TSAKHNAGI
FACET
Annual
of Philological Studies
3
2011
Merab Ghaghanidze
Editor
Tbilisi • Memkvidreoba •
2011
filologiur kvlevaTa
weliwdeuli
3
2011
merab RaRaniZis
redaqciiT
waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. 3. 2011 saredaqcio sabWo Suqia afridoniZe (Tavmjdomaris moadgile) zurab kiknaZe damana meliqiSvili irma ratiani merab RaRaniZe (Tavmjdomare)
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
“memkvidreoba”
fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofs
giorgi leJava
sarCevi
narkvevi
Tamila mgalobliSvili
rogor gaxda mcxeTa qarTvelTa axali ierusalimi 9
zaza aleqsiZe
giorgi mTawmidlis qarTuli oTxTavis anderZebi 22
irma yaraulaSvili
alaverdis oTxTavSi Semavali abgaris epistolis
warmomavlobis sakiTxisaTvis (nawili I) 36
nestan sulava
daviT guramiSvilis erTi leqsis interpretaciisaTvis 64
qeTevan bezaraSvili, Tamar lomiZe
grigol RvTismetyvelis cikli “borotisa mimarT” da nikoloz baraTaSvilis “sulo boroto”: qarTuli romantizmis qristianuli wyaroebi 79
iuza evgeniZe
mecxramete saukunis qarTveli mwerlebi
kavkasiis xalxTa Sesaxeb 91
Tamar paiWaZe
avangardizmi qarTul mwerlobaSi:
tendencia Tu genezisi? 116
nino fircxalava
qarTuli miTosi zRvasa da mTas Soris 130
levan cagareli
mimezisi. erTi cnebis Tavgadasavali
(ideologiur-kritikuli narkvevi) 150
konstantine bregaZe
novalisi da sofia: siyvarulis arsis hermenevtika
waxnagi 3.2011
6
nino doborjginiZe
sityva, konteqsti da mniSvnelobis konstruireba (sityvis kvlevis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTul
filologiaSi) 180
nikoloz aleqsiZe
adreuli bermonazvnoba amierkavkasiaSi:
terminologiuri problemebi 195
salome omiaZe
baxtinis, kristevasa da hirSis koncefciebi
da Tanamedrove teqsti 208
marine beriZe
korpusuli lingvistika da Tanamedrove
interdisciplinaruli matrica 216
manana kobaiZe
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma
da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba 237
leqcia
guram lebaniZe
filologiis Sesavali: leqciebi 8-9 263
publikacia
vasil kirvaliZe
akaki (teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, winasityva da
komentarebi daurTo Tamaz jologuam) 275
masala
akaki baqraZe
qarTveli futuristebi 311
bela wifuria
refleqsia qarTul futurizmze
da akaki baqraZis Canawerebi 315
rusudan dauSvili
mestambe daviT xelaZe da ~deda-ena~ parizSi 320
portreti
soso tabucaZe
enismoqmedi: Tamaz Cxenkeli 329
gamoxmaureba
merab RaRaniZe
aTonis qarTuli monastris aRapebis dagvianebuli gamocema
[niko berZeniSvili, aTonis iverTa monastris aRapebi,
2007] 335
Temur jagodniSvili
xalxuri poeziis axali krebuli
[xalxuri poeziis anTologia, 2010] 345
miranda tyeSelaSvili
mxatvrul-biografiuli teqstebi XIX saukunis saqarTvelos gasagebad
[iona meunargia, Txzulebani, t. 1, 2010] 351
manana kvataia
teqstologiur inovaciaTa samyaroSi
[julieta gaboZe, akakis TxzulebaTa gamocemebi, 2009] 361
gaga lomiZe
totalitaruli gamocdilebis “mtanjveli mogoneba” [totalitarizmi da literaturuli diskursi, 2010] 370
axali wignebi 375
avtorebi 379
manana kobaiZe medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma
da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
statiaSi ganxilulia gansxvaveba labilurgardama-vali (TamaSobs) da gardamalabilurgardama-vali (xatavs) zmnebis morfo-logiur yalibebs Soris awmyos wris mwkrivebSi, agreTve, gansxvaveba labilurgardamavali zmnebis brunvacvale-bad obieqtsa (TamaSobs Wadraks) da gardamavali zmnebis brunvacvalebad obieqts Soris (xatavs suraTs).
sanam medioaqtiuri zmnebis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, mokled warmovadgenT zmnis klasifikacias, romelsac es statia eyrdnoba.
1. ZiriTadi morfologiuri yalibebi
qarTul zmnebs morfologiuri agebulebis mixedviT vyofT or ZiriTad jgufad:
1. umeSvelzmno zmnebi (R-Th da R-Th-i), sadac R
aR-niSnavs Zirs, Th ki Temis niSans (v-a-Sen-eb), agreTve xmovan--Sen-eb), agreTve xmovan-monacvle elements (v-dr-ek), aseve, vtiri tipis zmnebis
mwkrivis niSnad miCneul -i sufiqss. Th- simbolos mom-devno -i sufiqsi (R-Th-i) dinamikuri gardauvali zmnebis niSania (uRlebis meore tipi: vTb-eb-i, vwiTld-eb-i, vixrC-ob-i, ver-ev-i...).
2. meSvelzmniani zmnebi (R-Aux) (sadac R aRniSnavs Zirs
da Aux – damxmare zmnas).
meSvelzmnianebs vuwodebT yvela im zmnas, romelic dairTavs meSvel zmnas awmyos vinis rigis niSniT gamoxatuli pirveli piris formaSi: vwuxvar, vuyvarvar, vdgavar, da a.S. es zmnebi formiT statikuri zmnebia.
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lebriv, meSvel zmnas ver dairTaven (vcxovrob, vaSeneb, vkvdebi...). umeSvelzmnoebi umetesad TemisniSniani zm-nebia.
umeSvelzmnoebSi, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyofa gardamavali (vaSeneb tipis), e.w. labilurgardamavali (vTamaSob
ti-pis) da dinamikuri gardauvali (vTbebi tipis) zmnebi.
meSvelzmnianebsa da umeSvelzmnoebs Soris gardamaval safexurze dganan vtiri tipis zmnebi.
paradigmebis tipebis Camoyalibebisas mniSvnelovania aseve zmnis telikurobisa da atelikurobis sakiTxi, rac gansazRvravs zmnis unars dairTos an ver dairTos zmnis-wini myofadis mwkrivebSi (holiski 1979, tuiti 1993). zmna SeiZleba atelikuri iyos (uzmniswino myofadi), magram srul aspeqts gamoxatavdes.
rogorc meSvelzmnianebSi, aseve umeSvelzmnoebSi ga-moiyofa brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani da brunvaucvlel-subieqtiani zmnebi (cxrili pirveli).
cxrili pirveli
pirdapiri wyobis
zmnebi inversiuli wyobis zmnebi
umeSvelzm
-noebi
1. vaciveb, vTli B 1. maciebs C 2. veTamaSebi A 2. vejavrebi C 3. vTamaSob B 3. (*msiamovnebs) C 4. vtiri B 4. (*utiris) C meSvelzmnia -nebi
5. vwuxvar - wuxs B 5. (*uwuxs) C
6a. vCanvar - Cans
6b. vdgavar - dgas A 6a. ukvirs6b. vuyvarvar C 7. vwerivar - sweria A 7. vurCevnivar C 8. -cxela, - civa A 8. - sjera C
(cxrilSi laTinuri asoebiT sintaqsuri yalibebia mi-TiTebuli, rac qvemoT iqneba ganmartebuli).
akaki SaniZiseuli uRlebis mesame tipi aq warmodgeni-lia sam jgufad:
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
uTemisniSno zmnac. maTi ricxvi mcirea, sul aTamde zmnaa, xmarebis sixSiriTac ar gamoirCevian (JRers, Cqefs...). qve-moT ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT am sakiTxze.
(4) -i sufiqsianebi (vtiri)
(5) brunvacvalebadi subieqtis mqone meSvelzmnianebi (vwuxvar). aseTi dajgufeba saSualebas iZleva naTlad Camoyalibdes e.w. medioaqtiurebis, kerZod ki, mesame da meoTxe jgufis medioaqtiurebis morfologiuri niSnebi.
me-5 jgufi (meSvelzmniani medioaqtiuri) Zalian
mci-rericxovani jgufia, sul ramdenime zmnas moicavs (wuxs, duRs, yars, Tovs, Weqs, quxs, wvims...) da maTgan umetesoba usubieqtoa, magram es jgufi mainc gviCvenebs im SesaZle-blobas, rom meSvelzmnianebsac SeiZleba hqondeT brun-vacvalebadi subieqti.
danarCen meSvelzmnianebSi gamoiyofa brunvaucvleli subieqtis mqone jgufebi:
(6) mesame piris -s niSniani brunvaucvleli subieqtis
mqone meSvelzmnianebi (dgas – idga)
(7) statikuri vnebiTebi (afenia – efina), da bolos,
(8) uwyvetlis –od niSniani meSvelzmnianebi (sjera –
sjeroda, eSinia – eSinoda...).
xSirad uTemisniSno zmnebad miiCneva iseTi zmnebi, ro-goric aris dgas, wevs, devs, Rirs, sZuls, sjobs, surs, Surs, dums, Cans, Wirs, axsovs, uyvars, ukvirs, umZims...
aRwera ufro zusti iqneba, Tuki es zmnebi daxasiaTdebian rogorc meSvelzmnianebi da ara rogorc uTemisniSnoebi.
iseTi zmnebi, romlebsac arc meSveli zmna aqvT, arc
TemisniSani da romlebic awmyos vinis rigis formaSi
SiSvel fuZeze dairTaven piris niSnebs, sul ramdenimea. es zmnebia: vWam, vban, vatan, viyvan, vfxan, vqsov, vZov, vTxov, vwov. TviTon am zmnebSic –an da –ov warmoSobiT sufiqse-bia. rogorc Cans, es elementebi dResac sufiqsebad aRiqme-ba (Tofuria 2002:393-394; meliqiSvili 1979:87). amitom es zmnebi arc dialeqtebSi dairTaven raime damatebiT Temis niSans. swored es ganasxvavebs maT vwer zmnisagan, romelic dialeqtebSi Temis niSniT aris warmodgenili, salitera-turo enaSi ki niSani ara aqvs. vwer zmna am formiT, rogorc
es saliteraturo enaSia damkvidrebuli, uaRresad
iSvia-Ti gamonaklisia (meliqiSvili 1979:87).
meSvelzmnianebis calke jgufad gamoyofa axali ar aris.
besarion jorbenaZem qarTuli zmnis uRlebis ori Ziri-Tadi yalibi gamoyo, magram miuTiTa mesame
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niani) yalibis arsebobis Sesaxebac: ”aris mesame yalibic,
romelic SeiZleba iyenebdes vnebiTis an moqmedebiTis yalibs, da romelic markirebulia meSveli zmniT” (jor-benaZe 1991:123). akaki SaniZis uRlebis meoTxe tipis maxa-siaTebelic swored meSvelzmnianobaa. meSvelzmnianebis erTi nawili (vwuxvar jgufi) man uRlebis mesame tipSi gaaerTiana. am mcire jgufs Cven aq calke gamovyofT mexuTe jgufis saxiT. rogorc cnobilia, meoTxe jgufis zmnebic (vtiri, vicini, vtyui...) iCenen meSveli zmnis
ganviTare-bis tendencias da am niSniT gardamaval safexurze dganan TemisniSnianebsa da meSvelzmnianebs Soris.
2. sintaqsuri yalibebi
zemoT warmodgenil klasifikaciaSi zmnis TviTeul morfologiur tipTan calke mieTiTeba sintaqsuri yali-bic: A yalibis zmnebi saxelobiTbrunviani subieqtis mqone zmnebia, B yalibis zmnebs brunvacvalebadi subieqti aqvT, C yalibi ki inversiuli, micemiTsubieqtiani zmnebia.
micemiTbrunviani aqtantis subieqtad miCneva da am zmne-bis inversiulad miCneva dResac sakamaToa, Tumca am sakiTxs amjerad ar SevexebiT.
C yalibis zmnebi, miuxedavad imisa, aqvT Tu ara maT e. w. vnebiTis yalibi awmyos mwkrivebSi, danarCen mwkrivebs, Cveulebriv, vnebiTis yalibiT iwarmoeben. amitom aris varskvlaviT aRniSnuli mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe jgufis inversiulebi. maTi erTpiriani (magaliTad, wuxs) da orpi-riani (uwuxs) calebi uRlebis sxvadasxva models iyeneben:
wuxs – iwuxebs
uwuxs – Seuwuxdeba (da ara *uwuxebs an *Seuwuxs) (SaniZe 1980:475, meliqiSvili 2001:86; suxiSvili 2008:196)
saerTod, uRlebis mesame (vTamaSob) da mexuTe (vwux-var) jgufis zmnebi valentobis anda pirianobis matebas uRlebis sxva yalibze gadausvlelad Znelad axerxeben. sxva yalibi an awmyos mwkrivSive iCens Tavs (laparakobs – elaparakeba), anda sxva mwkrivebSi (wuxs/iwuxa – uwuxs/ Seuwuxda).
meoTxe jgufs am mxriv meti SesaZlebloba aqvs:
icinis/icina – ucinis/gaucina Civis/iCivla – uCivis/uCivla
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
kivis/ikivla – ukivis/ukivla
meSvelzmniani paraleluri formebis ( vtiri/vtiri-var) da uwyvetlis –od-ian warmoebasTan erTad (vtiri – vtirodi) swored es Tvisebac ganasxvavebs meoTxe jgufis
zmnebs (vtiri, vicini, vyviri... zmnebs) mesame
jgufis-gan (-eb/-ob/-av TemisniSnianebisjgufis-gan), agreTve mexuTe, meSvelzmniani medioaqtivebisgan.
inversiul zmnebs Soris gamonakliss Seadgenen
uRle-bis pirveli tipis Sesabamisi inversiuli zmnebi. isini moqmedebiTi zmnis morfologiur yalibs awmyos wris garda sxva mwkrivebSic inarCuneben da, danarCeni
inver-siuli zmnebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gadadian –eb-i tipis warmoebaze (mas amTqnarebs – daamTqnarebs – daamTqnara; Sdr. mas uwuxs – mas Seuwuxdeba – mas Seuwuxda...).
3. medioaqtiuri zmnebis gardamavlobis sakiTxi
statiis momdevno nawilSi swored medioaqtiur zmnebs vexebiT, anu zemoT warmodgenili klasifikaciis
mixed-viT, mesame (vcxovrob), meoTxe (vicini) da mexuTe (vwux-var) jgufis zmnebs. ganxiluli iqneba sakiTxi, aris Tu
ara medioaqtiuri zmnebis gamoyofa am zmnebis mxolod leqsikur-semantikuri an funqciuri kvalifikacia, Tu ar-sebobs formac, romelic maT ganasxvavebs danarCeni zmne-bisgan.
leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT medioaqtiuri
zmnebi dawvrilebiT aris Seswavlili holiskis mier da miRebulia daskvna, rom am klasis zmnebs aerTianebs leq-sikuri maxasiaTebeli. isini arian atelikuri zmnebi (ate-likuri zmnebiT gamoxatuli moqmedeba miznad ar isaxavs raime dasrulebuli Sedegis miRwevas) da swored am Tvise-bis gamo da am TvisebasTan erTad, gardauvali zmnebic (ho-liski 1979:393; 398-399).
rac Seexeba am zmnebis gardamavlobis sakiTxs, amis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. es gamowveulia, erTi mxriv, imiT, Tu rogor ganvsazRvravT zogadad gar-damavlobis kategorias, meore mxriv ki imiT, CaiTvleba Tu ara viTamaSeb/viTamaSe formebi vTmaSob tipis
forme-bis organul gagrZelebad.
akaki SaniZis mier Camoyalibebuli wesis mixedviT (brun-vacvalebadi pirdapiri obieqtis qona), medioaqtiuri
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nebis umravlesoba gardauvalia. arnold Ciqobava garda-mavlobis niSnad brunvacvalebadi subieqtisa da obieqtis qonas da, agreTve, aoristSi mesame piris mravlobiTSi –es sufiqss miiCnevda (Ciqobava 1998:49-50), magram medioaqti-urebs statikur gardauval zmnebad miiCnevda, radgan maT meore da mesame seriis formebs, aseve, myofadis wris for-mebs, ar miiCnevda am zmnebis uRlebis paradigmis organul gagrZelebad (Ciqobava 1998:82).
gardamaval zmnebad aris ganxiluli es zmnebi “did qar-Tul-inglisur leqsikonSi” (reifildi da sxv. 2006). am SemTxvevaSi gardamavlobis kriteriumi, upirveles yov-lisa, aris subieqtis brunvacvalebadoba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, akaki SaniZe medioaqtiur zmnebs gardauval zmnebad miiCnevs: “medioaqtivi zmnebi gardau-valia. pirdapiri obieqturi mimarTebis formebi aklia” (SaniZe 1980:305). Tumca imasac miuTiTebs, rom zogi medi-oaqtiuri zmna SeiZleba gardamavalic iyos, magaliTad TamaSobs, angariSobs... (SaniZe 1980:483).
gardauval zmnebad miiCnevs am zmnebs harisic da isic SeniSnavs: mesame tipis erTi da igive zmna SeiZleba garda-mavali iyos rogorc Tavisi amosavali struqturiT, aseve saboloo struqturiTac. aseTia, magaliTad, zmna Tama-Sobs gamoTqmaSi: is burTs TamaTama-Sobs. igive zmna, romelic
amosavali mniSvnelobiT gardamavalia, SeiZleba saboloo formiT gardauvali iyos: is TamaSobs (harisi 2009:186-187). amasTanave, is miiCnevs, rom mesame tipis zmnebis erT nawilSi sruliad gamoricxulia brunvacvalebadi obieq-tis arseboba, es zmnebi Tavisi amosavali mniSvnelobiT arian uobieqto zmnebi. magaliTad dasaxelebulia zmnebi: yiyinebs, xvixvinebs (harisi 2009:182; 231). harisi sxva Teo-riul aspeqtSi ganixilavs am sakiTxs, e.w. sawyisi, anu amosa-vali mniSvnelobisa (siRrmiseuli, semantikuri) da sabo-loo funqciis (gramatikuli gamoxatvis) urTierTSedare-bis TvalsazrisiT, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi zmnebic ki iTavseben drois an viTarebis garemoebis funqciis mqone brunvacvalebad saxelebs (afridoniZe 1998:14-15). marT-lac, sruliad SesaZlebeli aseTi formac: bevrs yiyinebs.
gardamavlobis Seswavlis istoria dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli murman suxiSvilis gamokvlevaSi “gardamavali zmnebi qarTulSi” (suxiSvili 1986:3-33).
m. suxiSvilis mixedviT, medioaqtiurebis meore seriis formebi (daiZina, gaicina...) gardamavali zmnebia.
marTa-medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
lia maT dakarguli aqvT pirdapiri obieqti, magram zmnas SenarCunebuli aqvs gardamavali zmnis forma da swored amitom aris subieqti moTxrobiT brunvaSi da ara am zmne-bis Sinaarsis gamo (suxiSvili 1986:107). amitom mesame ti-pis zmnebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT qarTuli enis aqtiu-ri wyobis enad miCneva ar unda iyos marTebuli (iqve: 111-116). aRsaniSnavia, rom aqtiurobis Teoriis momxreebmac aRiares, rom am zmnebis subieqtis moTxrobiTi brunviT markirebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori ar aris subieqtis an zmnis semantika (harisi 1982:304-305).
aris Sexedulebac, rom gardamavloba SeiZleba gagebu-li iqnes rogorc SedarebiTi kategoria, kontinuumi. zmna SeiZleba iyos metad an naklebad gardamavali. gardamav-lobis dasadgenad gamoyofilia daaxloebiT aTi semanti-kuri kriteriumi, magaliTad, aqtiuri – araaqtiuri, nebis mqone – uneblie, telikuri – atelikuri, da a.S. (hoperi da Tompsoni 1980:252).
amasTan dakavSirebiT, sakamaTod miiCneva isic, SeiZleba Tu ara meore da mesame seriis formebis miCneva am zmnebis pirveli seriis mwkrivebis organul gagrZelebad. akaki Sa-niZis SexedulebiT, am zmnebma gamoiyenes moqmedebiTi gva-ris saTaviso qcevis modeli II seriis mwkrivebis sawarmo-eblad. nasesxebad, araorganulad MmiiCnevs am mwkrivebs bevri sxva mkvlevari (gogolaSvili 1988:145). akaki SaniZe imasac miuTiTebda, rom mesame seriaSi es ori sxvadasxva pa-radigma erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia (SaniZe 1980:476):
akankalebs – ukankalebia, Sdr. kankalebs - ukankalia.
damTxveva, ufro sworad, gamouyenebeli carieli modelis datvirTva funqciiT, mxolod meore seriaSi SeimCneva.
meore TvalsazrisiT, didi xania es modeli ukve srulyo-filad funqcionirebs rogorc medioaqtiuri zmnebis para-digmis organuli nawili (nozaZe 1974:25-51; meliqiSvili 2001:85). damana meliqiSvili am zmnebs avtoaqtivebs uwo-debs (2001 wlis gamocemaSi gamoyenebulia termini avto-tivi) da wers “isini Sinaganad Seicaven pirdapir obieqts (...amefebs is mas, magram mefobs is TviTon) da zedapirze arasruli konstruqcia aqvT. amitom Tumca maT absolutu-ri agebuleba aqvT, kanonzomieabsolutu-ria, rom myofad-wyvetilis jgufis mwkrivebs isini awarmoeben i-prefiqsis saSuale-biT, romelic avtotivebSic da vnebiTebSic refleqsivis niSania, xolo aqtivSi sasubieqto versiis funqcias iZens” (meliqiSvili 2001:84).
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TviTon awmyos mwkrivebic dRevandeli formiT Sedare-biT axali warmonaqmnia. medioaqtiuri zmnebi “Zveli qar-Tuli enis SedarebiT gviandel werilobiT ZeglebSi das-turdeba.” ix, r. enuqaSvili, saSuali gvaris zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi (sakandidato disertaciis avtoreferati ru-sul enaze, Tbilisi, 1974) (damowmebulia wignidan suxiS-vili 1986:112).
Zvel qarTulSi aseTi zmnebi i- prefiqsiT iwarmoebdnen awmyos formebs:
ibrdRuens, iswavebs, ilocavs da msgavsi formebi awmyos mniSvnelobas gamoxatavda. “am tipis zmnaTa i- prefiqsiani formebi, iseve rogorc pirveli sruli diaTezis da meore diaTezis zmniswiniani formebi momaval droSi gadai-ricxnen” (meliqiSvili 2001:84-85), awmyos funqciis gamo-saxatad ki axali warmoebis formebi damkvidrdnen.
medioaqtiuri zmnebis awmyos formebi ganviTarda, ro-gorc organuli Semavsebeli im carieli adgilisa, rome-lic gamoCnda sistemaSi xmovanprefiqsiani formebis myo-fadSi gadaricxvis Sedegad.
es procesi dResac mimdinareobs. igebs – gebulobs, iTxovs – Txoulobs, ibrZvis – brZolobs da msgavsi
wyvi-lebi am mimdinare procesis Sedegad Tanaarseboben enaSi. amaTgan zogi ukve saliteraturo enis sruluflebian na-wilad iqca, zogi forma ki (magaliTad, hkarnaxobs, hpasux-obs) dResac ukanono axalmosaxled aris miCneuli da sali-teraturo enaSi yofnis uflebas moklebulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve didi xania enis organul nawilad iqca da uaRresad angariSgasawevi da Rvawlmosili enaTmecniere-bi urCeven normeenaTmecniere-bis damdgenT, rom swor formad aRiaron isini (WumburiZe 2007:95-101).
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar ganvixilavT aris Tu ara qarTuli ena aqtiuri wyobis ena an ergatiuli wyobis ena. es, ra Tqma unda, garkveulwilad amosaval gansazRvrebaze SeTanxmebis sakiTxia da exeba imas, Tu ramdenad miesadage-ba mocemuli enis agebulemiesadage-ba akuzatiuri enis, aqtiuri enis, anda ergatiuli enis gansazRvrebad miCneul debulebas, ufro zustad, ramdenad miesadageba konkretuli enis age-buleba Teoriulad agebul sqemas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos namdvili akuzatiuri, ergatiuli Tu aqtiuri ena. ama Tu im konkretuli enis monacemebi iSviaTad emTxve-va idealur sqemas. xSirad pirveli da meore piris nacemTxve-val- nacval-saxelebi sxvagvarad iqcevian, vidre mesame pirisa, zogjer
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
gansxvavebulia markirebis sistema gramatikuli sqesis mix-edviT, sulieris da usulos mixmix-edviT, zmnis gramatikuli drois mixedviT, erTmaneTs ar emTxveva aqtantebis brunvis niSniT markireba da maTi piris niSnebis ganawileba da a.S. ama Tu im enis masalis axlos Seswavla xSirad aaSkaravebs, rom erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli tipebis garda xSirad aris warmodgenili raRac Sualeduri Tvisebebis mqone sistemebic. qarTuli enis aqtiur enad miCnevis Sesax-eb SexedulSesax-eba dawvrilSesax-ebiT aris ganxiluli da gakriti-kebuli murman suxiSvilis gamokvlevaSi (suxiSvili 1986). TviTon harismac, romelic qarTuli enis wyobaSi aqtiuri enis niSnebs xedavda, calke statia miuZRvna am sakiTxs da daaskvna, rom semantikuri niSniT ar xerxdeba qarTuli zm-nebis dayofa da rom Tu moTxrobiTi brunva iCens Tavs ama Tu im konstruqciaSi, es aucileblad gramatikuli faqto-rebiT aris gaSualebuli (harisi 1982:304).
amgvarad, aq bevri rTuli sakiTxi iyris Tavs, magram am statiaSi vexebiT or konkretul sakiTxs:
1. gansxvavdeba Tu ara medioaqtiuri zmnebis badi obieqti moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis brunvacvale-badi obieqtisgan semantikurad an sintaqsurad.
2. gansxvavdeba Tu ara medioaqtiuri zmnebis awmyos fuZis agebuleba moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis awmyos fuZis age-bulebisgan.
rogorc Cans, orive SekiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gae-ces. Tumca, amave dros, cxadia am zmnebis gansxvavebuloba gardauvali zmnebisganac, romlebic ZiriTadad –Th-i da-boloebiT an meSveli zmniT arian markirebuli qarTul-Si. medioaqtiuri zmnebi gardamavlobis mixedviTac Sua-ledur safexurze dganan gardamaval telikur zmnebsa da gardauval telikur zmnebs Soris. gardamavlobis katego-riis warmodgena mkacri diqotomiis saxiT am zmnebis Tvi-sebebis fonze problemuri Cans.
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4. brunvacvalebadi obieqti da gardamavlobis sakiTxi medioaqtiur zmnebSi
axla davubrundebi isev im sakiTxs, Tu TviTon awmyos formebSi rogor ganasxvavebs ena, erTi mxriv, uRlebis pir-veli tipis zmnebis micemiTbrunvian pirdapir obieqts da, meore mxriv, medioaqtiurebis micemiTbrunvian pirdapir obieqts. TavisTavad es faqti ucnauri ar unda iyos, radga-nac am ori sxvadasxva yalibis zmnebis pirdapiri obieqtebi erTmaneTisgan semantikiTac gansxvavdebian. medioaqtiuri zmnebis SesaZlo pirdapiri obieqti naklebad konkretu-lia da naklebad ganicdis raime cvlilebas zmniT gamoxa-tuli moqmedebis Sedegad (magaliTad, TamaSobs Wadraks, ambobs simarTles...Sdr.: wers werils, acxobs purs, aSenebs saxls...).
brunvacvalebadi obieqti, romelic Seewyoba
medi-oaqtiur anu labilurgardamaval zmnebs, Tavisi bunebiT
gansxvavdeba gardamavali zmnis brunvacvalebadi obieq-tisgan.
Tu moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnisagan (magaliTad, nino su-raTs xatavs), SesaZlebelia vnebiTi gvaris zmnis
warmo-eba, sadac yofili pirdapiri obieqti (suraTi) ikavebs sub-ieqtis adgils (suraTi ixateba), labilurgardamavali
zmnisgan aseTi formis warmoeba Znelia. magaliTad, nino kalaTburTs TamaSobs – am formisgan sakmaod xelovnuri
iqneboda aseTi formis warmoeba: *kalaTburTi iTamaSe-ba, Tumca ki SesaZlebelia matCi TamaSdeiTamaSe-ba, anda
SesaZle-blobis vnebiTis warmoeba (aq kalaTburTi ar iTamaSeba)
(SaniZe 1980, suxiSvili 1986, asaTiani da sxv. 2007:6-9). am gansxvavebis Sesaxeb relaciuri gramatikis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT wers harisic (2009).
aris mosazrebac, rom brunvacvalebadi obieqtis da, agreTve, drois an viTarebis garemoebis funqciis mqone brunvacvalebadi saxelebis gaTvaliswineba (TamaSobs be-vrs, iTamaSa bevri) “garkveul koreqtivs Seitans e.w.
medi-oqtiuri zmnebis kvalifikaciaSi gardamavlobis Tval-sazrisiT” (afridoniZe 1998:14-15). marTlac, garegnulad isini erTmaneTs Zalian hgvanan, magram mainc unda aRiniS-nos maT Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis arsebobac. upirve-les yovlisa ki, piris niSniT zmnaSi gamoxatvis sxvadasx-va unari. qvemoT ganvmartavT, Tu ras vgulisxmob, roca pirdapiri obieqtis piris niSniT gamoxatvas vaxseneb.
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
cnobilia, rom qarTulSi obieqturi piris gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebaa, erTi mxriv, pirvel-meore pirsa da, meore mxriv, mesame pirs Soris. pirveli da meore
turi piri zmnaSi niSans iCens, miuxedavad imisa, es obieq-turi piri pirdapiria Tu iribi. mesame pirSi ki gansxvave-baa pirdapirobieqturi da iribobieqturi piris
gamoxat-vis mixedviT. axal qarTulSi mesame iribobieqturi piri niSans iCens (is ninos werils s-wers), mesame pirdapirobieq-turi piri ki niSans ver iCens (is moTxrobas ø-wers). axali qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel qarTulSi mesame
obieq-turi piris gamoxatvisas gansxvaveba iyo ara pirdapir da irib obieqtur pirebs Soris, aramed micemiTbrunvian da saxelobiTbrunvian obieqtebs Soris. micemiTbrunviani
obieqti mesame pirSi prefiqsiT iyo warmodgenili, miuxe-davad imisa, is pirdapiri obieqti iyo Tu iribi. gansxvave-ba pirdapir da irib obieqtebs Soris daCndeboda mxolod meore seriaSi, sadac saxelobiTbrunvian obieqts piris ni-Sani ar hqonda, iribi obieqti ki, romelic micemiT brunvas meore seriaSic inarCunebda, piris niSansac inarCunebda.
es viTareba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zog Tanamedrove dialeqtSic aris SemorCenili (fSaurSi, mTiulur-guda-mayrulSi, moxeurSi...). am dialeqtebSi mesame obieqturi piris gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT dResac erT mxares dganan micemiTbrunviani obieqtebi, meore mxares ki saxelobiT-brunviani obieqtebi. zmnaSi piris niSnis gaCenis unariT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian ara mesame piris pirdapiri da iribi obieqtebi, aramed mesame piris saxelobiTbrunviani da micemiTbrunviani obieqtebi. mesame piris
micemiTbrun-viani obieqti pirvel seriaSi piris niSniT aris zmnaSi aR-niSnuli, meore seriaSi ki, rogorc ki obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi aRmoCndeba, is kargavs obieqturi piris niSans:
awmyo: is s-Tlis vaSl-s myofadi: is ga-s-Tlis vaSls wyvetili: man ga-ø-Tala vaSli. awmyo: is s-wuravs sarecxs myofadi: is ga-s-wuravs sarecxs wyvetili: man ga-ø-wura sarecxi.
mesame obieqturi piris niSnebis aseTi ganawileba serie-bis mixedviT norma iyo Zveli qarTul enaSi da is dResac normaa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebSi.
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SeiZleba aq imasac hqondes mniSvneloba, rom pirvel se-riaSi mimdinare procesia aRwerili, sadac obieqti gar-daqmnis process ganicdis, meore seriaSi ki es procesi ukve dasrulebulia. aq aspeqtis sakiTxic Semodis, Tumca am problemas aq veRar ganvixilavT.
erTi da imave zmnis gardamavlobis sxvadasxva xarisxisa da safexuris gramatikuli asaxva sxva enebSic aris aRweri-li. qarTulis msgavsad dasrulebuli warsulis droebSi ergatiuli konstuqcia dasturdeba indo-iranul enebSi (lazari 2010:306). pirdapir obieqtze momxdari gavle-nis xarisxis gansxvaveba obieqtis sxvadasxva brunviT aris markirebuli finurSi, magaliTad: dawera werili (aku-zativi), werda werils (partitivi) (hoperi da Tompsoni 1980:262).
swored pirdapir obieqtze uSualod mimdinare moqmede-bis gamoxatulebaa mesame piris micemiTbrunviani pirdapi-ri obieqtis aRniSvna pipirdapi-ris niSniT pirveli sepirdapi-riis mwkpirdapi-ri- mwkri-vebSi. meore seriaSi ki, sadac es procesi ukve dasrulebu-lia, mesame piris pirdapiri obieqti saxelobiTi brunviT aris warmodgenili da aRarc obieqturi piris niSani aqvs.
niSandoblivia, rom medioaqtiurebSi warmodgenili pirdapiri obieqtis msgavsi obieqti mTis dialeqtebSi zmnaSi niSans verc I seriis mwkrivebSi iCens:
is TamaSobs Wadraks da ara is *s-TamaSobs Wadraks is Takilobs mosvlas da ara is *sTakilobs mosvlas... cnobilia, rom Zvel qarTulSic pirdapiri obieqti
pirveli seriis zmnebis nawilSi piris niSniT aRiniSne-boda (xyofs, daxwers...), sxva zmnebSi ki ara (qadagebs-tipis zmnebSi) (sarjvelaZe 1997:77-80, §91, §95). swored gardamaval da labilurgardamaval zmnebs Soris gan-sxvavebis anarekli unda yofiliyo es movlena Zvel qar-TulSic.
Zveli qarTulisa da Tanamedrove dialeqtebis monace-mebsac rom Tavi davaneboT, qadagebs/TamaSobs tipis zm-nebis brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba myofadis warmoebiTac mJRavndeba, sadac medioaqtiuri zmnebi myo-fadSi ukuqceviTobis i- prefiqss dairTaven: iTamaSebs, icxovrebs..., pirveli tipis zmnebSi ki zmniswini awarmoebs momavals (a-aSenebs, da-xatavs) da ara ukuqcviTobis i- pre-fiqsiT. ase rom, am gansxvavebas aaSkaravebs ara marto enis istoriis an dialeqtebis monacemTa gaTvaliswineba, ar-amed TviTon saliteraturo enaSi arsebuli yalibebic.
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
akaki SaniZe gardamaval zmnebad miiCnevs Takilobs, angariSobs, xmarobs, qiraobs zmnebs da aRniSnavs, rom es zmnebi gardamavalia, Tumca ki medioaqtivis formaTa war-moebas iziareben (SaniZe 1980:483). is iqve imasac dasZens, rom “zogi zmna gardauvaladac ixmareba da gardamavala-dac, aseTebia galobs, glovobs, TamaSobs, laparakobs, na-nobs, ocnebobs, fiqrobs da sxv.” (SaniZe 1980:483). am yali-bis zmneyali-bis erTi nawili I diaTezis sruli uRleyali-bis zmneb-Si aqvs warmodgenili damana meliqiSvilsac (meliqiSvili 2001:317, paradigma 32).
unda iTqvas, rom brunvacvalebadi obieqti verc am
zm-nebTan iCens piris niSans im dialeqtebSi, sadac
gardama-vali zmnebis micemiTbrunviani pirdapiri obieqti dRe-sac piris niSniT aris gamoxatuli. fSaurSi, mTiulurSi, moxeurSi formebi *s-Takilobs, *h-qiraobs, *h-glovobs..., Cveulebriv, ar dasturdeba. Cveulebrivia Takilobs, qira-obs, glovobs... formebi. am zmnebs awmyos wreSic labilur-gardamavali zmnis forma aqvT da awmyos wris garda sxva mwkrivebsac swored labilurgardamavalTa analogiurad iwarmoeben.
aSkaraa, rom, vnebiTis yalibis zmnebis msgavsad, maT Soris, deponensebsac, SeuZliaT aqtiuri moqmedebis gamoxatva, medioaqtiur zmnasac SeswevT amis unari. am
SemTxvevaSic medioaqtiuri zmnis brunvacvalebadi obi-eqti inarCunebs garkveul gansxvavebebs moqmedebiTi gva-ris yalibis zmnis brunvacvalebad obieqtTan SedarebiT. es gansxvaveba dakavSirebulia ara marto zmnis semantikas-Tan, telikuria zmna Tu atelikuri (telikuri da ateli-kuri zmnebis Sesaxeb holiski 1979: 392-396), aramed mor-fologiuradac aris gamoxatuli.
rogorc Cans, Znelia, rom medioaqtiuri zmnebi Se-fasdes rogorc an mxolod gardamavali da an mxolod gardauvali zmnebi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki erTaderT kriteriumad miviCnevT brunvacvalebadi pirdapiri obi-eqtis qonas, medioaqtiurebi mainc inarCuneben gansx-vavebas rogorc gardamavali, aseve gardauvali zmnebi-sgan. maTi brunvacvalebadi pirdapiri obieqti Sinagan obieqtad rCeba.
marTalia, aris Sexeduleba, rom gardamavloba mxolod da mxolod mkacri diqotomiis saxiT unda warmovidginoT, magram, rogorc Cans, ar SeiZleba Sualeduri safexurebis gamoricxva. ama Tu im enis masalis axlos Seswavla xSirad
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aaSkaravebs, rom, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli tipebis garda, xSirad aris warmodgenili raRac Suale-duri Tvisebebis mqone sistemebic. amitom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac ama Tu im kategoriaze laparakoben, xSirad kontiniumis cnebac SemoaqvT, maT Soris gardamav-lobis Sesaxebac (hoperi da Tompsoni 1980:252-256). medio-aqtiurebi gardamavlobis mixedviT Sualedur safexurze dganan gardamaval, gardauval da gardamaval ukuqceviT formebs Soris.
aseTive daskvna, Tumca sxva safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, mo-cemulia lazaris statiaSic:
“gardamavlobis koncefciis mixedviT, romelic SeiZle-ba Skalis saxiT warmovsaxoT, zmnaTa 1 klasi TavsdeSeiZle-ba mis erT boloSi, me-2 klasi _ meore boloSi, xolo me-3 da me-4 klasebi _SuaSi (maT intervalSi). mTeli es sistema xas-iaTdeba mwyobri regularobiT” (lazari 2010:318).
saSuali zmnebis brunvacvalebadi obieqti “Sinagan obi-eqtad” rCeba maSinac, roca is realurad aris warmodgenili winadadebaSi. micemiTbrunviani obieqti am zmnebSi piris niSans ver iCens. amis garda, am yalibis TemisniSnian zmnebs awmyoSi yalibis Seucvlelad ar SeuZliaT xmovanprefiq-siani formis warmoeba (TamaSobs – eTamaSeba/uTamaSebs).
myofadis wresa da meore seriaSi swored ukuqceviTobis i- prefiqsis gamoCena qmnis adgils Sinagani obieqtis Ses-anarCuneblad. swored es iwvevs subieqtis moTxrobiTi brunviT aRniSvnas meore seriaSi da ara zmnis an subieqtis semantikis Tavisebureba. zmnis formisgan damoukideblad moTxrobiTis gamoCena mxolod zog dialeqtSi da Tanac mxolod zogierT calkeul zmnaSi Tu xdeba: kacma adga, kacma wavida tipis magaliTebi. aseT magaliTebSic zogjer sxva sintaqsur movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme (am kacma adga da uTxra).
statiis momdevno nawilSi ganxilulia, Tu ra ganasxva-vebs uRlebis pirveli tipisa da mesame tipis zmnebis for-mas.
5. mesame (cxovrobs, TamaSobs) da meoTxe (tiris, ici-nis) jgufis zmnebis awmyos forma
dinamikur gardauval zmnebs aqvT Tavisi morfolo-giuri niSani: -eb-i, -ob-i an -ev-i sufiqsebi. am sufiqsebiT daboloebuli zmnebi gardauvali zmnebia da brunvaucv-leli subieqti aqvT.
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
garda -eb-i, -ob-i da -ev-i marcvlebiT daboloebuli
zmnebisa yvela sxva umeSvelzmno zmnas brunvacvalebadi
subieqti aqvs (gamonaklisia inversiuli zmnebi,
romle-bic an micemiTsubieqtianad unda CaiTvalos, anda usubieq-tod; mag.: Tinas axvelebs, Tinas daaxvela).
meSvelzmnianebi qmnian gardauvali statikuri zm-nebis yalibs (vwevar, vdgavar, vzivar, vuyvarvar, vZul-var...), romlebsac brunvaucvleli subieqti aqvT. rogorc zemoTac aris aRniSnuli, meSvelzmnianebis erTi mcire jgufi brunvacvalebadsubieqtiania (vwuxvar, vduRvar...)
brunvacvalebad subieqtian zmnebSi erTmaneTisgan gairCeva ori didi jgufi: telikuri zmnebi (moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi), romlebsac SeuZliaT, rom myofadi zm-niswiniT anda formis Seucvlelad iwarmoon (WumburiZe 1986:85-130) da atelikuri zmnebi (saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis nawili), romlebic myofadis formebs xmo-vani prefiqsiT iwarmoeben. saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi uRlebis mesame tipSia moqceuli SaniZis klasifi-kaciiT (SaniZe 1980:489). damana meliqiSvilis mixedviT ki pirveli diaTezis statikur arasrul konstruqciad aris warmodgenili (meliqiSvili 2001:69).
statiis am nawilSi naCvenebia Tu ra morfologiuri
niSnebi aqvs medioaqtiur zmnebs awmyos mwkrivSi da ro-gor gansxvavdebian isini swored Tavisi formiT (da ara marto funqciiT) moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebisgan.
akaki SaniZe wers:
“ra aqvs saerTo mediums aqtivTan? – is, rom garegnulad masac iseTive saxe aqvs, rogorc moqmedebiTs: “trialebs” da “atrialebs” garegnulad erTmaneTisgan a-Ti gansxvav-debian, magram a- ar aris sazogadod iseTi niSani, rom imis mixedviT gvarebs varCevdeT, Torem “wers” da “awers” an “wevs” da “awevs” sxvadasxva gvaris zmnebi iqneboda. “qris” da “xris” erTnairad nawarmoebi zmnebia, magram erTi gva-risa ar arian. wevs ”wolis” mniSvnelobiT da wevs “gawevis” mniSvnelobiT erTnairad JReren, magram sxvadasxva gvars ekuTvnian...
saSuali gvari morfologiurad moqmedebiTisganac gansxvavdeba da vnebiTisganac: moqmedebiTisagan fun-qciiT, vnebiTisagan formiT. Tu gansxvavebis nacvlad ms-gavsebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, unda vTqvaT: saSual zmnas forma moqmedebiTisa aqvs, funqcia _ vnebiTisa...” (SaniZe 1980:304).
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marTlac, moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebsa da medioaqtiu-rebs Soris ara Cans iseTi TvalsaCino ganmasxvavebeli niSani, rogoric brunvaucvlel subieqtian da brun-vacvalebad subieqtian zmnebs Soris aris, magram gark-veuli gansxvaveba maT Soris mainc SesamCnevia. besarion jorbenaZem qarTuli zmnis uRlebis ori ZiriTadi ya-libi gamoyo, magram SeniSnavs, rom moqmedebiTis da
sa-Suali gvaris yalibebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia
(jorbenaZe 1988:175-186).
gasakviri ar aris, rom es gansxvaveba iseTi didi wyal-gamyofiT ar aris gamokveTili, rogorc brunvaucvlel subieqtian da brunvacvalebad subieqtian zmnebs Soris. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi da medioaqtiurebi, ase Tu ise, mainc axlos dganan erTmaneTTan. orives brunvacva-lebadi subieqti aqvs da Tu iribis garda sxva obieqti daudasturda, isic brunvacvalebadia, magram gansxvave-ba mainc xelSesaxebia.
marTalia, mesame piris formebi (magaliTad, wevs da wers) erTmaneTs hgvanan, magram swored meSvelzmniano-ba gaarCevs am konkretul wyvilebs erTmaneTisgan, rac pirveli da meore piris formebSi daCndeba (Sdr. vwer da vwevar; vxri da vqri/vqrivar). rac Seexeba trialebs da atrialebs formebs, maT Soris gansxvavebas swored a- prefiqsis darTvis unaris qona-uqonloba qmnis, mag-ram unda aRiniSnos, rom is –eb Temis niSanic, romelic
trialebs formaSia warmodgenili, Tavisi bunebiT
gansxvavebulia atrialebs formaSi warmodgenili –eb
Temis´niSnisgan. mesame jgufis zmnebSi warmodgenili –eb Temis niSani Canacvlebadia –ob Temis niSniT: tri-alebs – trialobs, bibinebs - bibinobs, pirvel jgufSi
ki es SeuZlebelia: atrialebs - *atrialobs (jorbenaZe
1988). mesame seriaSi maTi gansxvavebuli qcevis Sesaxeb zemoTac aRvniSneT (SaniZe 1980:476).
zmnebis es ori didi jgufi (tradiciuli
termino-logiiT, moqmedebiTi gvarisa da saSual-moqmedebi-Tebi gvaris zmnebi) erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian an afiqsaciiT, anda erTnairi afiqsaciis SemTxvevaSi, Ziris fonematuri struqturiT.
aq warmovadgenT cxrils, sadac naCvenebia, erTi mxriv, uRlebis pirveli tipisa (aSenebs, Tlis) da, meore mx-riv, uRlebis mesame (cxovrobs) da meoTxe tipis (tiris,
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
icinis) zmnebis fuZis agebuleba. maT Soris gansxvaveba TvalsaCinoa. magaliTad, umarcvlo Ziris momdevno –i sufiqsi, Cveulebriv, Temis niSania, xolo marcvlovani Ziris momdevno –i sufiqsi labilurgardamavali zmnis awmyos formas awarmoebs (mag.: yvir-i-s), magram Tu mar-cvlovani Ziris bolo segmenti ara cali TanxmovniT, aramed Tanxmovnisa da sonoris mimdevrobiT mTavrdeba, maSin es –i sufiqsi mwkrivis niSani ki ar aris, aramed Te-mis niSania da zmna gardamavali yalibisaa; mag.: jRabn-i-s... (SaniZe 1980:393-394). Tuki meSvelzmnianebs da – eb-i sufiqsiT nawarmoeb zmnebs gamovricxavT, yvela da-narCen SemTxvevaSi umarcvlo Zirisgan nawarmoebi zmna, Cveulebriv, uRlebis pirveli tipis zmnaa. marcvlovani Zirisgan nawarmoebi gardamavali da labilurgardama-vali zmnebi ki erTmaneTisgan an afiqsaciiT gansxvavde-bian, anda Ziris struqturiT.
meore cxrilSi es modelebia warmodgenili. niSani + aRniSnavs formis mqoneblobas, niSani X aRniSnavs, rom forma ar dasturdeba. gardamaval (vaSeneb, vrecxav) da labilurgardamaval (vcxovrob, vcocav) umeSvelzm-noebs awmyoSi mxolod ori yalibi aRmoaCndaT sazi-aro, kerZod, uxmovanprefiqso marcvlovani Ziri+av,
sadac Ziri Seicavs i, o, an u-xmovans da, agreTve,
uTemi-sniSno warmoeba ramdensame zmnaSi.
prefiqsad miTiTebuli ø an a- aRniSnavs, rogor iwar-moebs zmna saarviso qcevis formas: xmovani prefiqsiT Tu xmovani prefiqsis gareSe. frCxilebSi miTiTebulia magaliTebi. CamoTvlilia gamonaklisebic. sadac yvela gamonaklisi ar aris dasaxelebuli, miTiTebulia maTi raodenoba. masalad gamoyenebulia zmnebis indeqsi, ro-melic warmodgenilia d. meliqiSvilis gamokvlevaSi (meliqiSvili 2001:271-346).
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cxrili meore
gardamavali da labilurgardamavali zmnis fuZeebis agebuleba pirdapiri wyobis zmnebSi
gardamavali zmnebi (uRlebis tipi 1) labiluri gardama-vlobis zmnebi (uRlebis tipebi 3 da 4) ø-umarcvlo Ziri-av (vxnav, vTxzav) + X ø-[marcvlovani Ziri,
a-s Semcveli]-av (Zaxavs,
kawravs)
+ X
gamonaklisi: qanavs
ø-[marcvlovani Ziri, e-s
Semcveli]-av + gamonaklisebi*:X
feTqavs, RvenTavs wveTavs, cekvavs ø-marcvlovani Ziri--av
(-i, -o an –u-xmovnis Sem-cveli)
(I tipi: xocavs, III tipi: cocavs)
+ +
ø-umarcvlo Ziri-ob (gmobs, spobs) (umarcvlo Zirebs mesame seriaSi –ob ar gadahyvebaT**) + X gamonaklisebi: xmobs, bWobs, grZ-nobs ø-marcvlovani Ziri—ob (TamaSobs, batonobs)*** X + ø-marcvlovani Ziri-eb (bibinebs, kankalebs) X gamonakli-sebi: vbrZaneb, vbadeb (sul rva zmna)**** + a-marcvlovani Ziri-eb
(akeTebs, aSenebs, aSene-binebs) + X a-SekumSuli umarcvlo Ziri-eb (aklebs, aswrebs) + X a-umarcvlo Ziri-eb (aRebs, agdebs) + X
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba a-umarcvlo Ziri-ob (akrTobs, albobs) + X a-Tanxmovani/Tanx. jgufi-en (aZvrens, awvens) + X a-umarcvlo Ziri-ev
(angrevs, arTmevs, arkvevs)
+ X
a-umarcvlo Ziri-am + X a-umarcvlo Ziri–i
su-fiqsi
(Tlis, Wris, fxvnis)
+ X
gamonaklisebi:
xtis, qris, Zrwis, krTis, TrTis
- ø-marcvlovani Ziri, romelic mTavrdeba erTze meti TanxmovniT da –i sufiqsiT
- (hfxaWnis, hkocnis)
+ X
ø-marcvlovani Ziri
damTavrebuli mar-tivi TanxmovniT da –i sufiqsiT (bRavis, kivis) X - gamonak-lisebi: hy-idis, stenis, wonis + ø-fuZedrekadebi (cveTs//cveTavs) + gamonaklisebi: X
frens, fSvens, qSens, Rrens ***** ø-arafuZedrekadi uTemisniSnoebi****** + sul aTiode Ziri (wers, Wams, bans, atans, iyvans, fxans, qsovs, Zovs, sTxovs, wovs) +
sul 5 Ziri: JRers, Cqefs, yefs, Zgers,
Sxefs
*e-gaxmovanebiani –av-TemisniSniani zmnebi,
Cveu-lebriv, gardamavali zmnebia. gamonaklisebia feTqavs, RvenTavs wveTavs, cekvavs. aris kidev erTi zmna Relavs, romelic –av TemisniSniania, Tumca -av fuZis nawiliviT
iqceva (iRelva). zmna nebavs inversiulia da SeiZleboda aq arc dasaxelebuliyo.
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**umarcvlo Zirebs mesame seriaSi Temis niSani ar
ga-dahyvebaT. es wesi moqmedebs yvela -eb, -ob da -am
TemisniS-nian umarcvlo ZirebTan.
pirveli da mesame tipis marcvlovani Zirebi mesame se-rias eb-niSnis qona uqonlobiT gaarCeven: aSenebs – au-Senebia. kankalebs – ukankalia. akaki SaniZe miuTiTebda, rom enaSi mesame seriaSi aris mcdeloba uRlebis pirveli da mesame tipebis gansxvavebisa (SaniZe 1980:476). Temis ni-SanTa ganawilebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevaSi b. jorbenaZe wers: “miuxedavad imisa, rom formobrivi struqtura (yalibi) mo-qmedebiTi da “saSuali” gvaris zmnebs identuri aqvs (a. San-iZe), Tavs iCens maTi gansxvavebis tendenciac, rac sxvadasxva Temis niSnis gamoyenebiTac vlindeba” (jorbenaZe 1988:185)
umarcvlo Zirebisgan -eb da -ob Temis niSniT medio-aqtiurebi ar iwarmoeba. amitom is faqti, rom umarcvlo
Zirebs -eb da -ob Temis niSnebi mesame seriaSi ar mihyvebaT, sistemas ar arRvevs. spobs – mouspia da TamaSobs – uTa-maSia Ziris struqturiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (umarcvlo gardamavalia, marcvlovani labilurgardama-valia).
rac Seexeba -av TemisniSnianebs, uRlebis pirveli tipis zmnebs SeuZliaT paraleluri formebi iwarmoon mesame se-riaSi: recxavs – gaurecxia/gaurecxavs, medioaqtiurebi ki am SesaZleblobas moklebuli arian: cocavs – ucocia (da ara ucocavs).
***fiqrobs, angariSobs da sxva zmnebi, romelic 32-e paradigmis saxiT moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs Soris aris warmodgenili damana meliqiSvilis gamokvlevaSi (meli-qiSvili 2001:317), mesame tipis uRlebaSi Semaqvs maTi formis gamo, agreTve maTi brunvacvalebadi damatebis Ta-viseburebis gamo, ris Sesaxebac zemoT iyo aRniSuli. maTi obieqti gardamavali zmnebis obieqtis msgavsad icvlis brunvas, magram maTi uRlebis paradigma mesame tipis zmnis uRlebis paradigmaa.
**** uxmovanprefiqso –eb TemisniSniani pirveli tipis zmnebia vbrZaneb, vbadeb, vpatiJeb, vwameb, vkadreb, vta-ceb, vtoveb, vmateb – es zmnebi sxva –eb Temis
niSnianebi-sgan gansxvavebiT a- prefiqsis gareSe iwarmoeben saarviso qcevis formas. Tumca vtaceb zmnis garda danarCenebs imis unaric aqvT, rom xmovani prefiqsi dairTon. garda amisa, vbrZaneb, vkadreb, vtaceb zmnebi gansxvavdebian danarCeni moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebisgan, an, ufro zustad, uRlebis
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
pirveli tipis zmnebisgan ramdenime sxva TaviseburebiTac, kerZod, myofadis wris mwkrivebis (da Sesabamisad, meore seriis mwkrivebis) warmoebiT.
***** labilurgardamaval zmnebs Soris fuZedrekadi zmnebis erTi mcire jgufic iCens Tavs. marTalia, jgufi frens, fSvens, qSens, Rrens fuZedrekadia da amiT pirveli tipis zmnebs waagavs, magram gansxvaveba is aris, rom pirve-li tipis zmnebs SeuZpirve-liaT -av Temis niSnis darTvisas
para-leluri formebi hqondeT: drekavs//drikavs, glejavs// glijavs... medioaqtiurebi ki e- gaxmovanebian fuZeze –av Temis niSans ver dairTaven: frinavs da ara frenavs, fSvinavs da ara fSvenavs... aqac Cans is kanonzomiereba,
romelic zeviTac iyo aRniSnuli: e- gaxmovanebiani fuZe
–av Temis niSniT uRlebis pirveli tipisTvis aris dam-axasiaTebeli, mesame tipisTvis ki gamonaklisi Cans.
****** uRlebis pirveli tipis bolo jgufSi CamoTv-lilia is mcirericxovani zmnebi, romlebic ver
iwar-moeben –av TemisniSnian formebs (vban da misT.).
magal-iTad, vTib, vCeC tipis zmnebi aq ar saxeldeba, radgan maT moepovebaT –av TemisniSniani calebi. vwer zmna aq salit-eraturo enis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT Semodis. faq-tobrivad ki masac SeuZlia -av Temis niSnis darTva: vwerav. rogorc am cxrilidan Cans, zmnebi, romlebic VCC-i
marcvlebiT bolovdebian, uRlebis pirveli tipis zm-nebia ramdenime gamonaklisis garda (es gamonaklisebia: vxti, vkrTi, vZrwi, vTrTi, frTxis, qris da Zveli
for-miT SenarCunebuli ramdenime zmna: iRwvis, ismis, ibrZvis, iltvis, iWirvis)
VC-i marcvlebiT daboloebuli zmnebi medioaqtiuri zmnebia da zmnebis meoTxe jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli (gamonaklisebia vyidi, vteni, vwoni).
erTi SexedviT saerTo models qmnian -av, -eb da -ob Te-mis niSanze daboloebuli moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi da medioaqtiurebi, magram aqac gamoiyofa ramdenime ganmasx-vavebeli niSani:
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, Tuki meSvelzmnianebs da –
eb-i sufiqsiT nawarmoeb zmnebs gamovricxavT, yvela da-narCen SemTxvevaSi umarcvlo Zirisgan nawarmoebi zmna, Cveulebriv, uRlebis pirveli tipis zmnaa.
marcvlovani Zirebisgan nawarmoeb -eb TemisniSnianebSi yvelaze TvalsaCino niSania a- xmovanprfiqsiani warmoeba
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gardamavali zmnebisa. swored a- xmovanprefiqsian war-moebas miiCnevs gardamavlebis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad m. suxiSvili (suxiSvili 1986:93-106). im gardamaval zmneb-Sic, romlebic neitralur qcevas xmovani prefiqsis gareSe iwarmoeben, aris adgili xmovani prefiqsisTvis (sxva qce-vis formebis an sazedao situaciis gamosaxatavad).
uRlebis mesame tipis zmnebis awmyos formaSi a- xmovani prefiqsis adgili ar aris da arc igulisxmeba. amiT
gansx-vavdeba is uRlebis sxva tipebisgan. Tu mesame tipis zmnas a- prefiqsi daerTo, is uRlebis pirveli tipis zmna xdeba anda inversias ganicdis, magaliTad: kankalebs – sicive ni-nos akankalebs/sicivem nino aakankala da am zmnis inversi-uli cali: ninos akankalebs/ninos aakankala. yalibis cvla
sxva xmovani prefiqsis darTvis drosac Sesalebelia.
mag-aliTad, kankalebs – ukankalebs – es erTi SexedviT aris erTi da igive zmna, magram ukankalebs sxva yalibis zmnaa: SiSi ninos xelebs ukankalebs – SiSma ninos xelebi aukan-kala; Tu zmna ukankalebs mesame tipis zmnis (kankalebs) xmovanprefiqsian calad moiqceva, maSin is aucileblad inversiulia da gardauvali zmnis yalibze gadadis: ninos xelebi ukankalebs – ninos xelebi aukankalda. es ukeTesad Cans –ob TemisniSnianebis CvenebiT. isini xmovani prefiq-sis darTvisTanave, rogorc wesi, -eb-ian warmoebaze gada-dian. pirdapir –ob TemisniSnian formaze xmovan prefiqss ver dairTaven. ZiriTadad asea, Tumca gamonaklisebic moinaxeba.
aris kidev ramdenime zmna (JRers, Cqefs, Zgers, Sxefs – zmnebi), romlebic arc fuZedrekadia, verc Temis niSans dairTaven da verc meSvel zmnas. rogorc Cans, swored imis gamo, rom isini ar arian fuZedrekadi zmnebi da ar moepove-baT -i gaxmovanebiani varianti, isini moklebuli arian Ses-aZleblobas, rom –av Temis niSani dairTon. moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnebs SeuZliaT –av Temis niSani e-gaxmovanebian fuZezec dairTon (CeCs – CeCavs, dreks – drekavs), me-dioaqtiurebs ki, rogorc Cans, es ar SeuZliaT. JReravs
iseTive forma iqneboda, rogorc fSvenavs. orive
SeuZle-beli formaa. fSvens zmnam i-gaxmovanebiani forma gamoiye-na Temis niSniani warmoebisTvis (fSvigamoiye-navs) da amiT Seigamoiye-nar- Seinar-Cuna sicocxlis unari, JRers zmnas, aseve, Cqefs, Zgers, Sxefs zmnebs ki amis saSualeba ara aqvT. swored amitomac SerCaT maT ase gansxvavebuli forma da wignuri stilis ieri.
dayrd-medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
nobiT gagverCia erTi mxriv, pirveli (akeTebs) da, meore mxriv, mesame (TamaSobs, kankalebs) da meoTxe jgufebis (icinis, yviris) zmnebi. mwkrivTa paradigmebis gaTval-iswinebiT maTi gansxvaveba isedac TvalsaCinoa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom medioaqtiuri zmnebis gamoyofis safuZveli ar aris mxolod leqsikur-semantikuri. am zmnebs Tavisi formac moepovebaT, romelic gansxvavdeba
rogorc gardauvali dinamikuri zmnebis R-Th-i yalibisa-gan, aseve gardauvali statikuri R-var da gardamavali zmnebis yalibisgan. gardamavali zmnebis yalibs SeiZleba pirobiT a/i/u-R-Th-ø an V-R-Th-ø yalibi vuwodoT (vakeTeb),
radgan maTi yalibis zmnebis awmyos formaSi aris adgili
a-prefiqsisTvis. mesame jgufis zmnebis yalibi SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes rogorc ø-/u-R-Th-ø (vkankaleb, vTamaSob), meo-Txe jgufisa ø-/u-R-i (vtiri, vtyui), (SeiZleba gamoCndes i- prefiqsic calkeul zmnaSi) da mexuTe jgufisa a-/u-R-Aux (vwuxvar, vdumvar).
gardamavali zmnebis awmyos formas aqvs a-xmovani pre-fiqsis adgili zmnis Ziris win (a-R-Th), gardauvali zm-nebis awmyos formas aqvs Temis niSnis momdevno –i-su-fiqsi (R-Th-i), medioaqtiurebs ki, kerZod, mesame da meo-Txe jgufebs, arc Temis niSnis momdevno –i sufiqsi aqvT da arc awmyoSi a-xmovani prefiqsis adgili (R-Th).
Cans, rom medioaqtiuri zmnebi ara marto semantikiT, aramed afiqsaciiT an, erTnairi afiqsaciis SemTxvevaSi, Ziris fonematuri struqturiT gansxvavdebian pirveli da meore tipis zmnebisgan.
daskvna
medioaqtiuri zmnebis gamoyofis safuZveli ara Cans mx-olod leqsikur-semantikuri anda funqciuri maxasiaTe-blebi. formis mixedviTac SeiZleba am zmnebis gansxvaveba, erTi mxriv, gardamavali zmnebis yalibisgan, meore mxriv, gardauvali zmnebis yalibisgan. am yalibSi eqcevian ara marto xmianobis an moZraobisa da mdgomareobis gamomx-atveli zmnebi, aramed sxva zmnebic.
qarTulSi erTmaneTisagan morfologiurad gansx-vavdeba gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebi. dinamikur
gardauval zmnebs aqvT –eb-i/-ob-i/-ov-i sufiqsi, sta-tikur gardauval zmnebs aqvT meSvelzmniani
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ba awmyos mwkrivis vinis rigis pirveli da meore piris formebSi.
gardamaval zmnebs ara aqvT –eb-i/-ob-i/-ov-i sufiqsi da arc meSveli zmna. maT SeuZliaT xmovani prefiqsis darTva zmnis yalibis Seucvlelad da sruli aspeqtis gamoxatva zmniswinis saSualebiT. gamoxataven telikur moqmedebas. Zvel qarTulSi da dResac ramdenime diale-qtSi SeuZliaT piris niSniT aRniSnon micemiTbrunviani pirdapiri obieqti pirvel seriaSi.
gardamaval da gardauval zmnebs Soris Sualedur safexurze dganan medioaqtiurebi anu labilurgardama-vali zmnebi. maT ara aqvT –eb-i/-ob-i/-ov-i sufiqsi,
SeiZleba hqondeT meSveli zmna. moqmedebas warmoadgenen rogorc atelikurs. uWirT xmovani prefiqsis darTva zm-nis yalibis Seucvlelad awmyos formaSi. ver dairTaven
a-prefiqss mTliani paradigmis Seucvlelad. ver iCenen piris niSans micemiTbrunviani pirdapiri obieqtis ms-gavsi aqtantis gamosaxatad. sruli aspeqtis formebs
uku-qceviTobis i- prefiqsiT iwarmoeben (samvalentian zmnebSi u-prefiqsiT). maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqti Tavisi
se-mantikiT umetesad arakonkretulia: TamaSobs fexburTs, Wadraks, laparakobs marTals, tyuils...
maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqti Tavisi morfologiiT
“Sinagan” obieqtad rCeba maSinac, roca is winadadebaSia warmodgenili. Zveli qarTulisa da zogi Tanamedrove
dialeqtis monacemebi adastureben gansxvavebas: Tu gar-damavali zmnis pirdapiri obieqti micemiT brunvaSia, is zmnaSi piris niSniT aris warmodgenili: is sTlis/sWris/ hqsovs/swers..., magram imave dialeqtebSi labilurgar-damavali zmnebis obieqts piris niSnis gaCenis unari ara aqvs: is TamaSobs/tyuis/tiris/Tavkacobs...
qarTulSi, rogorc Cans, gardamavlobis sxvadasxva xarisxi aramarto semantikurad, aramed morfologiu-radac aris gamoxatuli: zmnis fuZis agebulebiT da obi-eqturi piris niSnis qona-uqonlobiT. es ar aris unikal-uri movlena. gardamavlobis metnaklebi xarisxi, anda gardamavlobisa da ukuqceviTobis sxvadasxva saxis kom-binacia sxvadasxva enaSi sxvadasxva saSualebiT gamoix-ateba.
medioaqtiuri zmnebis forma da maTi brunvacvalebadi obieqtis Tavisebureba
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The Elements: a parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, including Papers from the Conference on Non-Slavis Languages of the USSR, Chicago Linguistic Society, Uni-versity of Chicago
hoperi da Tompsoni 1980: Paul J. Hopper & Sandra A. Thompson. Transitivity
in Grammar and Discourse, krebulSi: Language, vol. 56, N2, June 1980, gv. 251-299 (Linguistic Society of America)
