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Wha mo i a es

o ?

Exploring the underlying motivational factors

for participation in UGC contests on Instagram.

BACHELOR THESIS

THESIS WITHIN: B ine Admini a ion NUMBER OF CREDITS: 15 ECTS

PROGRAMME OF STUDY: Ma ke ing Managemen AUTHOR: Alice F ed ik on, Linnea Hallg en, Malin Vall J NK PING June 2021

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Acknowledgments

Fi a d f e , e d i e e e dee e g a i de a d b i ia ,

Je Ba , h ha a i ed i h he f g ida ce h gh he e i e e ea ch ce . She ha hed cha e ge e e , hich ha had a i ac he fi a e f hi d .

Sec d , e a i h e e a ecia i he a ici a f e i a g ,

h ided i h i igh f g ida ce a d e c aged c c i e c e a i d i g he jec .

Thi d , he i e ie ee h a i hi d ha e g ea e a ecia i . Thei c ib i f hei e e ie ce a d h gh ha e ided i h ef i igh hich ha e had i a ab e i a ce f he d .

La b ea , e d i e ha e e f he a a i g ea d i g he

h e ce a e a abi i c e a e a d each he d i g cha e gi g

i e . Tha !

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Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration

Title: Wha i a e ? - E i g he de i g i a i a fac f a ici a i i UGC c e I ag a

Authors: A ice F ed i , Li ea Ha g e , Ma i Va

Tutor: Je Ba

Date: 2021-05-17

Keywords: M i a i , U e -ge e a ed c e , I ag a , C e , Ga ifica i a d U e a d G a ifica i The

Abstract

Background: Th gh ece ea , he a f c e i i I ag a ha e

i c ea ed a d i a a a e i g f c a ie e. The g c e i i i

digi a a e i g ha ed he eed f b a d effec i e i i e hi a e i g a eg . H e e , ha i a e e a ici a e i a bjec ha ac e i e ea ch. He ce,

he e i f ha i a e he e a ici a e e ai .

Purpose: The e f hi d i , he ef e, e e he i a i a fac f e

i he age be ee 16-25, hich ead a ici a i i c e I ag a . F he , hi e ea ch addi i a ai ceed i h he edge f UGC a d a i e iga e h c a ie ca e he a ea ed i a i a fac he de ig i g a d f a i g c e .

Method: F hi a i a i e d , 15 i e ie e e c d c ed, i g a he e gica

i e ie a ach.

Conclusion: The ai c c i f he a a i a ha e e a i a i a fac e e

di c e ed ha had ea ie bee e e ed i e i e ea ch, he ig ifica e bei g he cia a ec . F he e, he i e f he i e a d he - i a i a fac

ed be f i a ce f he e . Sec d , fac e a i g e e ai e , ae he ic a d he de i e i e e ed be f high i a ce a e . La , e e a a age ia a ica i ha e a bee di c e ed ha c d he b i e e he f i g c e I ag a .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 4 1.1 Bac g d 5 1.2 Re ea ch P b e 6 1.3 Re ea ch P e 7 1.4 Re ea ch Q e i 7 1.5 De i i a i 7 1.6 Defi i i 8 2. Frame of Reference 8 2.1 Me h d f F a e f Refe e ce 9 2.2 U e Ge e a ed C e 9 2.2.2 B a d-Re a ed UGC a d i I ac B a d 11 2.3 C e O i e B a d-Re a ed Ac i i ie (COBRA) 12 2.4 Ga ifica i 14 2.4.1 M i a i a A ec f Ga ifica i 15 2.5 U e a d G a ifica i The 16 2.6 H a i a i he 18

3. Methodology & Method 19

3.1 Me h d g 20 3.1.1 Re ea ch Pa adig 20 3.1.2 Re ea ch A ach 21 3.1.3 Re ea ch De ig 21 3.2 Me h d 22 3.2.1 P i a Da a 22 3.2.2 Sa i g A ach 24

3.2.3 Phe e gica A ach 24

3.2.4 I e ie Q e i 27 3.2.5 Da a A a i 29 3.3 E hic 31 3.3.1 A i a d C fide ia i 31 3.3.2 C edibi i 32 3.3.3 T a fe abi i 32 3.3.4 De e dabi i 33 3.3.5 C fi abi i 34

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4. Findings 35 4.1 I ag a C e 35 4.2 The e f he E i ica Fi di g 37 4.3 S cia 38 4.3.1 S i g 39 4.3.2 Fi di g C e i i 39 4.3.3 Effec f S cia P e e 40 4.4 Wi i g 41 4.5 E e ai e 42 4.6 Ae he ic 43 4.7 I ica i f I ag a C e R e 44 5. Analysis 48 5.1 S cia 48 5.1.1 S i g 48 5.1.2 Fi di g C e i i 48 5.1.3 Effec f S cia P e e 49 5.2 Wi i g 49 5.3 E e ai e 50 5.4 Ae he ic 51 5.5 I ica i f I ag a C e R e 52 6. Conclusion 54 7. Discussion 56 7.1 C ib i 56 7.2 Ma age ia I ica i 56 7.3 Li i a i 57 7.4 F e Re ea ch 58 8. References 60 9. Appendices 71 9.1 A e di A 71 9.2 A e di B 72

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1. Introduction

1.1 Bac g

d

Whe c i g h gh I ag a feed , e i e i ca be fi ed i h c e

ab he a e b a d c e i i . U e af e e a ici a e , a d c e ca ge e e a h d ed f h a d f a ici a . A he a e i e, e c e i i fai c e e . Thi ai e he e i f ha a e e c e cce f , hi he fai . A d, ha

i a e he e a ici a e?

Hi ica , ad e i e e ha e bee c ea ed b ga i a i , ai ed be a i e ecei ed b he c e (Be h e a ., 2008). Me age i h he i e f i f i g, e i di g, a d e adi g he c e ha e bee he i ci a de f c ica i . H e e , M i chi (2019) de c ibe ha i f a i he digi a a f ha e d i e f b i he -ce ic c e -ce ic, gge i g a hif i h b a d- e a ed c e

a cia edia. Thi a f a i a d eb 2.0 a d digi a a e i g ha e i c ea ed he i a ce f U e -ge e a ed C e (UGC) a d e ec ic d- f- h (eWOM), c a adi i a ad e i i g c ed b he c a . Diffe e i d f

UGC a d eWOM ha e h ha e a i i e i ac b i e e a e a c e

cha e deci i (Che a ie & Ma i , 2006; Ji & Ph a, 2014). He ce, c e e

a d he i i ided b he c e e he i f a i e e ed b he

c a i e f (Bic a & Schi d e , 2001).

A a c e e ce, f c a ie ha e a ed i e hei cia edia a e i g

i h a i ch a i f e ce a e i g a d ca aig i c ea e UGC (M i chi, 2019). Th gh ece ea , he a f c e i i I ag a ha e i c ea ed,

a d i a a a e i g f c a ie e. I ag a i a cia edia

a f f ded i 2010, a d i i e f he fa e -g i g e i he d

(He a e a ., 2019). The ef e, hi a f i i e e a hed igh da . Th , I ag a i a i ab e a f f ad e i i g i h i a dai ac i e e a d i e

h - ha i g ech i e (S eda e a ., 2020) he e UGC i c . Acc di g Le i (2020), e e a diffe e a e i g a d ad e i i g a egie ca be a ied

I ag a b b a d c a ie . O e a ic a fa a ach i I f e ce

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f e b e e (O e & Sa dh e , 2019). I efe he c a ie

e e h ha e e - a f i e i e cha ge f he e gage hei f e

a d a e he a a e f he b a d (Sa i e a ., 2016). M e e , i i a ed ha i f e ce a e e f e i e b a d a a e e i ce he ea i c ea e a d

ec g i i a d hei f e b ha i g e a edia, c a ed he ai ea

ce eb i ie (O e & Sa dh e , 2019). C e e , acc di g cG i e (2016) c e i i I ag a ca be a efficie a eg gai i ibi i a d a e i f c a ie . S cce f c e ca effec i e he e a c a a ecific e e , a e a i c ea e he a a e e a d i e ac i be ee c e a d b a d (Mi baghe i & Naj i, 2018). M e e , I ag a c e ca a c ib e e I ag a f e f he acc i cha ge (Eg e , 2015), hich ha e e , a g

he , i c ea e he i abi i f he acc d c e ice (Aga , 2017).

F he e, he ge ge e a i a d f a chai a f he cia edia a die ce. S ecifica , i S ede , e be ee he age f 16-25 a e he g f e hich a e e e e ed he (I e e S if e e , 2020). K a d Ha e (2018) high igh ha I ag a i a ica ig ifica ace f ad e i i g a d he e a ge g . He ce,

h gh Ga ifica i I ag a , c a ie a e ab e each e ge e a i . H e e , fi di g a a ge g e e e gaged i he e i ea . I addi i , he e i f

ha i a e he a ici a e e ai .

A e e ed, UGC a d eW M ha e bee e ea ched ide a d h gh . De i e hi , b a d- e a ed UGC c e I ag a i a fai de - e ea ched ic. I de gai

de a di g ha i a e c e e gage i he e c e i i , hi d i

i e iga e b a d- e a ed UGC c e I ag a , a d ha i a e fe a e e i he age be ee 16-25 a ici a e. The c i a i f I ag a , a d he ece

i e f I ag a c e i i , a e hi ch ice f a e i g e e a i e iga e. F he e, i ce hi e i ed g a e he ac i e I ag a e i S ede , i ca be a ed ha hi g i a a aj i f h e a ici a i g i I ag a c e . The e a ec i c bi a i , a e hi ic i ab e f e ea chi g.

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1.2 Re ea ch P b e

A a ge e , ch a c e diffe e cia edia a f ha e i e a ici a i

f e a e e e ha ce he a ge f a c a a d i a g ea i a e i g

(K a & Mi cha da i, 2012). H e e , he ea h e c e ge a ide a ge f a ici a i a d ecei e addi i a a e i ha he i c ehe i e e a i ed. Acc di g , i e iga i ega di g he i e f c e e gage e i c e I ag a a e ece a i de de a d hich fac a d i ce i e affec e

a ici a e a d ha e c a e ad e i i g. F he e, ea i i g a d de a di g he e i e f c ea i g a d ha i g UGC i ig ifica f c a ie he he d ce

c e e a ed c e cia edia a f , ch a I ag a (Yi a &

E gi a a, 2015). Thi , i de i c ea e he ibi i ea i e a d i e a e i g e h d cia edia a f .

1.3 Re ea ch P

e

Thi e ea ch ai e e he i a i a fac f e i he age be ee 16-25, hich ead a ici a i i c e I ag a . Acc di g , he a e i e a i e ha i i ha e gage e a ici a i g i I ag a c e , a d h c e hi a ic a a f i a i ab e f c a ie a d hei a e i g ac i i ie .

F he e, he fi di g f hi d ai ide f he edge ab he c e

i fficie i f a i ha e i ega di g I ag a c e . Be ide , ec g i e i a i a fac a e a - i a i a fac f h e a ici a e i I ag a c e a d h c a ie ca a e e f he i f a i .

1.4 Re ea ch Q e i

F i g he a ed b e a d e, hi e ea ch ai d he de i g

i a i a fac f e a ici a i i UGC c e I ag a . T g ide a d a i he e ea ch, he f i g e ea ch e i ha e bee f a ed:

RQ: Wha mo i a es female Ins agram sers in he ages be een 16-25 o engage in UGC

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1.5 De i i a i

D e he i i ed c e i e f i e a d e ce , e de i i a i ha e bee ade. Af e e i ed, a e he e e f e iabi i a d a he c ehe i e e f he e ea ch. Fi , he c e f he e ea ch i be de i i ed i e f he de g a hic f he a ge c e . Sec d , he e ea ch ha bee de i i ed i e iga e he a f I ag a . La , d e he e e e f i e ie i g S edi h a ici a , hi i a ed ci g he a ge g . Thi a e g a e ec ed d e ac ica ea

i ce he e ea che i e i S ede . D e hi fac , he a ici a i a i ca a ea e di i g i hed i c a i he a i .

1.6 Defi i i

Word-of-Mouth (WOM): O a a i i f i f a i f e i di id a a he

(Phi i , 2013).

Word-of-Mouth Marketing: Ad e i e e ca ed b c e e e ie ce , hich i

e e ed i he c e e e da c e a i (Phi i , 2013).

Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM): ...an posi i e or nega i e s a emen made b po en ial, ac al, or former c s omers abo a prod c or compan , hich is made a ailable

o a m l i de of people and ins i ions ia he In erne . (He ig-Th a e a ., 2004, .

39).

Web 2.0: Web 2.0 efe ech gie a d eb i e ha fea e ea e e, h UGC, a d i e e abi i , ha a f c e - -c e c ica i (P ch & Ma i , 2014).

Information systems: I f a i e , a a IT e , i a c e e

ha c ec , e , ce e , a d di ib e da a f a d ai , faci i a i g c ica i a d c ab a i i hi a d be ee ga i a i (Scie ce di ec , .d.).

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2.

Frame of Reference

This chap er begins i h a presen a ion of he me hod adop ed for he heore ical frame ork. Firs l , he erms User genera ed con en (UGC) and brand-rela ed UGC are described. F r hermore, he concep of COBRA is elabora ed. Wi h his base, he Uses and Gra ifica ion Theor , Gamifica ion Theor as ell as he H man mo i a ion heor are presen ed, hich la he fo nda ion for he heore ical frame ork of he s d .

2.1 Me h d f F a e f Refe e ce

F he f a e f efe e ce, a e a ic a ach ha bee ad ed i he i e a e e ie , hich aid e ha ce he e e a c a d di i c i e e f he e ea ch. A e a ic i e a e e ie i g ided b he f i g h ee ha e : ide ifica i f he c e, fi di g a d e ec i g e i e a e a d a , a a i f he i e a e. T ga he i ab e i e a e, ai da aba e e e ed; Google Scholar a d Primo. F he e, he e d User

Genera ed Con en , Brand-rela ed UGC , COBRA Gamifica ion , Uses and gra ifica ion heor a d Affilia ion e e ed i he ea ch ce c ec ec da da a.

T e e he a idi a d e iabi i f he ce , e e a e a a i e e ade. O e ig ifica c i e ia i ha he a ic e a e ee - e ie ed a d i ed i he ABS- i he SSCI i de . S e e ce i e e h e e ade. T e e e , a ic e ha e e ei he ABS- i ed, igi a ed f a j a i h a i ac fac , e e ed. A h gh, ch

efe e ce ha e bee e a a i i a d ed he high e e a . Addi i a , i

h d be ed ha die I ag a , d e i e , a be ce ai i e f i

acade ic eci i a e a he a idi a d e iabi i . The ef e, d e ac f acade ic e ea ch i hi he fie d, ce ai -acade ic ce e e ed. C ide i g he e i ab e e iabi i f -acade ic ce , he e e e ed i c bi a i i h ee - e ie ed j a a ic e i de e e acade ic acc ac . F he e, i e- e e a c i a i a fac . Si ce I ag a a d I ag a e a ed UGC i a e a i e e bjec , he i e f a e f a ic e c ce i g he e bjec e e ai i i ed 10 ea . H e e , i ega d i e a e c e i g e e ab i hed he ie , ch a U e a d G a ifica i The , COBRA a d The H a M i a i The a e a he bac g d f U e Ge e a ed C e , de a ic e a d b e e ed e e e .

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2.2 U e Ge e a ed C

e

Acc di g W (2014), cia edia e ab e he b ic ha e i f a i i h a a ge g f e e, hich i he ba i f he e a ec f i f a i de c a i a i . S cceedi g he e i f Web 2.0 a d he de e e f cia edia, he ibi i ie f c e a ici a e i b a d- e a ed ac i i ie ha e e ha ced (M i ga e a ., 2011; P ch & Ma i , 2014). U e -ge e a ed c e (UGC) i e f he e f f e gage e . The defi i i a d c e f he he e diffe d e he a ic a ea f he ea

age f e ea ch. A h d (2010) e ai ha e e a e a e ed eci ca , ch a

User-Crea ed Con en a d Cons mer-Genera ed Media. I he he e ica f a e f hi he i , he e e i he ef e be ea ed a a .

I hi d , UGC a a ce a e a d he e i be ec i g h gh . The ef e,

hi ec i i ai ide a ide de a di g f he c ce a d h i i

cia edia da . W (2014) e ab a e he i e f he he he de ic i f UGC i c de c e b i hed b a c a i H e e , he a h de c ibe UGC a c e b i hed a i e a f b a i di id a e . Addi i a , T ai (2012) high igh he i a ce f he c ea f UGC bei g he e d- e . I a ig e i h

hi , Da ghe e a . (2008) a e ha User-genera ed con en refers o media con en crea ed or prod ced b he general p blic ra her han b paid professionals and primaril dis rib ed on he In erne . ( . 16). The de a i f UGC i f he e ab a ed b Ka a e a . (2010), h de c ibe UGC a he f h i di id a e cia edia. The

a h addi i a e ai ha he e i c defi ed a diffe e e f b ic

acce ib e a d e d- e -c ea ed edia a e ia .

I a ig e f he af e e i ed defi i i , a g i h he e f he d , UGC i be c ide ed e e a c e c ea ed b i hed b a e d- e , a b a d. F he e, c e ha ed i a ec ded c e , ch a di ec e age a d c e

d ced i a fe i a e i g i be c ide ed a UGC.

D e he c ehe i e ec f cia edia a f , UGC ca a e a i

f . The c e ca be di a ed i he f f e , a di , h a d ide (A h d, 2010; Niede h ffe e a ., 2007) a d di ib ed i diffe e e -ge e a ed eb i e , cia

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e a d f (A h d, 2010; Sha , 2009). F he e, i i c de he b i hi g f

e a d h cia edia (R a , 2017). I he c e f hi d , he

efe i g he cia edia I ag a , hi i i a i c ce i a UGC, ch a ic e a d h ie , b a a i c de e .

2.2.2 B a d-Re a ed UGC a d i I ac B a d

Thi he i i f c b a d- e a ed UGC, hich, acc di g P ch a d Ma i (2014) d e e ici i c de b a d- e a ed c e i c a i he ge e a c ce f UGC hich a i c de b a ded c e . Si i a he de a i f UGC, e e a e a e

ed i e cha geab he de c ibi g b a d- e a ed UGC. F he a e f c a i , he e b a d- e a ed UGC i be ed h gh hi d .

T ge a be e g a f he d , he c ce f b a d- e a ed UGC eed be e ab a ed. A e ide f i a e, b a d- e a ed UGC i a e -ge e a ed-c e ha c ce a ecific b a d. Li e i e, Ki a d Lee (2017) de c ibe b a d- e a ed UGC a ...an con en

abo a brand crea ed b a ser of he brand designed o be shared i h o hers ( .1085).

The i e a d he e age f he c e ca be ei he i i e ega i e a d he b a d (Be h e a ., 2008). M e e , he a a ca i f e ce a b a d e f a ce

ig ifica (Ge e e a ., 2013). Acc di g , e a b i h c e e a

b a d ha he ec e d a d fee g ab (Na e e a ., 2020). O he he ha d, he a b a d d e ee he c e e ec a i , he a b ic c i ici e i (Ge e e a ., 2013). E a a d E a (2016) f he e ab a e h e ca c ea e b a d- e a ed UGC i h i e i . Thi i c de i g b a d- e a ed c e i h i e ad e i e (E a & E a , 2016), a e a diffe e e f i e ac i i h b a d , ch a c e a d i e (R a & A i i, 2019).

B a d- e a ed UGC ha had a g i g i f e ce cia edia a d he i i e, i c e i h e i i e effec f b a d (Na e e a ., 2020). The ef e, a c a ie i c a e UGC, a a f f d- f- h (WOM) a e i g, i hei a e i g i (Ch & Ki , 2011). He ce, e ec ic d- f- h (eWOM) i e f he effec f b a d- e a ed UGC (E a & E a 2016). R a a d A i i (2019) e ab a e ha

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b a d- e a ed UGC i e e ia f c a ie e e cia i e ac i a d b a d e a i hi . M e e , i i e b a d- e a ed UGC i a ed e i e ha ced b a d a i de (Ki & Lee, 2017) a e a a ig ifica i f e ce b a d e ce i (Schi i i & Dab i, 2014), b a d a (R a & A i i, 2019), a d a i ha e i

he b i g deci i f c e (Yada e a ., 2013).

The ea h b a d- e a ed UGC, a d he eWOM ha c e i h i , ha ch a i i e effec he b a d c a ed a e e -ge e a ed c e i di c ed b e e a a h . Th , he e age ce i a de e de fac (Ki & Lee, 2017). Si ce UGC i i a i

ha ed b e e i he c e cia e , i i c ide ed e h (Ki

& J h , 2016; Ki & Lee, 2017; Ch & Ki , 2011). Re ea ch WOM ha h ha g ie ce ha e a i f e ce c e b i g deci i a i g (Ki & Lee, 2017). Whe c e a e ea chi g f i f a i f hei cha e deci i , he f e

e WOM a d eWOM (Ch & Ki , 2011), a d he i i f he c e (Bic a & Schi d e , 2001). Be h e a . (2008), de c ibe ha a h gh UGC i c ea e b a d e e a d a a e e , e i c e i h he e e f he i e e . He ce, e UGC ha e a ega i e e a d i e d i i g he . The ef e, he i ie f ge e a i g i i e UGC a d e-W M i i c ea e f fi h a e ac i e a d ha e a

i i e a i de a d i . B c - i g UGC, i he f f c e , he fi i ab e c he a a i e a d i , he ef e, e i e each i de i ed c e (Be h e a ., 2008).The af e e i ed i ac f b a d f he de a e he i a ce f hi

d . M e e , he de a di g ha i a e e a ici a e i b a d- e a ed

UGC, hi edge ca be ed be e c c c e i i I ag a ha ead

fa ab e c e f he b a d.

2.3 C

e O i e B a d-Re a ed Ac i i ie (COBRA)

A e i ed e i , cia edia ha ic g i a a e ace he e b a d

a d c a ie e cia edia a ad e i i g a f , ec g i i , c ea e c e ha ge e a e a e a d e gage e hei c e a d e . S cia edia ha a e ai ed

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c e i h he (M i ga e a ., 2011). D e he i e f cia edia a d b a d- e a ed c e , c e ha e cha ged ac i e e a he ha a i e (Schi i i e a ., 2019). Thi ha ade cia edia a e e ia a f f a i c a ie a d b a d .

The C e i e b a d- e a ed ac i i ie (COBRA) g , h e e , ai e a i e he he he i a i a fac a icab e f ge e a cia edia a ca be a ied COBRA . The a h he eb e ai COBRA a a e e ded c ce i de

de a d i a i f b a d- e a ed c e (M i ga e a ., 2011).

M i ga e a . (2011) de e ed he de a i ha a i a e i digi a a e i g

c ica i d e he g e f cia edia a f a d h c a ie

c ica e i h hei c e (La be & S e he , 2016). F hi he i , COBRA i

f i a ce i ce he g ca be ed f de a di g e i e ac i cia

edia. The g c ce c e e gage e i b a d- e a ed ac i i ie a d he a h ed he COBRA i h ee diffe e ca e f e gage e i b a d- e a ed c e

cia edia. The af e e i ed ec i c i f c i g, c ib i g, a d c ea i g. The h ee e e e ai diffe e e e f i e ac i i e e a d e gage e i b a d- e a ed c e (B e a e a ., 2020; Schi i i e a ., 2019).

Con ming

The c i g eg e efe he fi e e i b a d- e a ed ac i i ie , a d he ef e a he age he e he ea a f ac i e e cc . Thi age i e e gagi g b di ec c ib i g d ci g a e ia c e . E a e f ch ac i i ie a e a i g

a i d c e ie , eadi g c e fa b a d fi e , a d a chi g

b a d- e a ed ic e a d ide (M i ga e a ., 2011). Acc di g , hi age i e e gage e , he e e ac a i e b a ded c e (B e a e a ., 2020).

Con ib ing

The ec d age i e a addi i a c ib i b a d- e a ed ac i i ie c a ed

he c i e e . I i e a i e ac i be ee diffe e e , a e a

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a g he , a i g b a d d c , i e ac i i dia g e a i f cia i e a d, c e i g i age , ide , he b a d- e a ed c e (Schi i i, 2019).

C ea ing

I hi a age he highe i e e a d e gage e cc . U e de ibe a e de e a d b a d- e a ed a e ia f he acce a d add . Thi i c de ac i i ie ch a adi g diffe e b a d- e a ed edia, ch a i age , ide , a d a di , a e a

i i g b a d- e a ed a ic e a d d c e ie (M i ga e a ., 2011).

La , B e a e a . (2020) de c ibe ha c a ie ca be efi f he a i e e i diffe e a . The c i age, f e a e, a c ib e b a d a a e e a d

he ibi i i c ea e a b a d c e ba e, hi e he he e e , a a ge e e , i c ea e c e e gage e a d ac i e a ici a i a cia ed i h b a d- e a ed c e . T c c de, i i c ea COBRA ha e a g ea i f e ce b a d . I de a e e f he i i e c e e ce , i i c cia de a d e i a i e gage i b a d- e a ed ac i i ie i cia edia (M i ga e a ., 2011).

2.4 Ga ifica i

The e Ga ifica i a fi i d ced i 2010 (De e di g e a ., 2011) a d i a i e di ci i a e h d ed i c ea e i e ecific beha i a g e , a a e a e, fa e ea i g (Ma a a i e a ., 2017). M e e , he e e e f ga e i Ga ifica i i ed de ci c a ce ha d a a ha e c ec i i h ga e (Nac e & De e di g, 2017). F he , A Ma hedi e a . (2016) a e ha he ai ea f Ga ifica i be i c ded i ch a ica i i i e c e e gage e , a , a d a i fac i . I i a a efficie a f de e i g b e - i g ech i e i a g a - ie ed a e (Ma a a i e a ., 2017). Acc di g Liebe (2018), e ea ch h i e ea i g i c a ad a ci g. F i g, he a h e i ha he e e i e ceedi g i e ea i g ha e h ia , a e , ge e ic ca abi i ie . The a h f he a e ha e f he i a i dica f e ha ced ea i g i g d i c i . H e e , h he i c i a e e e ed ca e i e be f e e g ea e i a ce (Liebe , 2018).

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M e e , Ma a a i e a . (2017) de c ibe ha he age f I f a i e i g ad a i c ea i g a d ha bec e i a i e e dai a d i g ife. F he , i i

a ed ha a I f a i S e a e e e ia ed f ece i ie , ch a

e f a ce ed ca i a c e , a d f i a ea j . Thi a ach dec ea e i a i a d ca ead de i ed beha i (Ma a a i e a ., 2017). Th , i c ea e i a i a d i e b e - i g ech i e , Ma a a i e a . (2017) de c ibe he i a ce f he c ce f a . P a i g efe d i g e hi g i e i a ha

ea e e e i h he e ci i g fee i g f j a d ha i e . Acc di g Nac e a d De e di g (2017), a h gh i e iga i f he c ce f a e ged i h I f a i S e c ea ed he e Ga ifica i . Ga ifica i de c ibe he a ach he e ga e a d a a e e e i a c e i a i he e he a a e (Seab & Fe , 2015). H e e , e e a diffe e i i ab he e a a d ga e ha e bee

b i hed, a d acc di g De e di g e a . (2011), he c ce diffe e ia e a . De e di g e a . (2011) a e ha a efe f ee a d i i a i a beha i i c a i ga e hich a e e a i e e c ed b e a d c e i i e e . S i ,

he f he a e ha he e f Ga ifica i i i c ea i g ide , hich ca ha e a i i e c e beha i ch a i c ea ed e gage e e ha ced ea i g (De e di g e a ., 2011).

2.4.1 M i a i a A ec f Ga ifica i

Whe di c i g i a i i ge e a , diffe e e f i a i a fac a e

a di c ed, i i ic a d e i ic i a i . I he c e f Ga ifica i , K a a d He ge (2013) de c ibe ha I i ic i a i efe a , a e , ea i g

a d he i e a i a i a fac , hi e i ic i a i i c de e , hie

a d he e e a i a i a fac . The a h f he e ai ha f ba ic, e a , e i ic i a i a a egie a e cce f , b he he ha d, he a highe eff i de a ded, he ca i ead be - i a i a fac . C e b e - i g a a e he ef e e cce f i a ed b a i i ic i a i a a ach (K a & He ge , 2013).

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M e e , Ka (2012), di ide he i a i a fac i h ee a ache . B de a d Gebha d (2017) de c ibe he e; The fi a ach c ce he e f , hich ega d ch ac i i ie ha he a ici a c e e i h he e e . The ec d a ach, cia , a e ace i a b ic c e , he e he c e i i hei e i e . La , a hi d a ach i a i i e ai ed, he ae he ic , hich a e ai ed b i a e, ega d

he de ig a d f he ga e. Thi a ach e i ha e a be eficia

i a i a i f e ce a e ac i . Pe ha he a ea i g j b i achie e a ea a d be c e ed i h dedica i hi a . I a ig e i h hi , S h e a . (2017) di c e he he f ae he ic e e ie ce i c ec i Ga ifica i . The a h de c ibe ha he he e ae he ic e e ie ce a a ea f di c e i g c c e e e a i be ee e de i e a d ac i , hich ca he be ed c c a d add ea i g e e a ife h gh Ga ifica i . F he e, he de a di g f he e a i hi be ee he a e i g a d he e f i ha cha ac e i e he he f ae he ic e e ie ce (S h e a ., 2017). He ce, e e a e c a i df f he c e i hich he ac i i ie a e ca ied .

2.5 U e a d G a ifica i The

Hi ica , e he ie a d a ache ha e bee de e ed de a d e e

i a i a fac f fi a ic a eed (Ba e & E d ga , 2010). The U e a d G a ifica i he (UGT), h e e , i de e ed de a d h i di id a e a d a ici a e i ce ai e f edia, g a if a ic a eed . F e a e, i a be g a ifica i ch a i f a i ea i g, e a a i , a e e , e e a i , cia ife, a ach e (D a e a ., 2016). The he a e f he fi ice ha e a e ac i e a he ha a i e i hei ch ice f edia a i f hei eed . The a ach a fi i d ced i he 1940 , a d d e i g e i e ce, i ha bee a ied diffe e

e f edia (Ca de e a ., 2009). I i ia , i a f ed i h he i e

de a d h i di id a e e i a ed e gage i adi i a edia, ch a adi , e a e a d e e i i (D a e a ., 2016). D e he digi a g e a d he cha ge i

hich edia a d a f ha a e c ed, he UGT he ha a ed be a ied i he c e f cia edia (Ka b j, 2020).

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Thi , i , ha i d ced he e e i a i c a ifica i i hi he he , de e di g hich e f edia i i a ied . H e e , he f e e a d e -e ab i hed e i McQ ai , hich i a icab e adi i a edia a e a cia edia. McQ ai ha di ided cia edia c e i f diffe e c a ifica i , a e he e e f i f a i , e e ai e , e e a i e a d e a i a (M i ga e a ,. 2011).

Le el of Info ma ion

The e e f i f a i c e i UGT b i e he fac ha i f a i ee i g i e f he fac i a i g e a ici a e i cia edia a cia edia c e

ide i f a i di ec f ecific b a d . Addi i a , ea chi g a d ac i i g i f a i ab a b a d, i ge e a , ha g ea i a ce he e e f a i fac i i h

e a ici a e i cia edia (D a e a ., 2016). I f a i ee i g a c ce di c e i g a d fi di g e e i hi each, ea chi g f he a d ad ice, a e a ge e a gai i g edge h gh i f a i ee i g (Ca de e a ., 2009).

En e ainmen

The e e ai e fac ecifie he e e hich c e f cia edia i e j ab e a d e gagi g f cia edia e (Eigh e & McC d, 1998). Acc di g D a e a . (2016) he al e of en er aining media is embedded in i s abili o f lfill ser needs for escapism, hedonis ic pleas re, aes he ic enjo men and emo ional release ( . 263).

F he e, e ea ch ha h e e ai e fac i ad e i i g i e i i e

a i de a d he ad e i e e , i c ea e he e c i a d i c ea e i e b a d- e a ed a e ia (M i ga e a ., 2011). The e e f e e ai e i a cia edia a f i i a c ib i g ea h e ch e i i e i (D a e a ., 2016). Addi i a , e ea ch de a e he fac ha c i g e e ai i g c e i a

ig ifica a ec he a i g ab a ici a i i e (Raac e & B d -Raac e, 2008).

Rem ne a i e

The e e f e e a i i aid be e f he ai fac f h e e cia

edia. I i a ha e e gage i cia edia beca e f he h gh f

ecei i g e f e a d c e a i f he a ici a i (D a e a ., 2016).

E a e f e e a i a e e a i a , - e a ed ad a age , he

i di id a eed (M i ga e a ., 2011). H e e , e ea ch ha h , i i he fi a cia i a i i hi cia edia c e ha i he cce f . I ead, e e e ch a he i e ih d b ai e c i e c e , he ca abi i achie e ec g i i a d

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f he e a d, ea e i f a i ha a ig ifica a ge effec e i a i e gage i cia edia a f (F e , 2006). U e h a e i a ed b e e a i a e ed ac i e a e a i b a d- e a ed ac i ch a , c e i g, i i g a d, ha i g ed b b a d (K j & Si gh, 2020).

Rela ional

U e i e e a d eed f e a i a i e ac i ha e bee de c ibed a e f he i a ea f e a ici a e i cia edia a f (D a e a ., 2016). The e a i a e e e i a e he deg ee hich he c e cia edia a i fie he e eed f i c i , cia e gage e , a e a cia gai (D a e a ., 2019). F he e, i

de a e he cia i a i a fac i cia edia a f , ch a a i g

f ie d , c ec i g i h fa i , fee i g be gi g a d acce a ce, a d he cia i e ac i ac i i ie (M i ga e a ., 2011). Addi i a , i ha bee ed ha he

e a i a fac i i a f e e ff e f a ea - ife e a i a d, fee

e c age e a d affi a i f he (Pa e a ., 2009; Ca de e a ., 2009).

2.6 H

a

i a i he

The A e ica ch gi Da id McC e a d a a e e i h a i a i a d he c ea f he H a M i a i The (McC e a d, 1987). The H a i a i he , a a he M i a i Need The a d e i e he Lea ed Need The , i a

i a i he i h h ee ide ified i a (McC e a d, 1987). Acc di g McC e a d (1987), he h ee e i a a e a eed f achie e e , a eed f affi ia i , a d a eed f e , hich McC e a d c ide ed e e e e e . M e e , McC e a d ega ded ha e e e h d he e h ee i a b e a a d i a i a i a d i e . The d i ee i g i a de e ded e e ia he c a e i e a d e e ie ce i ife (McC e a d, 1987). The h ee i a a e

e e ed f he .

Need fo achie emen

The eed f achie e e a g e e i he hei d i a i a i a d i e i he de a d f achie e e a d e f a ce, hich c ea e a i each cha e gi g g a (Mi e , 2005). The e e e a e f e i - a e , a d he f e ee feedbac f hei acc i h e a d g e (Mi e , 2005). M e e , acc di g McC e a d (1987),

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he ca ha e c fide ce a d he e ce i f i i g, a e a a de i e c i

i e hei i a age e a d e a a i ie . The i a i d i e b he i f cce a d achie e e (Mi e , 2005).

Need fo Affilia ion

I c a i he eed f achie e e , he eed f affi ia i i a i a i d i e b bei g i ed b he (McC e a d, 1987). M e e , acc di g McC e a d (1987), he

eed f affi ia i i a e ha e e e a e fee i g f i e e a d be gi g a cia a cia i . The a h a a e ha e e i h a high eed f affi ia i ee

e i a a d f ie d i e e a e a i hi i h a f a d e d e e b

he e e a d he . F he e, he e e e a fa c ab a i e c e i i a d ca he de i e bef e hei . Acc di g E ge e a d La ge (2010)

e e i h a high eed f affi ia i d a a i e a d f he c d.

Need fo o e

Pe e i h a high eed f e ecei e i a i f ha i g c a d i f e ce he (E ge e & La ge , 2010). Acc di g E ge e a d La ge (2010), he eed f

e ca a ead a de i e i c e i i a g e a d a ecia e a a d

a e i . M e e , he a h a de c ibe he eed f e a a de i e c he

e e c c e ch a g a a d a . F he e, e e i h a high eed

f e diffe f b h e e i h a eed f achie i g a d affi ia i i ce he d

e i e ac edge e f he , de a di g c (McC e a d,

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3. Methodology & Method

This chap er begins b addressing he me hodolog of he research hich incl des he research paradigm, approach, and design. F r hermore, he me hod is disc ssed hich incl des an elabora ion of he primar da a, he sampling approach, he de elopmen of he in er ie s and he da a anal sis. This chap er concl des b disc ssing he e hical aspec of

his research.

3.1 Me h d

g

3.1.1 Re ea ch Pa adig

Acc di g C i a d H e (2014), he e ea ch a adig i he fi ha e he c d c i g he e ea ch de ig . The e ea ch a adig i he ba i f he e h d g a d g ide he e ea che h gh he e ea ch, a i e ai people s philosophies and ass mp ions abo he orld and he na re of kno ledge (C i & H e , 2014, .10). The ai b a che e a ed he e ea ch a adig a e P i i i a d I e e i i ,

hich ha e diffe e ce , a e a a ab e (C i & H e , 2014). P i i i a adig a e cha ac e i ed b f c i g a d ceed f he ie , de a d cia he e a. Re ea che h e a e de a i i i a adig a e e e ea i a d ac i a e ha ed b cie (R a , 2018). Acc di g , he bjec i e f he e ea ch i fi d ha

i i ha c h a beha i , ai h gh a i a i e e ea ch e h d .

I e e i i , h e e , a de e ed beca e f cia cie i e ce i ha i i i a i fficie (C i & H e , 2014). I e e i i , c a ed i i i , a e e e beha i e ie hei cia e e ie ce , i e ac i , a d ea i g . I i , he ef e, c f e ea che , e a i g i a i e e i e i f ie , e a a i a i e e ea ch e h d gai a de a di g f h e e beha e i a ce ai a (R a , 2018).

Gi e he e ea ch e i f hi a e , he e ea ch a adig f I e e i i ha bee

ch e . Th , a he ai f he d i e e he i a i a fac f e e

a ici a i g i I ag a c e i i , i e iga i f e e beha i ha bee e a i ed. F he , i i i ab e a he e ea ch ai c e he f d i g ai ed e i a i e e a i f hi beha i , a he ha f c i g e i ica h. La , a

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he e ea ch ha bee ba ed a he e gica a ach, c bi ed i h a high i f a i e ie a ach, he a ig ed a e ha e bee c ica ed, f d a d

e -de e ed, hich i a ia e he i g a i e e i i a adig .

3.1.2 Re ea ch A ach

I ge e a , e ea ch i ba ed a ce ha ge e a i c a e he f i g c e : he , h he i , a a i , a d e i ica b e a i . Whe c ide i g he e ea ch a ach, ai a ache a e a di c ed, he i d c i e- a d ded c i e a ach. The e a ache diffe e ia e f each he ai ega di g h he c e a e ed, a d e ecifica , h he a e c ed i he e ea ch (C i & H e , 2014). The i d c i e e ea ch a ach a i h ga he ed da a, a d a he

c ce a f a e i b i f he h a e (Hai e a ., 2020). A ic

ded c i e a ach, he he ha d, ai de e h he e a d e he a icabi i f e i die he ie (C i & H e , 2014). H e e , a hi d a ach e i , he abd c i e e, hich i fai ec g i ed he di c i g e ea ch a ache (Wa , 2004). Abd c i i a a i i be ee ded c i a d i d c i (Sa de e a ., 2016), a d i ea i g i i e he he e ica e ec i e f he ded c i e a ach, a e a he c c i ba ed e i ica da a f he i d c i e a ach (Wi ia , 2016). Si ce, he ai f hi e ea ch i ide if i a i a fac a e a a e e

i h i ica i f h i i e he e i a i , abd c i ha bee f d be he i ab e e ea ch a ach. He ce, he abd c i e a ach a f f e ibi i , a e

a ide he e ea che i h he i f di c e , e a i a d de a di g

f he e ea ch b e hi c bi i g e i i g he i h he c ec ed e i ica da a. B i g abd c i , he f i g e ea ch a ach a i ed: Fi , e i ica da a a

c ec ed, a d i a i f a ici a i i UGC c e i i I ag a a

ide ified. Sec d , he abd c i e a ach i i e ded c i e c e , a he d i e e he he ie e e ed i he f a e f efe e ce f a a i g he fi di g.

F he e, c e f he i d c i e a ach a e ed de a d he de i g

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3.1.3 Re ea ch De ig

The de ig f hi e ea ch a e i be a i a i e e ea ch. Acc di g A e a d C e (2019), a i a i e e ea ch i a e e i i e ce i hich e ha ced edge f cie ce i achie ed b fi di g e a ec he a a i g a e e c e . M e e , a i a i e da a

e i e ga he i g i f a i f - e ica da a ch a i e ie , b e a i , f c g , ec da da a i he f f ide i age (S fae , 2002). O he c a , a i a i e e ea ch e ab e b ai ed da a c ce a e ecific a d bjec i e ea e e ha a age e ica a d a i ica e a i a i c fi c adic a h he i (Ca be , 2014). C e e , a i a i e e ea ch i i ab e i hi ca e i ce

he ai i each i -de h i f a i ab he ic a d ib e de a di g e ce i (Ca be , 2014). Thi e ea ch ha bee c d c ed h gh c e i e ie , a d acc di g DiCicc ‐B a d C ab ee (2006), i e ie a e e f he

c a ache he c i g a i a i e e ea ch.

Whe c c i g a i a i e e ea ch, e e a a egie ca be a ied. Acc di g G eh e (2014), h ee c a ache f a i a i e e ea ch a e G ded he , E h g a h , a d Phe e g . The G ded he i a e h d g i h eci e g ide i e f c ec i g a d e a i i g da a f a idd e- a ge he (Cha a & Be g a e, 2007). The a h f he a e ha he G ded he ad i e ea che de e h he e f eci e i e iga i f e i ica da a. I c a i G ded

he , he E h g a h e h d g e i e b e a i a d i e i i ga i a i g a a e c e (G b & Ma ci ia , 2011). A f he Phe e g e h d,

i ed e e ie ce f a ici a a e defi ed a d e a a ed b e ea che a he d a he e e e (D a e , 2004).

I hi d , a G ded he ha bee a ied hi e c ec i g a d a a i g da a. He ce, he he i a ig ed i h he e f he d . Thi i c de ; c ec i g i -de h i f a i he ic, c di g da a, a d i eg a i g he e ica ca eg ie i d c i e de e e he ie ab I ag a e i a i c e e (Cha a & Be g a e, 2007). I i high a icab e i hi e ea ch be ab e each de ai ed a e a d c ehe i e i f a i f he c e i e ie .

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3.2 Me h d

3.2.1 P i a Da a

I hi e ea ch, a c ec i f i a da a ha bee c d c ed, e e ed, a d e a i ed.

Acc di g C i a d H e (2014), i a da a efe a e i f a i ha

e ea che c ec a d a a e i de a e a e ea ch e i . F he e, i a da a ca be c ec ed h gh e e a e h d ch a e , e e i e , ca e die (C i & H e , 2014). Si ce hi d i a i a i e e ea ch, he ch e i a da a c e f i -de h i e ie .

Whe c d c i g he i e ie , he e ea che a ed each a e a he e ha c d e e b e a eg a c e a i b i h a e e ici e. Acc di g Lega d e a . (2003), hi c e i i a g a he a ici a i f ie i h bia e . M e e , bef e he i -de h i e ie a ed, a i i e ie a c d c ed. A i i e ie i a i e ie c d c ed a a e bef e he ac a i e ie a (Majid e a ., 2017). Acc di g Ka i e a . (2016), i ca be ed he de ig f f e e ea ch a d i e he i e ie g ide, a ic a he i e ie e i . M e e , i ca he ide if ib e defec i i a i i hi he i e ie de ig ha eed ig ifica adj e (Majid e a ., 2017). H e e , hi e ea ch b ai ed i -de h i e ie i h a he e gica a ach, hich i be f he e ai ed i he d . The i i e ie a a d f e c d c ed ge fa i ia i h he a ach a d ac ice he i e ie e h d. F i g , 15 i -de h c e i e ie e e c d c ed i h S edi h fe a e f he age f 16-25. I e ie i g e e f he age f 15 i eg a c ec , a d g a dia hi i e i ed (S e a Ma ad de i g f e ag, .d.). M e e , acc di g G e e a . (2013), a i a e i e a e i ab e i diffe e a . N e he e , he a h a e ha he e gica die fi e i h a e a e

i e i ce he ca ecei e e i e ified a d dee i f a i . He ce, 15 c e

i e ie i h a he e gica a ach e e c d c ed be ab e a e he

e ea ch e i ; Wha mo i a es female Ins agram sers in he ages be een 16-25 o

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F he e, addi i a da a a c ec ed ega di g I ag a c e . Thi i f a i a a ga he ed f ec da ce , i acc da ce i h he e h d f f a e f efe e ce. Addi i a , i f a i a ga he ed h gh b e a i a d e a i b he e ea che f diffe e I ag a c e a d ge e a c e I ag a .

3.2.2 Sa i g A ach

Acc di g Se ia (2016), he e e i e f a i g ech i e , a e babi i

a i g a d - babi i a i g. Whe a ici a a e e ec ed a a d ,

babi i a i g i ed, ea i g ha a a ici a i he a i ha e a e a ibi i be e ec ed (Ki & Wa g, 2019). Whi i - babi i a i g, he e i a d e ec i f a ici a . I ead, he a e i e ec ed ba ed diffe e c i e ia decided b he e ea che (Se ia, 2016).

C e e , i hi e ea ch, - babi i a i g ha bee ed, a d i e

a i g c bi ed i h c e ie ce a i g a ch e gai he e e a a d

i -de h da a a d i f a i f hi e ea ch. Acc di g C e (1997), i e a i g i ie he a ici a a e e ec ed de e di g he e ea ch bjec i e . I c a c e ie ce a i g, hich i ie he acce ib e a ici a a e e ec ed (Ma ha , 1996). The e ec i f a ici a a ba ed f diffe e c i e ia. The

a ici a eeded be fe a e, S edi h, i he age be ee 16-25, a d he bjec a ha e a ici a ed i a I ag a c e a ea ce. The e e i e e e e e i

de e e ha he a ici a d be e e a f he d .

Whe eachi g f i ab e a ici a f he i e ie , he e ea che ai ed

hei e , he e 15 fe a e , hich e he e i e e e i ed e i ,

e e ch e . I a i a a ea e e f each age i hi he a ge g a

e e e ed i de c ea e ch a c edib e a d di e e a e a ib e. T i i i e he i f i acc a e e e d e c e f ie d hi , fa i e be a d he ab e ea e f ie d e e e c ded. T f he a id hi , he e ea che a he i a i e ie e

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3.2.3 Phe e gica A ach

Whe c d c i g i e ie , a i e f e h d ca be ed (D d & N a , 2013). Acc di g R e (2012), he e i- c ed i e ie i e f he

c a ied i hi cia cie ce a d ca efficie a e idea be b gh

d i g he c e a i . Thi i ai beca e a e i- c ed i e ie d e

i a defi i e e f ecific e i b e e a d e ic ed di c i

(L gh , 2003). Se i- c ed i e ie fi e i a i a i e e ea ch, a d he

i e ie e f e e a f a e f he e di c i ead f a i f a ic a

e i (R e , 2012). M e e , he c ed i e ie e h d i a i ab e i a i a i e e ea ch. I e i e e-a a ged e i f he ibi i f e a d i -de h a e f he i e ie ee (R e , 2012). F he e, a c ed i e ie i

i e he i e f he c ed e h d (L gh , 2003). Acc di g L gh (2003), i i e c ed i hi a i a i e e ea ch, a d he i e ie h d a

he a e e i , a d i he a e de .

T c d c a cce f i e ie acc di g D d a d N a (2013), e ea che eed i e hei i e ie ech i e, ch e he c ec a ach, a d h gh a f a

a ec f he ce . I hi d , he i e ie a ach i he e gica . Thi

a ach i a ci c a dia g e, ai e f ed b he a ici a a d i i ab e i hi a i a i e e ea ch (La e bach, 2018). I i ie ha he i e ie e ha e e i g

e i ha e he c e a i f a d ecei e i f a i f a fi - e

de c i i f e ecified a ea f e e ie ce b he e de (La e bach, 2018). M e e , acc di g Th e a . (1989), i i f g ea i a ce ha a fee i g f e a i be ee he i e ie e a d he e de i e e . The a h a a e ha he e de eed fee i e he he i he e e f he a ea di c ed ecei e e ici i f a i a d bia ed de ai ab a e e ie ce. Addi i a , e e if he f c i he

fi e i , e f - e i ca be a ed, he he c e a i e f a d

(Th e a ., 1989). H e e , he e i eed a f f - e i bef e a

i e ie i ce he e e i i be he a e f a i e ie (Th e a .,

1989). Acc di g Th e a . (1989), a i ab e e i g e i ca f e a e be; ca e e ab a i e he ed hi d c .

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B i g a he e gica i e ie a ach, he e ea che ca ecei e de ai ed i f a i a d edge i h bia e (G e e a d, 2004). The a ach i hi

e ea ch e i ce he a h d ha e he i c ib e hei i i

a i he i e ie , hich c d de ibe a e cha ge he e de

c c i (G e e a d, 2004). M e e , he e a bjec i e f he he e gica i e ie a ach i de a d a a ic a e e ie ced he e i -de h a d c fi he e ica h he e (La e bach, 2018). Thi ca a be e he a a i g I ag a e i ce he e ea che ai de a d a d a a e hei ecific beha i

a he ha he e ica a e .

The e ea che c d c ed 15 i e ie i a , i h e e a a a i i e ie , hich i i c ded i he e , hich ca be ee i Tab e 1. Each i e ie a ec ded , a e , be ab e be a c ibed. M e e , i ce each a ici a i a fe a e f S ede , he i e ie e e he d i he igi a a g age, S edi h. Af e e i ed, i c ea e he fee i g f a eg a e e da c e a i i h a c f i . D e hi , e ed i

hi e ea ch ha e bee a a ed. T e e acc ac f he a a i , a e ea che ha e i de e de a a ed he ch e e . The e e e a e c a ed i de each he acc a e a a i . F he e, a e ba ag ee e f he igh a i a d c fide ia i a he d hich i be e i ed f he ahead, a e a i f a i ab

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Participant

Length

Age

1 32 i 16 2 15 i 17 3 25 i 18 4 17 i 19 5 30 i 20 6 25 i 21 7 34 i 21 8 33 i 22 9 24 i 23 10 30 i 23 11 27 i 24 12 22 i 24 13 29 i 24 14 21 i 25 15 28 i 25 Table 1 O er ie of in er ie s 3.2.4 I e ie Q e i A i e ie e i a i g i ic f a agi g a i e ie ee c ib i he

dia g e i e i i g (Wa g & Ya , 2012). The ef e, i i e e ia de i e e e a e i i de effec i e di c he ic f c ce i he i e ie . I de e a b ade a ge f e e a a e e , Wa g a d Ya (2012) a e ha i f a i - ee i g

e i h d be ed. The a h f he e ai ha he e e e i a f he

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F he e, G e e a . (2013) high igh he ef e f bi g e i each e

i -de h a e . C e e , i a i e a d bi g e i e e ed i he

i e ie f hi e ea ch. F he e, he i e ie e e i a d be gh

e ici de c i i f e e ie ce . The ef e, he de e i g e i , b h i a d

d i g he i e ie , he e e e i i ia ed i h he d ha ho a e a

e i he e he a ici a a a ed de c ibe a e e ie ce, ch a ell s abo

. H e e , h - e i e e a ided. Whe ea chi g f de c i i f

e e ie ce , h e i i ie a e i ade a e a d ca e i fee i g f ej dge e

(Th e a ., 1989). Ba ed e i e e a d a e e , c i ed bi g

e i e e de e ed. The e e e f ed a he e e i de c ibed ea ie a d a ed f e ab a i a d f he de c i i f e e ie ce . I c a , e

e i a d c ed e i e e e a a i i a d ed he c fi a i f

ea ie a e e e e eeded f c a ifica i . He ce, he e e i i i he c e f a dia g e a d c ai he c e a i (Wa g & Ya , 2012).

The c e f he i e ie a de e ed i a ig e i h he he e gica

a ach e ai ed i he e i ec i . F he e, a i e ie c a

de e ed a a e f he e i ac i g a a efe e ce f da a c ec i (see appendi A and B). H e e , d e he cha ac e i ic f he he e gica a ach c e

i e ie , i a f ed e ha diffe e c a ed c i e ie c .

Th , e, b ad, e -e ded e i a e a ed; Tell s abo he las ime o par icipa ed in an Ins agram compe i ion . I ead f e a i g f e e i , bi g

e i e e a ed a d f a ed de e di g h he a ici a e ded he

e i . He cef h, he ai f i g hi a ach a e he a ici a ea f ee a d de c ibe hei e e ie ce i h fee i g f ej dge e . I ead f e a i g f he

e i , he a ici a a a ed e ab a e, gi e a he e a e e ai hei fee i g e a ed a a e e ac i ha he had de c ibed. S ch a e plain more , do

o ha e ano her e ample? , ho did ha make o feel? a d f h. F he e, i e ce a ed a a i di ec be. Thi a a d i e ce e c age he a ici a e ab a e

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M e e , a ca be ee i Tab e 1, e i e ie ed be a bi h e ha he . Si ce he Phe e gica i e ie a ach a ed, a d he eb a ecific e f e i e e a ed, he e g h f he i e ie a e c d be a ed. He ce,

e a e e e h e ha he . H e e , i hi ca e, e abb e ia ed i e ie d e a i fe i i e ie . Th , he de i ed c e f he e he e gica

i e ie a fi d ab a ici a e e ie ce , a d a a , e e ha e

diffe e e e ie ce . S e had fe e e e ie ce f a ici a i g i I ag a c e

hich d e ea ha hei a e i a i hi d . C e e , he

e i c d ecei e b h g a d i f a i e a e a d e h e a d e

de c i i e, de e di g hei ecific e e ie ce e a i ie . H e e , he iced ha a a ici a a e a a i e, he i e ie e , a a ead e i ed, he ed he i e ie ee b e ai i g ha f ee c e a i e e e e c e ha he e ica c ec a e , c ea ed a fee i g f a e e da di c i , a d f c ed e e i .

A h gh he i e ie c c i f a i g e e a ed e i , he i e ie

ai ed each a de a di g ega di g e e a he e . T a e e ha a he e e e i c ded i hi he a ici a ea i g, a chec i a added he c . Si ce a

h ee e ea che a ici a ed i he i e ie , e c d be e ib e f f i g he chec i , hi he he c d a f a e i he i e ie ee. The chec i a ed

g ide he f i g f f - e i he a ici a , hich a ed f a he

ic be c e ed d i g he i e ie . Si i a he ai e i f he i e ie , he e e e e -e ded e i a d f ed e a . E a e f ch e i a e: Can o

ell me abo a ime hen o par icipa ed in an Ins agram con es i h o her req iremen s han hose o ha e described? Wha did o hink abo ha compe i ion? . T

he i e ie , he a ici a g he i add a ge e a h gh i i

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3.2.5 Da a A a i

The da a f he i e ie e e a a ed i g a he a ic a ach i hi e ea ch. Whe i g a he a ic a a i , he e ea che a a e he da a ca ef i de ec g i e ec i g e d , h gh , a d a e (Fi che e a ., 2014). The e ea che ha e ed a i - ha e ce , hich igi a a de e ed b B a a d C a e (2012). Thi a

ade c e he i e e a i f da a a d ge a c ea e ie f a i e ie . Acc di g B a a d C a e (2012), he ce begi i h fa i ia i i g i h he c ec ed da a. Thi a ade h gh i e i g he a di ec d , ca ef a c ibi g a i e ie , a d eadi g h gh a a c i c ec i e be ab e ge a fi e ie f

he c ec ed da a. S e e e e a ade if c ea a e c d be ee if he e ea che iced e hi g ge e a e a ab e. Sec d , he e ea che e e c di g he da a. Thi a ade b ic i g e a d e e ce f he i e ie ha e e aced i diffe e c de ge a e a ic e f i i a i ie i he i e ie . The c di g a ade i E ce a d ca be ee i Tab e 2. The e e a ide if b- he e a d he e i hi he c de ha e e c ea ed. The ce i ed g i g h gh he c ded da a a d ge e a i g a d ide if i g a e , c e a i , a d i i a i ie .

Af e ide if i g he he e , he e ea che a e bac a d c a ed he ide ified he e i h he igi a da a e . Thi a ade e e he acc ac a d a i f he he e . I he a ha e f he da a a a i , he e ea che a ed he he e

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3.3 E hic

E hica c ide a i a e e e ia he c d c i g e ea ch jec . Acc di g C i a d H e (2014), e ea ch e hic c ce h he d i c d c ed, a e a h he

e a e a a ed a d i e e ed. He ce, i ega d he e ea che beha i c ce i g he igh f h e i e e ed i i f e ced b he d (Sa de e a ., 2007). The ef e, he e hica a ec f he e ea ch h d be ac edged h gh f . T be ab e e e a e a i c ea e he e iabi i f he d , he e ea che ha e a e e e a e hica c ide a i . The e i c de: Anon mi & Confiden iali , Credibili , Transferabili , Dependabili , and Confirmabili . The b e e ec i e ab a e he e a ec .

3.3.1 A i a d C fide ia i

A i a d c fide ia i ca be a ied b h a i a i e a d a i a i e die

(C i & H e , 2014). A i efe he fac ha he a ici a d be

a ced b a e, be , a he ide ifie (Wi e e a ., 2006). F e a e, he

c d c i g a e f a a i a i e d , he e ea che c ec a ib e

ide ifie (Wi e e a ., 2006). H e e , he c d c i g a i a i e e ea ch, a i i i f high i a ce e e if i ca be a ied diffe e (C i & H e , 2014). I hi e ea ch, a deci i a ade ha each a ici a i be efe ed a diffe e be (see able 1). M e e , bef e each i e ie , a e ba ag ee e a ade ec a d

h d he i e ie ee igh b h a i a d c fide ia i . C fide ia i i ie ha he e ea che a e a ed ecei e he i e ie ee i f a i b ha e i i he

a e e e he e, if e i i ha bee gi e (Wi e e a ., 2006).

Acc di g C i a d H e (2014), b ec i g he a ici a a d ag eei g a i a d c fide ia i , he cha ce f a e i -de h c e a i ca i c ea e. F he e, he a h a e ha hi a a ea beca e he a ici a fee afe a d he eb ea e f ee i h b c i . H e e , di ad a age ca a e e ge

he e ha i i g a i a d c fide ia i he a ici a . I e ie ee a hi

ha hei e e d e c a ch he i i a , a d he ef e d

a e i he a he c d ha e (C i & H e , 2014). Ne e he e , bef e he i e ie a ed, he e ea che de c ibed h i a a d a ab e he e de a e

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3.3.2 C edibi i

Whe c ide i g he hi e f e ea ch, c edibi i i a e e ia a ec . C edibi i efe he acc ac f he a ici a ie i a d he e ea che i e e a i f he (P i & Bec , 2021). T i c ea e he c edibi i f e ea ch, a i i dica ch a a idi , e iabi i , a d c i e c a e ed (G af ha i, 2003). C e (2004) f he e ai ha he d i dee ed c edib e if e e ha e he a e e e ie ce ha e ea che e c fi a be ie ab e a d e e a . F he e, he a h de c ibe ha he e ea che ca i e c edibi i i a i a i e die b e ai i g he c i e , b e a i ce e , a d a di cha ac e i ic . M e e , he i a ce f h gh e a a i f ga he i g a d a a i g c edib e e i ica da a i e ha i ed b R (1994). Whe c d c i g hi e ea ch, e e a eca i e e ade e e c edibi i . Fi a d f e , he i e a e e ie a ed f e e a a d de ai ed i f a i be b ai ed. Wi h hi he e ica f a e , he e ea che e e ab e de i e ef i f a i de ig he i e ie . F i g ha , he a ici a i e ac i e e ed a ida e hi i f a i . P i he da a c ec i , a e f c i e ia a e i de i c ea e he e e f hi e . T be ab e a id di i f he e ea che , a he e gica i e ie a ach a e ec ed. I a ig e i h hi , e e i e e a ed he a ici a b ai hei h gh a d ie f e e ie ce f ee . H e e , e a ici a did ea f ee he de i ed e e , a d i h e ca e , e f

-e i e e e i ed, hich c d affec he c edibi i f he e . De i e hi , he ab e- e i ed h gh e a a i de a e ha he c edibi i f he da a c ec i ca be e ed. 3.3.3 T a fe abi i T a fe abi i i a i a i e e h d c ce he i e ega di g if he fi di g i he d a e a fe ab e he c e . I ea a ca e , a a i a i e d d be ab e ha e he a e b ad a i g i e a a a i a i e e ea ch (C e, 1997). The ef e, Ma e d (2001) e ai ha i a i a i e die , a fe abi i a he ha ge e a i a i

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i e e ia . H e e , he a h f he de c ibe a a i , ega d e f he ed a ach, i ide if a fe ab e e .

Acc di g Gi e (2008), a i a i e e ea che h d c ce a e ai fac i e a fe abi i . Na e , he c e a b da ie f he fi di g a d h c e

he a ici a a e e a ed he e i e e a i ed. Thi ig ifie he e ea che

fa ab eed e e he c ce ed a ici a a e i a f he d b a ,

e i g ha he e ea ch e i i c ec add e ed a d, ha i g a f g a f he ea i g f ha i bei g e a i ed (Gi e 2008).

T i c ea e a fe abi i i hi d , ef a i g ha bee e f ed, i de f he eade be ab e de e i e he deg ee f a fe abi i a he c e (C e, 1997). He ce, ef a i g i e ecifica de c ibed i ec i 3.2.2 Sampling approach. F e a e, e e h ha e a ici a ed i a I ag a c e

e i ha e bee e ec ed f he i e ie .

3.3.4 De e dabi i

The e iabi i f da a i he g a d de a i ci c a ce i efe ed a de e dabi i . A high deg ee f de e dabi i ca be c c ded he a he e ea che ea i ca adhe e he igi a e ea che deci i ai (E e a ., 2014). I de achie e hi , i -de h e i g he e ea ch ce i eeded, a i g a e ia

e ea che e ea i (She , 2004).

De e dabi i ca be e ed i e e a a , c , i i e ed b a a di ai , hich i achie ed he a he e ea che ha he ibi i f a c ehe i e c ec i f e a deci i a e d i g he ce f he e ea ch, a d b ha a a e he a h a a e c (Th a & Magi , 2011; K je & M e , 2018). O he e h d a e e i e e ica i , e a e h d , a d ee a ici a i (G ba, 1981; Th a & Magi , 2011). A i a fac c ide i hi e f e ea ch i he fac

ha hi d i ba ed a cia edia a f , hich i cha ge a d e e

ic . A a c e e ce f hi , he e de e dabi i a be cha e gi g e e i he f e. I hi d , h e e , he e ea che i e iga ed a d a a ed he da a

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i de e de , hi e a e di c i g i ge he . F he e, he e ea che ha e ha ed he

e ea ch ce i h he he i a h a d gai e e a h gh a d idea .

La , a i e ie e e c ec ed a d a c ibed i e he e ea ch de e dabi i .

3.3.5 C fi abi i

C fi abi i efe he he he e ea ch ce ha bee h gh e ai ed a d he he he c c i a e c i e i h he e ide ce (C i & H e , 2014). Acc di g C e (2014), i i ie ha e ea che h d be ab e h ha he da a e e ed ef ec he a ici a e e a he ha he e ea che bia e e ec i e . The a h f he a e ha e ea che h d be ab e h c fi abi i b e ai i g h c c i a d i e e a i e e eached a d de a i g ha he e e e de i ed di ec f he da a.

T b ai c fi abi i i hi hi d , a ab e (see able 2) a c d c ed i a

de a e he c di g ce i hi he da a, a d ide e a a i f h he

he e e e ged f he i e ie fi di g . Thi ab e a c ea ed e e fac h a i g he eade ha he e a e i i e e ed.

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4. Findings

In his chap er, firs l , empirical da a concerning Ins agram compe i ions is presen ed in order o gi e he reader a be er nders anding of ho he marke ing ool can be sed. Secondl , he empirical findings from he In er ie s are presen ed, hich is made o nders and he par icipan s mo i a ional fac ors. Las l , in his chap er, implica ions of Ins agram con es r les are presen ed.

4.1 I

ag a C

e

D i g he i e ie a e a h gh he da a-c ec i , i f a i ega di g I ag a c e ha e bee ga he ed. Thi i be e e ed i de gi e he eade a e c ehe i e de a di g f h he a e i g ca be ed. F i g, he

ec i i i c de e a e f I ag a c e i i ha ecei ed ide ead

a g I ag a e .

The fi e a e i a c e ha he fa hi a a e b a d NA-KD he d hei I ag a age 2019 (fig re 1). Thi c e a ch e i ce a f he i e ie ee e i ed hei a ici a i i i . The c e a e - ecei ed a g he I ag a f e a d ed

cce f UGC f he b a d.

NA-KD ade a c e he e h ee i e f ee c he f a e i e ea f

NA-KD c hi g eb i e (Na dfa hi , 2019). The c e i had f NA-KD

I ag a acc , e he i e b he , c e a f ie d a e i he c e fie d, a d ha e he i h hei I ag a . Af e i g a e I ag a c e i i , b b e a i , i ca be ee ha he e e f e a e c c ce i g UGC c e . A I ag a i a ic e ide ha i ib e f 24 h i c a i he ic e ed i he I ag a feed, hich a i e f a g a a ed (H h e , 2020; M ea , 2018). I i a ib e a e I ag a di ec i he a ica i a d c ea e i a e f de a e i ea ie fi d ic e a d ide ha e i ed bef e (M ea , 2018). M e e , he -ca ed ha h ag a e ed

a e a ea chab e b e ca eg i i g abe i g hei i g he #ha h ag

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e age, h , c e . I i f e ed a ac e e a e i a a ic e, h , c e ha i c de hei a e (M ea , 2018).

The NA-KD ecei ed 209 131 c e a d 106 350 i e hi e he a ge a d 10 100 c e a d 10 000 40 000 i e (Na dfa hi , 2019). F he e, if e e a ici a f he c e f ed he e , i ca be a ed ha 106 350 e e ha ed he I ag a hei ie . I hi ca e, NA-KD a hei f e c ea e

e -ge e a ed c e b cha e gi g he ha e he hei ie , a d i

e , NA-KD ecei e e i e a d c e ha he a d (Na dfa hi , 2019). Th , a i c ea e i b a d a a e e a d bab i ed i e ac i be ee b a d a d c e (Aga , 2017).

Figure 1 NA-KD Ins agram con es

S ce: NA-KD I ag a acc (2019)

A he e a e f a I ag a c e a he d i Dece be 2020 b Idea f S ede (fig re 2), a bi e acce ie b a d i h 861 000 f e I ag a (Idea f S ede , 2020). Thi e a e a ch e beca e 10 f 15 f he i e ie ee e i ed hei i e e i c e i hi he fa hi i d . M e e , fi e e e c d i gif ca d f Idea f S ede eb i e h 200 e b f i g Idea f S ede I ag a

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acc , a e a d i e he , a d ag a e i he c e fie d (Idea f S ede , 2020).

Figure 2 Ideal of S eden Ins agram con es S ce: Idea f S ede I ag a acc (2020)

Idea f S ede ecei ed 9 435 i e a d 6 779 c e he c e , hi e he a ecei e a d 3 000 4 500 i e a d 200 300 c e . Acc di g , he c e bab ha e ed a i c ea e i b a d a a e e .

4.2 The e f

he E

i ica Fi di g

Af e he c ec i f e i ica da a, f ai he e e e ide ified, a e S cia , Wi i g , E e ai e a d Ae he ic . The de e e f h he i i ia c de e e a f ed he e ca be ee i ab e 2, a d he c di g- ce ha f he bee e ai ed i ec i 3.2.5 (Da a a a i ). The fi di g c ce i g he he e i be

e e ed i hi cha e a d i f he be c ec ed he f a e f efe e ce i he b e e cha e .

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Codes

Sub-Themes

Themes

Friends, Connec ion, Infl encers,

S den nions, Organi a ions S i g

S cia

Friends ags, Infl encers,

Ins agram S ories Fi di g c e i i Ashamed, Embarrassed, Cringe,

A k ard

Effec f cia

e e

Smaller con es s, Fe

par icipan s, Limi ed chance Cha ce f i i g

Wi i g

Trip, E pensi e, Celebri The i e f i e

Shopping ip, Personal commen s Pe a c i e

E e ai e

F nn , Crea i e, En er aining U i e e

Colorf l, Fon , Large le ers L f he ic e

Ae he ic

S le, Discree , Fi he feed C ea e ic e

Table 2, Iden ified hemes

4.3 S cia

F he e i ica da a, a i i a i a a d - i a i a fac e e e e . I hi ec i , cia fac i be e hibi ed ch a fee i g a d he effec ha he e e ha e he a ici a ac i . Se e a he e e e ide ified a d a e e e ed i hi

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4.3.1 S i g Fi di g f he i e ie h ha he aj i f he a ici a d fee e e i a ce a d a ici a i g i a I ag a c e . H e e , e a ec f d i he e i ica da a ha c d ge e a e e i a i f e e a ici a e i . M e a ic a , 7 f he e de a ed ha he ai a ici a e i I ag a c e h f ie d , i f e ce , ga i a i ha he fee a c ec i . F e a e, b h a ici a #8, #12, #10, a d #7 e i ed ha he a he a ici a e i c e i i ha hei de i c a a e c a ed fa i ia

c a ie . F he e, a ici a #1 aid; I hink i is beca se o an o s ppor , for e ample, someone o kno . Then I o ld probabl compe e a li le more. Like if someone asks o o do some hing for hem, i also foc ses on s ppor ing .

Thi ee ed a ea beca e f diffe e ea . The fi e i beca e a ici a

e f ie d ga i a i ha he fee a c ec i a a e c e f i g

c e i g c e i i i ce he a e af aid f ha e e igh hi f he .

Pa ici a #12 a ed ha ; I feels differen hen compe ing for school, eh I hink of ha o her people migh hink of me, i ill no be as a k ard hen compe ing abo school beca se i feels like people do no hink i is as eird hen . F he e, 6 f he

e de e i ed ha i d fee ea ie a I ag a ab a c e if i ca he a f ie d, ga i a i , i f e ce ha he a ici a ha a c ec i i h. M e e , a ici a #10 a ed i e i e ha he d e i e a ici a e i I ag a c e b if i i e he ch i e c e he d e ca e he a e e e . The he ea f i g a beca e he i e ie ee i a be f ie d a d he f f ie d a d ga i a i . He ce, 4 a ici a e i ed ha he

g ad he f ie d ga i a i ha e hei c e each e a ici a .

Pa ici a #15 a ed; I kno ha I ha e shared heir Ins agram con es s on m s or onl since he are m friends .

4.3.2 Fi di g C e i i

T f he be ab e each i f a i ab ha e h d ca i c ea e dec ea e I ag a e i a i f c e i g, he i e ie ee di c ed h he a fi d

I ag a c e . The fi di g f hi d h ed ha a a e de f d

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e a i f e ce . O e a ici a , i e ie ee #14, a ed ha he d e i e a ici a e i I ag a c e he e a f ie d c e e, i ce i ca e he

ibi i i ; So, i feels like here is absol el no poin for me o par icipa e in

compe i ions here man of m friends par icipa e beca se hen here is a smaller chance ha I ill in . F a ici a e i ed ha hei i a i f a ici a i i I ag a c e ca i c ea e if a fa i ab e i f e ce ha ed ab i . Pa ici a #4 a ed; I hink here is a grea er chance ha I am in if here are an

infl encers ha I like ha ha e he compe i ion . H e e , he fi di g h ha he cha ce f a ici a i g ca be i i i ed f e f he i e ie ee he he c e a e he d b i f e ce . O e f he f e de ha e e ed hi , a ici a #1 f a ed he e f a f ; The person ho pos s abo compe i ions ma affec me a bi . Eh, like, here are

se eral infl encers ha I do no like, and hen I feel ha I ma no an o promo e heir pos s a all .

M e e , ha f f he a ici a a ed ha he a a ici a e i c e beca e he ha e bee agged i c e fie d b f ie d . Pa ici a #13 a ed; As I said before, I

of en par icipa e if I ha e been agged. I is probabl beca se I an o be kind o m friends. So, here are of en compe i ions here o need o ag hree friends, so he in oo, and hen i is like, if o agged me, I co ld ag o so ha all o r chances increase .

M e e , e a ici a di c ha he a fi d c e i i h gh f ie d

i f e ce I ag a ie . Pa ici a #1 e i ed; There are a lo of people ho

pos compe i ions on heir s or , hen I see i and I hink ha I o ld also ha e liked hose shoes haha . F he e, a ici a #3 e e ed: I of en find Ins agram con es s ia

ei her celebri ies ho pos abo i or hro gh friends ho ag me .

4.3.3 Effec f S cia P e e Ma f he i e ie ee e i ed ha he a be i d f ie d ga i a i . H e e , e ai ic ha a b gh i e i e i hi a a i e ie , f c ed h he i e ie ee fe a ha ed e ba a ed f i g I ag a c e hei I ag a ie c e i g e e a I ag a ic e . The e fee i g f e ba a e f e d i he a f he i e ie ee c e e a d

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a ee ed be af aid f ha he e e I ag a h gh f he . Se e a i e ie ee de c ibed he ac f ha i g a I ag a c e hei a a a d

ea . A , a f he a ici a ade i c ea ha i a c ha i did

g d f hei efe ed i age. Pa ici a #11 aid; I gladl par icipa e in con es s, b no

if I need o sho i o o hers a d Like, i feels a bi a k ard o compe e abo some hing ha I ac all co ld b m self. B i depends on ho people an o be persona ed .

M e e , a a f he a ici a aid ha he a e c ce ed ab h he igh be

ee b he he a ici a i g i c e a d ab e a , i g i hei .

H e e , a f he a a ed ha he d ca e if he e e c e e a d i . Se e a f he e e e i ed ha he had e ec f he . Pa ici a #13 aid; Eh,

like, e er one ill see m commen and ask, h o ld she in? . B I cer ainl do no hink so if someone else commen s, hen I onl hink ha he are s percool ho dares o pos abo i . She c i ed a I am no er good i h s ories, b I admire people ho dare o pos more, I don since I hink i is a k ard .

4.4 Wi i g

Th gh a f he i e ie , i a e ic ha a iced e ea ed , a d ac ed a a

i a fac f a f he e de ; he i i a d ha he cha ce f

i i g. A a ici a a cia ed I ag a c e i h e f f e a d.

M e ha ha f f a e de d i g he i e ie e i ed he f e ch e

a ici a e i a e c e i i , i h fe e a ici a , i c ea e he cha ce f i i g. I c d, f e a e, be ha e e de efe ed a ici a e i a c e he d b i de a cia i , a he , he eb , e he be f a ici a a i i ed

de . Q e e a ed hi e e e e e e ed a f b a ici a #11; So, I

hink a lo abo he probabili of inning , If here are oo man (par icipan s), hen I hink he chance is er small a d, J s beca se I an o in, he more people ho compe e, he less he chance .

M e e , e e a e de , a e i ed i he e i cha e , e ai ed he f d I ag a c e i i h gh I f e ce a d f ie d . Thi a de c ibed b e f

(43)

he e de a a - i a , a i ead addi i a a ici a e gagi g, hich ed ce he i e ih d f i i g a i e.

Re a ed hi , a aj i f he e de a e i ed ha e fac f h he d

a ici a e i c e i beca e he d hi he i i , a he cha ce f i i g i i i ed. O i g hi , he e e a fee i g f fa e c ce i g he c i e

a d eff e i ed a e a i a c e i i . Re de #7 aid a e ha e

e ai ed h he a ici a fe ab hi ; Beca se mos of he ime o don in, i doesn ma er if i is a small or large compe i ion, o gh b , ha is probabl h I don par icipa e ei her beca se o ne er in and hen I j s skip i .

H e e , i a a c ea ha a a ici a ch e a ici a e i c e i i if he e a d i fficie high. E a e ha ha e bee e i ed a e if he ice i a i , i c de ee i g a ce eb i , e hi g e e e i e if i e e e hi g he a ici a

e e d ha e b gh he e e a . If he i e i a ge e gh, a be f he e de de c ibe he ca i agi e a ici a i g i c e i i i h e he he i e

d ha e e , j beca e he a i he ecific i e. Pa ici a #14

de c ibed i i e hi ; So, like, I do no kno . If I reall an o in, like I an ed i h ha sailing rip, hen i does no ma er. Then I can defini el pos i on m s or or ha e er, hen i does no ma er. B i is no some hing I s all do .

4.5 E e ai

e

The e e ai e e e f c e i i I ag a i c ide ed b e e a a ici a be a he aj i a i a fac f h e ch e a ici a e .

Va i e de c ide c e e e ai i g if he e cei e he a bei g e a , hich i ch ca e , i c ea e he cha ce f a ici a i g. O e f he i e ie ee e i ed ha c e ha e i e i i g a i a i ca be e e e ai i g e gage i if he e , f e a e, i c de e ai i g he f ie h i g idea e hi g c ea i e. The e i d f c e a d e i e e a e fa e a ecia ed ha he he

c e i i i e i i g a c e he e he a ici a h d e ai h e

e de e e he ice be e ha a he e . A a ici a #11 e e ed; I do no

like hen o ha e o compe e o see ho has he ors life . Thi ea i g a e a i e c a g a f he i e ie ee .

(44)

F he e, e e a i e d i g he i e ie , e a ici a h gh ha a c e i i e e i i a ; he ic e a a he a e, a d he e a e he a e. Addi i a , e e a f he e ai ed ha f , c ea i e, a d e e ai i g c e i i i c ea e he ibi i a d i a i a ici a e. F e a e, i c d be i i g a

h e e a ed he c e i i a i g a ice ic e f a ace e he a ici a i e . He ce, a ici a #7 e e aid he a ici a e i c e i i if i i f , i e, a d i e c ea i e ha he c c e i i . E e ed e eci e a ; Well, I

onl par icipa e if i is a f n and crea i e pos , like an en er aining ideo or some hing. I hink ha is more impor an han ha he pic re looks good haha. Yo an people o like Wo his is f n if here is a compe i ion I sho ld pos on m s or .

4.6 Ae he ic

Whe e a i i g he e i ica fi di g f he da a, i a c ea ha a f he a ici a high ca e ab he ae he ic a d f he ic e i a c e i i . F e e , e e a

a ici a de c ibed a di i e a ici a e i c e i i d e he f he ic e.

Ph a cia ed i h I ag a c e e e f e de c ibed a e c f a d

a e i - ee i g, hich i e a ge e e i h a e a i f . W d ha f e cc ed d i g he i e ie e e ha he a ici a a ed he ic e be good

looking , pleasing , a d nice . Pa ici a #1 de c ibed i , f e a e, a f ; If I hen

p a colorf l compe i ion in he middle of i all, I hink i can be... a li le npleasan beca se I an o keep i similar o he colors I alread ha e in m feed. If he compe i ion has a sligh l more ne ral image, so o do no ha e o pos some hing ha is in larger le ers or

er colorf l. I do no like hen i is so ob io s ha i is a compe i ion .

Th , i i c ea ha a f he a ici a a e c ce ed ab h hei feed a d a i fi i e i h he e he ha e ch e f hei I ag a . S dde i c di g i age i h diffe e c ch ice , a d e ha e i d ced he a ici a acc , e e high di a ed b a a ici a .

Thi i a c ea , a ha f f he a ici a e ai ed ha he i a i a ici a e i c e i i d ha e i c ea ed if i had bee he ca e ha he c d ha e d ced he i age he e e . If ha e e he ca e, i d be ib e ada he i age a d i di id a i e i each i di id a e. The i a ce f hi i c ea a a a ici a de c ibed he i e a di c ee i age a ib e. Mea i g, i h d efe ab be c ea

(45)

ha he ic e i c de a c e i i . He ce, a ici a #1 de c ibed i i hi a ; So,

he chance is probabl grea er if I ge o pos m o n image and decide for m self ha I sho ld do beca se hen i s ill fi s m feed and goes in hose colored ones ha I an and

hink look nice .

4.7 I

ica i

f I

ag a C

e R e

I he i e ie , a ge e a h gh a d e e ie ce ab c e i i a d hei e e e a ed b he a ici a . The e i be e e ed a d i a e be ed gi e a b ade c e he a age ia i ica i . A f he i e ie ee had ea ie

a ici a ed i c e i i I ag a diffe e e e , a d he e diffe e f f UGC e e a f he e .

Whe de c ibi g c e i i ha he i e ie ee had a ici a ed i , a f he e ai ed ha he had a ici a ed i c e i i he e he e a i c ded ha he h d 1) i e he ic e, 2) f he c a a d he e h i h i g he c e i i a d 3) a c e he e ag a be f f ie d . Diffe e c bi a i f he e e a e f e a e e ai ed b a ici a #2; I s al a s like, o sho ld ag hree friends

and like he pic re, ha s all . F he e, a ici a #10 de c ibed he e e ie ce: hen

o ere s pposed o follo hem, and he one he collabora ed i h and hen o o ld ag a friend, or se eral and hen o co ld be dra n and ma be in . A d a ici a #5 aid; like he pic re, and follo s, and ag hree friends , he de c ibi g he e f a c e i i he a ici a ed i . The e e a e a he e h he aj i f he

a ici a de c ibed ha he efe . Pa ici a #8 aid he f i g he a i g ab ha e f c e i i he a ici a e i ; I is s all no he kind here o ha e o

spend a lo of ime, b s all he kind here i goes pre fas and no as m ch as req ired. Then I hink i 's f n o par icipa e .

O he a ici a a de c ibed he e e a i e a d e i ed ha he efe c e i i he e i i eff i e i ed f he . O e i e ie ee aid ha he

i e e a e he a ici a e i e c e i i . S e a ici a e e e i ed ha he e e f c e i i a e he e he a e a i . A h gh he c e i

ge e a a e i i e ab he e e , a ici a #15 e e ed e i e he

(46)

beca se I, I do no ha e so man friends. a d if here are o ( ags), i s absol el eas , hree is kind of he pain hreshold, hen I can feel like his, i s kind of oo m ch haha .

A he e e e f I ag a c e i i ha a aj i f he i e ie ee de c ibed a e

ha e f he e i e ha a e e ab a ed c e . The a ici a

e i ed a g e f i i g a d g e e he a e diffe e e i . He ce, a ici a #7 e i ed; like, he las ime I par icipa ed, o ere s pposed o ri e and commen o r dream-compan o ork a , a d a ici a #5 e e ed hi ; i can be ha

o sho ld commen on some hing, a mo i a ion or s ch. And ha feels reall reasonable, ac all . In ha case o ha e he oppor ni o j s if h o an ed i . A h gh

e e a a ici a e i ed he e e , a a e i i e a d he . I fac , ha f f he e e ed e i a ce a d a g e i g h he h d i . M , he e e ed e i a ce d e he fac ha he e e i ead i , a d he fac ha he had i a e h he de e e i e ha he . H e e , he he ha f e e ed e a i i e fee i g a d he e. O he c e h gh, ch a a e i g a e i , de c ibi g e hi g a i g a g e i e hi g ha he a ici a e i ed a e hi g he i e. Whe de c ibi g he fa i e e f c e i i a ici a #13 aid; ma be ri e a

small e . Beca se I hink ha i is a bi f n, eh, like, ri e a e abo o r fa ori e shoe . A g he i e f hi a e e , a ici a #8 de c ibed; I like o par icipa e in

compe i ions here if here are compe i ions here o ha e o ri e a mo i a ion, b no hen o feel sorr for o rself, b ha o ha e o come p i h o r f nnies shopping ip, or some hing ha is a li le more f n like, here o can, here i ge s a li le more crea i e .

O e ic hich a di c ed di ige i he i e ie a c e i i hich i c de

he e i g f a c e i i he a ici a I ag a . The i e ie ee

de c ibed ha hi ca ei he be e i ed f a ici a i g, e hi g ha ca d b cha ce f i i g. Acc di g , e e a f he i e ie ee e i ed ha he ha e ha ed a ic e hei I ag a a a a f a c e i i a d e e e ed

ha he igh d i , if i i he igh c e i i . Pa ici a #8 aid; if o an o s ppor , e sa i o ld be someone o kno . a d a ici a #9 aid; hen i m s be a reall good prod c ha o an , b I ha e no seen s ch a good prod c e , he he

Figure

Figure 1 NA-KD Ins agram con es
Figure 2 Ideal of S eden Ins agram con es

References

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