manner as will most effectually protect it from all influences c_onnected with political measures or political changes ; if of a private corporation, by thosE> properly authorized to vote.
2. The Board of Trustees should not exceed twelve in number, and be com posed of individuals possessing the public confidence, distinguished for liberality, intelligence, and active benevolence, above all political influence, and able and willing to attend to the duties of their station. '!.'heir tenure of office sho11ld be so arranged, that where changes are deemed dei,irable, the terms of not more than one third of the whole number should expire in one year.
3. The Board of Trustees should appoint the Physician, and, on his nomination, and not otherwise, the Assistant Physician, Steward and Matron. They should, as a Board or by Committee, visit and examine every part of the institution at stated intervals, not less than semi-monthly, and at such other times as they may deem expedient, and exercise so careful a supervision over the expenditures and general operations of the hospital as to give the community a proper degree of confidence in the correctness of its management.
4. The Physician should be Superintendent and chief executive officer of the establishment. Besides being a well educated physician, he should possess the mental, physical and social qualities to fit him for the position. He should serve during good behavior, reside on or very near the premises, and his compensation so liberal as to enable him to devote his whole time and energies to the welfare of the hospital. He should nominate to the Board �uitable pers,ms to act as Assistant
Physician, Steward and Matron ; he should have the entire control of the medical, moral and dietetic treatment of the patients, the unreserved power of appointment and discharge of all persons engaged in their care, and should exercise a general supervision and direction over every department of the institution.
5. The Assistant Physician, or Assistant Physicians when more than one are required, should be graduates of medicinE>, of such character and qualifications as to be able to represent and perform the ordinary duties of the physician during his
absence
6. The Steward, under the direction of the Superintendent, and by his order, should make all purchases for the institution, keep the accounts, make engagements with, pay and discharge those employed about the establishment, and have a super vision of the farm, garden, and grounds.
7. The Matron, under the direction of the Superintendent, should have supervi sion of the domestic arrangements of the house, and the care .and comfort of the female patients.
8. In institutions containing more than two hundred patients, a second Assistant Physician and an Apothecary should be employed, to the latter of whom, other duties in the male wards may be conveniently assigned.
9. If a Chaplain is deemed desirable as a permanent officer, he should be select ed by the i;uperintendent, and like all others engaged in the care or patients, should be entirely under his direction.
10. In every hospital for the insane, there should be one _Superior for each sex, exercising a general oversight of all the attendants and patient's, forming a medium of communication bet.ween them and the officers.
11. In no institution should the number of persons in immediate attendance on the patients be in a lower ratio than one attendant for every ten patients, and a larger proportion will be desirable.
12. The fullest authority should be given to the Superintendent, to take every precaution that can guard against fire, and to secure this, an efficient night-watch should always be provided.
13. The situation and circumstances of different institutions may require a con siderable number of persons to be employed in various other positions; but in every ho�pital, all those that have been referred to, are absolutely neces�ary to give all the advantages that may be hoped for from a liberal and enlightened treatment of the in8ane.
14. All persons employed in the care of the insane should be active, vigilant, cheerful, and in good health; they should be of a kind and benevolent disposition, educated, trustworthy, and the compensation sufficiently liberal to secure the services of such individuals.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,
MADE AT THE
STATE INSANE ASYLUl\f,
IN THECITY OF STOCKTON, CALIFORNIA,
DURING THE YEAR 1854.
35
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
JANUARY, 1854.
THERUOMETER. BAROMETER.
I
WIND, CLOUDS, RAIN &C.� 8.Al',L 2 P:\L 8 P:\I 8 .AM. 2 P ,r. f 8 P "· Remarks.
A 0 0 0 0 o
l
o1 32 58 40 29.75 29 70 29. 70 E. S. E., fog, 10 A. M. clear.
2 32 68 40 29.70 29.75 29.70 S. E., clear, E. S. E., clear. 3 32 70 42 29.65 29.70 29.55 N. W., clear, N. W. clear. 4 30 62 38129.47 29.50 29.47
"
"
5 32 62 37 29.40 29.40 29.50"
.
"
.
6 26 62 30 29.75 29.75 29.75"
"
7 21 60 32 29.85 29.85 29.80"
"
8 27 62 30 29.80 29.75 29.70 S. W., clear,"
9 29 57 42 29.77 29.77 29.75"
"
10 30 66 40 29.75 29.75 39.70"
"
11 44 60 49 29.66 29.62 29.55 E. S. E., cloudy, S. E., clear. 12 48 58 50 29.50 29.40 29.,rn E. S. E. clear,
"
13 50 64 40 29.30 29.30 29.30 E. S. E., tain 5-10, south, 2-10. 14 42 50 38 29.12 29.20 29 25 S. W., 7-10, clear, S. W.
15 30 46 40 29.40 29.37 29.28 S. E., frost, E. S. E , drops rain 2 P. M. 16 34 17 36 ]8 30 19 28 20 18 21 21 22 28 23 34 24 40 25 44 26 30 27 31 28 36 29 136 30 41 31 40 51 50 29.27 54 36 29.55 52 38 29.48 44 27 29.45 48 24 29.82 40 25 29.85 36 32 29.70 50 42 29.62 54 50 29.42 58 40 29.60 60 36 29.80 61 38 29.87 74 52 29.80 72 52 29.75 72 54 29.80 76 57 29.75
29.40 29.50 S. E., rain 3-10, rain and hail 1-10.
29.65 29.62 S. vV., clear, S. W., clear. 29 32 29.35 E. S. E., frost, 8 P. M., rain 3-10. 29.60 29 68 N. W., cold and rlear.
29 82 29.82 N. W., clear. N. E., clear.
29.78 29.80 N. N. W., clear and cold, W. N. W.
29.70 29.70 N. W., bail &rain 1-100, 3 P.M. rain 3-100.
29.50 29.50 S. W., cloudy, S. E., rain 3-10. 29.47 29.50 E S. E., rain 2-10, S. E., rain 1-10. 29.64 29.67 N. '\V., clear, ·vv., clear.
29.82 29.85 N. N. W., frost, N. W. clear. 29.87 29.87 N. W., clear,
"
29.78 29.80 N. '\V., clear, N., N. W.29.80
129. 7 5 E., E. S. E., E. by N., clear. 29.75 29.75 N. vV., N., clear.
29.57 29.50 E., fog, W., clear. Mean temperature, 34, 58, 40, 29.62, 29.62, 29.61.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
FEBRUARY, 1854.
THERMOMETER.
I
BAROMETER. WIND, CLOUDS, RAIN &C. � 8.u, 2 PM 8 PM. 8 AM. 2 PM. 8 p "· Remarks.A 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 42 64 56 29.45 29 45 29.45 N., clear, N. W., clear.
2 44 64 54 29.47 29.50 29.47 N.
vV.,
clear, S. W., clear, S. W. 3 45 60 50 29.52 29 52 29.52 N. E., shower, 1-10, N. W., W. N. W. 4 50 60 52 29.50 29 50 39.50 N. ·w'., rain 1-10, W., cloudy.5 50 58 54 29.50 29.50 29.55 E., 2-10 rain. 2 P.M. 7-10. 5 A.M. 1-10. 6 50 68 50 29.62 29.65 29.65 S. E., rain 2-100. 9 A. M. 5-100, W. 7 48 68 50 29.75 29.65 29.65 N. W., fog, W., clear.
8 43 67 50 29.65 29.67 29.55 E., clear, E. S. E.
9 44 56 50 29.45 29.42 29.40 S. E., cloudy, 2 P. "M. rain 1-10. 10 52 60 54 29.30 29.25 29.20 E. S. E., rain, 1 inch. 2 P. M 1-100, S.
11 40 60 42 29.40 29.45 29.37 S.
v\T.,
rain 5-10, W. N. W., clear. 12 40 50 40 29.32 29.32 29.50 E. 4-10, rain, S E., 2-10 H. & R. 5-10.13 30 58 40 29.70 29.75 29.75 Frost, N. W., N., clear. 14 30 58 42 29.77 29.80 29.80 N. W., clear, N. 15 30 60 48 29.77 29.72 29.65 N. E., clear, N. E., N.
16 42 56 48 29.4 7 29.36 29.30 W., N. W., clear.
17 37 72 48 29.32 29.37 29 50
"
W. clear.18 35 72 50 29.50 29.57 29.62 S. E., frost, N. clear.
19 43 60 48 29.67 29.67 29.67 N. E., clear, W., clear.
20 43 56 50 29.70 29.68 29.62
"
"
21 42 54 50 29.65 29.60 29 60 E. S. E., rain 4-10. 8 A. M. 2-100. 22 47 50 47 29.55 29.55 29.60 E., 8 A.M., l½ inch rain, 2 A.l\l. 1 inch & 23 44 60 49 29.70 29.70 29.77 ,v-., clear, W. 18 P. M. 5-10.
24 40 65 50 29.77 29. 77 29.77 N.
,v.,
N. E, N., clear.25 46 54 48 29.60 29.62 29.62 W., rain 2-10, 11 A. M. 2-10.
26 42 58 50 29.65 29.65 29.65 S. E., 8 A. M., rain 1 inch. 27 48 58 46 29.62 29.50 29.50 S. E., rain 5-100, 4 P. M., 1 inch.
28 40 52 43 29.50 29.60 29.65
J
W., rain 1-100, 4 P. M. 1-10. Mean temperature, 42, 60, 48, 2\J.56, 29.56, 29.57.37
ME'l'EOROLOGICAL OBSERV ..A.'l'IOXS.
MARCH, 1854.
THERl\!O)!ETER.
I
BAROl\!ETER. WIND, CLOUDS, RAIN, &C.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 l:? 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
A><-ll P>I 8 PM. 8 A"'·
0 0 0 0 41 60 42 29.80 46 68 48 [ 29.85 !6 52 41 129.57 iO 62 48 1�9.57 38 62 48 29.50 ·40 64 49 �9.45 44 65 48 29.50 45 59 54 29.50 i4 64 58 29.50 !6 67 52 29.50 44 57 40 29.47 40 60 40 29 45 43 50 45 29.25 43 50 47 29.30 46 64 51 29.45 43 56 43 , 29.55 45 56 48 29.40 44 56 53129.35 49 60 49 129.47 49 62 53 29.52 50 75160 29.50 52 82 · 62 I 29.55 50 80 60 29.50 60 65 60 29.50 55 68 55 29.60 50 70 52 29.55 50 70 54 29.55 50 68 54 29.65 52 68 58 29.70 54 70 50 29.70 2 p .M, C 29.85 29. 78 29.55 29.55 29.47 29.48 29.50 29.45 29 50 29.50 29.37 29.45 29.22 29.27 29.57 29 5.7 29.40 29.35 29.50 29.55 29.50 29.50 29.45 29.50 29.60 29.50 29.55 29.65 29.70 29.70 51 70 56 29.75; 29.75 8 PM. Remarks. 0 29.85
N.
W., clear, W.N.
W., clear. 29.70 W., clear,N.,
clear. 29.50 S., rain, 3-10, 2 P. M., S. E. 29.50 S. E., rain �-100, clear.29.45
N.
"\V., frost, 11 A.M.,
clear.29.40
N.,
frost, clear 10 A. M. 29.50N.
W., clear, S. W., clear. 29.45 S. W., clear,N. Vv.,
N.29.4 7 S. E., clear, N. E., E. S E., clear.
29.47 E. S. E., S. E., S., clear.
29.40 S. W., rain 2-lOJ, 4 P. M., S. W., rain 1-10. 29.45 S. W., clear. S. W., clear. 29.22 IS. 5-10�,. S._ 3-10,
f
4-10. 29.30 S. E , rarn b-10, :N. E. 3-10,N.
W. 5-10. 29.52 E. S E., N.,N.
W., clear. 29 52 N. v\T., N., S., clear. 29.40 S. ·w., S., S. W., clear. 29.35 N. vV., clear, vV.29.50 vY., rain l! in. S. E., rain 3-10. 29.50 E. S. E., clear. E. N. E., clear. 29.50 N. W., clear. N.,N.W. 29.50
"
W.N.
""\,V., clear. 29.45N. N.
E., clear, N. 29.50 W. S. W., clear, S. 29.60 S. W., clear, S. vV., clear. 29.50 S. W., clear, S. W., N. 29.55N.
E., clear,N.,
N. E. 29.65"
"
29 70 N. vV., clear, S. E., S. W. 29.70 N. W., clear, N., N. W. 29.75 W. N. W., clear, N. N. W., N. W. Mean temperature, 47, 64, 51, 29.53, 29.52, 29.51.THERMOMETER.
I
�
;.AM lPM. 8PM -< A 0 0 0 1 ii� 80 60 254
73 60 356
75 62 4 56 80 64 -5 60 80 60 6 54 78 54 7 50 78 60 8 53 80 53 952
62 52 10 52 62 54 11 56 70 5212
54 72 54 13 50 90 6214
54 90 65 15 55 90 66 16 58 90 6617
58 80 55 18 58 78 58 19 58 7015720
55 68 5221
50 63 4822
48 65 5023
4972
5224
52 73 5825
50 68 5226
50 70 6027
58 80 63 28 60 70 6029
55 68 53 30 52 70 54 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVA'rIONS. APRIL, 1854.BAROMETER. WIND, CLOUDS, RAIK &C.
8 A M.12 PM. 0 0 29.75 29.70 29.70 29.70 29 7o I 29.70 29.70 29.70 2 !.65 29.65 2.l.65 29.57 29.55 29.55 29.45 29.40 29.45 29.50 29.50 29.55 29.50 29.55 29.65 29.65 29.60 29.62 29.52 29.50 29.41 29.40 29.35 29.37 29.40 29.40 29.40 29.40 29.45129 .. 48 2).30 29.30 29.40 29.45 29.45 29.42 29.50 29.45 29.45 29.42 29.50 29.57 29.50 29.50 29.45 29.45 29.35 29.25 29.25 29.30 29.35 29.32 s p 1,1. Remarks. 0 29.75 W. N.
w·.,
clear, N. W., clear, N. ·w. 29.70 N.N.E,"
N.E.,"
29.70 W.N.W.,,,
"
"
29.70/ N., " W. N. W., 29 60. N. N. W., " N. W., 29.57 f N. N. W., clear and variable. 29.50' " " " 29.40"
S. E., clear. N.E."
"
N.N.W. 29.50 W. N W., shower, S. W., clear. 29.50 S. S. E., cloudy,"
29.55 S., shower, W., clear. 29.65 W. N. W., W., clear, N. 29.58; N. W., clear. 29.521 " N. W., clear."
29.40, ""
29.371 N. N. W., clear,"
29.40 I W. N. W., cloudy,"
29.40 N.W.,
"
and drops of rain.29.40 S. W., rain, 1-J 00, N., rain, 1-100. 29.32 I S.E'i-rain., 5-100, S.E., 12 M:, :·ain 3-10, S:
29.45 S." ., ram, 5-100. 5 P. M., 1am 1-10. Hail.
29.45 ! N. W., W. ½ N., clear, N. W. 29.401" " " 29.40 W., drops of rain, N. W. 29.55 W., rain 3-10, N. \V'. strong. 29.50 W., W., N. W., clear. 29.45 N. W., clear, N. W., N.
29.30 E. S. E., cloudy, rain drops, W. N. W.
29 35 W., rain l½ in. West, 4-10.
29.30
"
2-100. 12 M. S., 5-10 rain.Mean temperature, 54, 75, 58, 29.50, 29.50, 29.48.
39
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
MAY, 1854.
THERMOMETER. BAROMETER.
I
WIND, CLOUDS, RAIN, &Cp;
I
I
8 .A. M. 2 PM, 8 PM. Remarks. -"1 8 Al\I. 2 PM. 8 PMA 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 52 86 58 29.30 29.35 29.37 W., rain 3-100. N. E., clear. 2 56 88 68 29.40 29.40 29.40 E. S. E., clear. W., clear.
3 60 90 70 29.40 29.40 29 40 W. N. W., clear, N. W., W. by S.
4 58 74 55 29.40 39.45 29.40 W., cold, S. W., forte, S. W.
5 44 66 50 29.45 29.45 29.40 S. W., cold. S. W., clear.
6 48 60 48 29.42 29.45 29.50 S. W., strong. N. W., rain, 3-10, cloudy.
7 46 70 50 29.60 29.60 29.60 S. W., clear. W., clear.
8 48 72 52 29.60 29.55 29.50 N. W., clear and cold. Strong. 9 50 78 54 29.50 29.50 29.50 S. W., clear. N. W., cold and clear. 10 52 75 52 29.50 29.45 29.50 N. W., clear.
w.
N. W., clear.11 52 72 52 29.35 20.32 29.32
"
Strong."
12 52 72 52 29.42 29.45 29.40"
"
"
13 50 66 52 29.40 29.32 29.37 S. W., rain drops 12 M. and 6 P. u.
14 50 64 52 29.40 29 45 29.50 N. W., rain and hail 10 and 11 A. :!IL
15 52 72 54 29.60 29.67 29.65
"
clear, 10 r. M., rain drops.16 52 80 56 29.65 29.65 29.65
"
"
N. W., clear. 17 55 85 56 29.85 29.32 29.32"
"
"
18 62 82 62 29.32 29.32 29.32"
"
"
19 56 76 60 29.47 29.47 29.47"
w.,s.w.
20 58 80 57 29.50 29.43 29.40"
N. N. W., clear. 21 56 82 56 29.50 29.47 29 47"
"
22 58 82 54 29 50 29.47 29.45"
"
23 58 82 60 29.45 29.42 29.35"
"
24 58 78 54 29.35 29.35 29.30 S. W., strong, cold, S. W.25 58 80 62 29.30 29.30 29.30 N. W., 9 A. u, cloudy. 12 u. ann. eclipse of
26 60 74 60 29.32 29.32 29.32 S. W., strong and cold, S. W. [sun. 27 58 80 60 29.40 29 37 29.32
"
"
28 58 78 60 29.42 29 45 29.45 N. W , cold, forte, N. W., clear. 29 160 78 62 29.50 29.45 29.37
