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Kacke Götrick, Apidan Theatre and Modern Drama: A Study in a Traditional Yoruba Theatre and Its Influence on Modern Drama by Yoruba Playwrights

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Samlaren

Tidskrift för

svensk litteraturvetenskaplig forskning

Årgång 106 1985

Svenska Litteratursällskapet

Distribution

: Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm

Detta verk har digitaliserats. Bilderna av den tryckta texten har tolkats maskinellt (OCR-tolkats) för att skapa

en sökbar text som ligger osynlig bakom bilden. Den maskinellt tolkade texten kan innehålla fel.

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REDAKTIONSKOMMITTÉ

Göteborg: Lars Lönnroth

Lund: Louise Vinge, Ulla-Britta Lagerroth

Stockholm: Inge Jonsson, Kjell Espmark, Vivi Edström Umeå: Sverker R. Ek

Uppsala: Thure Stenström, Lars Furuland, Bengt Landgren

Redaktör: Docent U lf Wittrock, Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen,

Humanistiskt-Samhällsvetenskapligt Centrum, Box 513, 751 20 Uppsala

Utgiven med understöd av

Humanistisk-Samhällsvetenskapliga Forskningsrådet

Bidrag till Samlaren bör vara maskinskrivna med dubbla radavstånd och eventuella noter skall vara samlade i slutet av uppsatsen. Titlar och citat bör var väl kontrollerade. Observera att korrekturändringar inte kan göras mot manuskriptet.

ISBN 91-22-00816-0 (häftad) ISBN 91-22-00818-7 (bunden) ISSN 0348-6133

Printed in Sweden by

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Recensioner av doktorsavhandlingar

99

resterande fyra kapitlen är Jack Commons Kiddar’s Luck (1951) och The Ampersand (1954), Brendan Behans Bor­

stal Boy (1958), Alan Sillitoes Key to the Door (1961) och

Barry Hines’ A Kestrel fo r a Knave (1968). Dessa sägs ha åstadkommit »profoundly meaningful and committed art» (s. 71), eftersom de behållit arbetarklassynpunkten utanför att försköna sina ungdomsporträtt.

Analysen vill visa att dessa verk förmått skildra arbe- tarklassungdom »with a fundamental sense of identifica­ tion with the setting and class which they chose to depict» (s. 71). För att visa detta använder Paul andra källor, dokumentära, vetenskapliga och litterära, för att ge ro­ manerna sanningsvärde. Ett exempel. När Billy Casper i

A Kestrel fo r a Knave blir retad till tårar för modems

förmenta omoral kommenterar Paul: »Michael Young and Peter Willmot in their sociological investigation Family

and Kinship in East London (1957), have pointed to the

central role of the mother in working-class family relation­ ships» (s. 168, andra ex. se s. 83, 184). Metoden är disku­ tabel.

I den deskriptiva analysen av K iddar’s Luck och The

Ampersand har man svårt att följa Pauls tes att huvudper­

sonen förvandlas till klassmedveten insikt om det kollek­ tiva arbetets och solidaritetens betydelse. En sådan ut­ veckling är helt främmande för romanens perspektiv där den kollektiva dimensionen helt saknas. Det textställe Paul använder sig av för att stödja tesen har knappast det avgörande bevisvärde Paul tillmäter det utan visar snarare att huvudpersonen, vars ekonomiska oegentligheter just avslöjats, uppskattar fadem som en bild av normfast he­ derlighet. När författaren klokt påpekar att det i The

Ampersand finns en strävan att visa hur desorienterad och

rotlös huvudpersonen är i förhållande till proletära värde­ ringar och livsvillkor vill man däremot gärna instämma. Det förefaller rimligt att se detta som en återspegling av Commons eget utanförskap som partilös arbetarintellek- tuell. Här finns det skäl att vara tacksam för att Paul lyfter fram ett undanskymt författarskap.

I analysen av Borstal Boy vill Paul visa på romanper­ sonen Behans utveckling från isolering til grupptillhörig­ het och så långt instämmer man gärna. Men man kan diskutera påståendet att Behan lämnar fängelset, »taking with him a deeper understanding of what class conscious­ ness means in reality» (s. 120). Tesen är rimlig om man accepterar vad som förefaller vara Pauls sociologiska grundkonception av begreppet arbetarklass, där denna definieras som en grupp med en viss uppsättning gemen­ samma drag och värderingar. Klassmedvetande borde då betyda att man är medveten om likheten med andra. Definierar man däremot arbetarklassen som en politisk kategori blir klassmedvetande medvetenheten om nöd­ vändigheten av gemensam politisk kamp och det blir me­ ningslöst att inkorporera ungdomsbrottslingarna i denna kategori. Dessas mål är ju inte politisk kamp. Dessa är då trasproletariat och Behan har i romanen blott utvecklat ett gruppmedvetande. Det är denna omedvetenhet om grund­ läggande begreppsbestämningar som gör att Paul kan av­ färda den i politisk mening klassmedvetne Tom Meadows avståndstagande från de andra intagna - vilka han ser just som trasproletariat - som »insular» (s. 120).

I Key to the Door kan man direkt avläsa en förändrad insikt hos huvudpersonen och ett återvändande till arbe­ tarklassens kamp. Ett oförståeligt inslag i den Paulska

argumenteringen är den mycket vanliga modellen där en värdering »verifieras» genom att en annan kommentator citeras. Så t. ex. när Paul fastslår: »In Key to the Door he has woven the primary elements of class experience and concomitant ideology into what can only be considered as one of the boldest and most comprehensive attempts at writing an overtly revolutionary novel of this period» (s. 151). Därefter följer ett längre citat ur Jack Mitchells bok om Robert Tressell som diskuterar socialistisk realism och slutar: »This rich grasp of working-class life in toto has seldom been achieved since Tressell. Alan Sillitoe has perhaps got the nearest so far in Key to the Door. Något bevisvärde har ju inte detta.

Analysen av Barry Hines’ A Kestrel fo r a Knave myn­ nar ut i slutsatsen att tornfalken hjälpt Billy Casper »to deal with his own sense of inferiority and alienation» (s. 185), en slutledning som man inte har några svårigheter att instämma i. Det är också värdefullt att vi nu har en samlad presentation av detta vitala och samtida författarskap.

Författaren visar att dessa fyra författares texter har betydande inslag av självbiografiska erfarenheter, men när han argumenterar för att de skapat »exceptionally fine anti-heroic character portraits» (s. 187) räcker det inte med vaga och värderande kategorier som hämtade ur en essä i en anglosachsisk criticism-tradition. Utan en ge­ nomför estetik låter det sig knappast göras.

Exemplet Sillitoe illustrerar problemet: Paul accepterar

Key to the Door men avvisar Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. Den förra är »meaningful and committed art» (s.

71) medan den senare är »marred by an exaggerated over­ emphasis on the individualist, careerist or sexist charac­ teristics of working-class heroes» (s. 187). Utan en estetik - här en realismteori - kan det inte förklaras varför den förra har värde medan senare saknar värde.

I den viktiga diskussion om den brittiska arbetarlittera- turens ideologi som Pauls avhandling sluter sig till, hade ett resolut åberopande av Lukåcs gjort avhandlingen till ett betydligt tyngre inlägg än vad den måste anses vara. Av­ handlingen, som f. ö. saknar personförteckning, rymmer emellertid många värdefulla iakttagelser och fäster upp­ märksamheten på ungdomsskildringarnas dominans i brit­ tisk arbetarlitteratur.

Stig-Lennart Godin

Kacke Gotrick: Apidan Theatre and Modern Drama: A

Study in a Traditional Yoruba Theatre and Its Influence on Modern Drama by Yoruba Playwrights. Almqvist &

Wiksell International, Sthlm 1984.

What happens to traditions under the impact of moderni­ ty? How do people accustomed to living strongly pat­ terned lives adjust to profound changes in their world? How much continuity with the past is retained during the transition to a markedly different present and an unpre­ dictable future? What is gained and what lost when famil­ iar indigenous practices are displaced or modified by strange foreign ones?

Such questions have preoccupied anthropologists, so­ ciologists, political scientists, economists and historians concerned with analyzing the consequences of rapid west­ ernization in nonwestem parts of the world. Africa has

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100

Recensioner av doktorsavhandlingar

served as an ideal laboratory for this kind of study, for it has offered striking examples of creative responses to the stress of social change. But some of the most spectacular evidence of African cultural adaptation has remained vir­ tually unexamined because few students of the arts and humanities have had the expertise necessary to tackle these big questions in a rigorous fashion. For instance, there has been plenty of armchair speculation about the influence of autochthonous folk traditions on modern Af­ rican art, music and literature, but informed analyses based on responsible fieldwork have been rare.

It is therefore a great pleasure to read Kacke Gotrick’s dissertation on the influence of one form of traditional Yoruba theatre on modern drama written in English by Yoruba playwrights, for here is a useful model of how a western scholar, handicapped by an inability to speak an African language, can nonetheless approach a difficult problem in cross-cultural interpretation and through a combination of resourcefulness, logic and caution arrive at a satisfactory mode of analysis that yields productive results. Gotrick visited Nigeria in 1975-76 and again in 1982, spending a total of ten months in five cities and towns where she witnessed eighteen performances of what is known as “ Apidan theatre,” a type of musical drama first recorded in print by the explorers Clapperton and Lander, who watched a performance in the same area of Yorubaland in 1826. Using all the documentary re­ sources available, including unpublished doctoral disser­ tations by Yoruba scholars, and building upon her own observations which she tested against those of performers and spectators whom she interviewed through an inter­ preter, Gotrick presents a detailed account of a “ master performance” of Apidan theatre. This spectacle, held up as an example of the tradition at its best, “ consists of several short dramas, each being a completed whole and belonging to either of the genres efe and idan. The audience differentiates the genres by their relation to the surrounding reality: while efe is set apart from it and so perceived as fiction, idan, taken to be religiously effica­ cious, is not.” In addition to isolating these contradictory yet complementary genres, Gotrick gives due attention to other formal elements such as music, dance, mask, cos­ tume and text, considering each in relationship to the overall structure of the drama.

The thick ethnographic description completed, Gotrick goes on in Part Two to an analysis of the order in which

efe and idan enactments occur, her argument being that

“ a certain order between these two genres makes a se­ quence, and that several sequences make a performance. The entities of a sequence are interchangeable. It is this

sequential structure, containing fiction and non-fiction

alike, that chracterizes Apidan theatre.”

Having established this characteristic morphological unit and commented on the social functions of Apidan theatre, she then proceeds in Part Three to compare its interchangeable sequential structure to the ordering prin­

ciples apparent in 65 modem dramas by Yoruba play­ wrights. With only a few notable exceptions, she finds little correspondence between the way the Apidan theatre “ works” and the way modem playwrights organize action in scripted drama. This is partly due to a fundamental difference between a series of loosely improvised skits which can be expanded, contracted, rearranged or other­ wise spontaneously transformed in response to audience reactions, and a unified dramatic narrative made up of tightly controlled scenes moving inexorably toward a sin­ gle predetermined end. It is also due to the secular nature of much modem drama, which never pretends to be reli­ giously efficacious. A few Yoruba playwrights have delib­ erately chosen to create a semblance of the structure of Apidan theatre in their plays, but the social and formal demands of modem dramaturgy usually lead them in an­ other direction altogether.

Gotrick concludes that the absence of a clear structural affinity between Apidan theatre and most modem drama by Yoruba playwrights points to “ a far lower frequency of influence” of one upon the other than is commonly sup­ posed. She admits, however, that this “ definition of influ­ ence is founded on formal structural similarity, while less importance is attached to similarities in philosophical and conceptual background related specifically to the theatri­ cal art. A more sophisticated influence is, thus, not prov­ able according to this definition. A type of influence where the author has assimilated the aims and structures of the traditional theatre and merged it deeply into other forms of theatre cannot be traced with the definition and methods used [here].”

This final observation shows commendable scholarly discretion. Gotrick is aware of the limitations of her ap­ proach and is honest enough to admit that other approach­ es might yield different results. A native speaker of Yoru­ ba well-versed in both of the dramatic traditions explored in this dissertation could conceivably find other, deeper evidence of “ influence” that someone separated by lan­ guage from traditional Yoruba culture could not be ex­ pected to perceive. But any other researcher would have to concede that Gotrick has convincingly proven her point: formal structural influence cannot be found except in those plays consciously and experimentally modeled on Apidan theatre. In this respect then, tradition cannot be said to shape modernity—at least not morphologically.

Apidan Theatre and Modern Drama is a solid contribu­

tion both to African studies and to comparative literature scholarship. It offers the reader a sure grasp of difficult subject matter, a rigorous methodology, an interesting exposition, and a significant conclusion that is stated with very becoming modesty. The Yoruba people have a prov­ erb that says, “ the child who has learned to wash its hands dines with elders.” Gotrick clearly has learned proper academic etiquette. She is welcome to join the feast.

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