Conceptual Model of Building Information Modeling Usage for Knowledge Management in Construction Projects

This is the published version of a paper presented at 3rd World Multidisciplinary Civil

Engineering, Architecture, Urban Planning Symposium (WMCAUS 2018).

Citation for the original published paper:

Ozturk, G B., Yitmen, I. (2019)

Conceptual Model of Building Information Modeling Usage for Knowledge

Management in Construction Projects

In: M. Drusa, I. Yilmaz & M. Marschalko (ed.), IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and

Engineering, 022043 (pp. 1-11). Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP)

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/2/022043

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper.

Permanent link to this version:

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Conceptual Model of Building Information Modelling Usage for

Knowledge Management in Construction Projects

To cite this article: Gozde Basak Ozturk and Ibrahim Yitmen 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 471 022043

Content from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1

&RQFHSWXDO0RGHORI%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOOLQJ8VDJH

IRU.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ3URMHFWV

$EVWUDFW .QRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW .0 GUDZV RQ D YLWDO UROH LQ KLJKO\ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ DQG

GLYHUVLILHGZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQWRIFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV.QRZOHGJHNHHSVFRQVWUXFWLRQILUPV FRPSHWLWLYHDQGERRVWVSHUIRUPDQFHKLJKLQIXWXUHZRUN+RZHYHUODUJHDQGFKDRWLFSURMHFWV UHTXLUH .0 DFKLHYHG ZLWK WHFKQRORJLFDO VXSSRUW WKRURXJK WKH SURMHFW OLIH F\FOH %XLOGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ PRGHOOLQJ %,0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

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

.QRZOHGJHEDVHGSHUVSHFWLYHLVLQWKHOLJKWRIVWUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQWUHVHDUFKHUV>@.QRZOHGJHDQG LWV GHSOR\PHQW DUH UHFRJQL]HG DV FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH IRU WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV >@ 2UJDQL]DWLRQ¶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 HYROXWLRQ¶VHIIHFWRQ%,0WHFKQRORJLHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGLQFRQFHSWXDOL]LQJWKHPRGHO7UDGLWLRQDO.0 LQFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\DQGXSWRGDWH%,0PHWKRGRORJ\LVDVVHVVHG.0SURFHVVIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ

SURMHFWVGHOLYHUHGZLWK%,0LVUHGHILQHG)XWXUHUHVHDUFKGLUHFWLRQVRIWKHILHOGDUHVXJJHVWHGDORQJ ZLWKWKH,&7.0DQG%,0HYROXWLRQDQDO\VLV

7KH SDSHU FRQWLQXHV ZLWK SUHVHQWLQJ WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ WKDW XQGHUSLQV WKH UHVHDUFK /LWHUDWXUH UHYLHZDQGHYROXWLRQDU\DQDO\VLVRI.0,&7DQG%,0IROORZVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\VHFWLRQ7KHQH[W VHFWLRQLQWURGXFHVWKHFRQFHSWXDOPRGHOSURSRVHGIRU.0SURFHVVZLWK%,0LQFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV 7KHILQDOVHFWLRQLQFOXGHVFRQFOXVLYHUHPDUNVDERXWWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHSDSHUDQGIXWXUHGLUHFWLRQV LQWKHUHVHDUFKILHOG

 0HWKRGRORJ\

7KH SDSHU DQDO\VLV D ZLGH UDQJH RI SXEOLVKHG .0 DQG %,0 OLWHUDWXUH LQ JHQHULF ILHOG DQG LQ $(& LQGXVWU\5HFHQWO\SURMHFWDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWUHVHDUFKHVDUHLQWKHOLJKWRI.0DQG%,0 OLWHUDWXUH>7KHSDSHUDGGUHVVHVWKHPDLQTXHVWLRQRI³+RZ%,0PHWKRGRORJ\ FKDQJHVWKH.0SURFHVVIURPDQHYROXWLRQDU\SHUVSHFWLYHLQ$(&LQGXVWU\"´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¶HIIHFWRQ%,0DQG%,0¶V PHGLDWHGHIIHFWRQ.0SURFHVVLQ$(&LQGXVWU\LVVWDWHGZLWKFRQVWUXFWLRQSURIHVVLRQDOV¶IUDPHRI UHIHUHQFH

 ,QGXVWULDO5HYROXWLRQVVW_WRWK_{*HQHUDWLRQDQG,&7(YROXWLRQ}VW_WRUG_{*HQHUDWLRQ} 7KHLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQIURPVW_WRQG_{OHGHDVHRISURGXFWLRQ,QFUHDVLQJSURGXFWLRQUDWHVWULJJHUHG}

UHVHDUFKHVRQKRZWRPDQDJHWKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVV7KHFRPSXWDWLRQDOFDSDELOLWLHVLPSURYHGZLWK WKH UG_{ LQGXVWULDO UHYROXWLRQ }UG_{ LQGXVWULDO UHYROXWLRQ SHULRG ZLWQHVVHG WKH HPHUJHQFH RI ZHE}

WHFKQRORJLHV7KHULVHRIZHEWHFKQRORJLHVFDPHWUXHZLWKLQODVWWKUHHGHFDGHV,&7HYROXWLRQRIZHE WHFKQRORJLHV FDOOHG :HE  :HE  :HE  UHVSHFWLYHO\ :HE  LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG VWRUH RI NQRZOHGJH LV DERXW WKH NQRZOHGJH VLORV :HE  KDV LQIOH[LEOH DQG FHQWUDOL]HG HQYLURQPHQW WKDW SODFHVDIULFWLRQDOUROHLQNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJ7KHUHLVQRWPXFKURRPIRUFRPPXQLFDWLQJNQRZOHGJH LQWHUDFWLRQDQGFROODERUDWLRQ:HELQWHUQDOL]DWLRQDQGVKDUHRINQRZOHGJHHQDEOHVNQRZOHGJH VKDULQJDQGWKHXVHRINQRZOHGJH.DELU>@VWDWHVWKDWWKHHYROXWLRQRIZHEOHGWKHWUDQVLWLRQIURP VWDWLF ZHE SDJHV WR LQWHUDFWLYH DQG XVHUGULYHQ HQYLURQPHQWV 7KH ZHE KDV HYROYHG IURP EHLQJ D NQRZOHGJH VWRUH WR D NQRZOHGJHVKDULQJ SODWIRUP :HE  VRFLDOL]DWLRQ DQG XVH RI NQRZOHGJH FKDOOHQJHVWKHUHXVHRIVKDUHGNQRZOHGJHE\DNQRZOHGJHQHWZRUNIRUNQRZOHGJHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQ DQ LPSURYHG VWDWH 7KH KXPDQ DQG FRPSXWHU LQWHUDFWLRQ LQ ZHE  WULJJHU6 WKH HPHUJHQFH RI G\QDPLFJHQHUDWLRQRINQRZOHGJHWKURXJKEHWWHUFROODERUDWLYHZHELQWHUDFWLRQHQYLURQPHQW7KHQHZ HUD LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ FKDQJHG WKH DQDORJXH PHFKDQLFDO DQG HOHFWURQLF WHFKQRORJ\ LQWR GLJLWDO WHFKQRORJ\ ZKLFK LV FDOOHG ³LQIRUPDWLRQ HUD´ WKDW HQDEOH LPSURYHPHQWV LQ ,&7 UG LQGXVWULDO UHYROXWLRQDQGLPSURYHPHQWVLQ,&7LPSDFWVFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\GHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKHLQGXVWU\¶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LVDERXWRSHQWUDQVSDUHQWIDVWDQG DFFXUDWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQRIGDWDDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDQGDERXWFUHDWLQJUHOLDEOHNQRZOHGJHRYHUELJGDWD ZLOOHQDEOHWKHIXOOLQWHJUDWLRQDPRQJ³WKLQJV´DQGF\EHUWHFKQRORJLHV7KHQHZUHYROXWLRQLVFDOOHG ³LQGXVWU\´7KHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDQLQGXVWU\V\VWHPDUHQDPHO\LQWHURSHUDELOLW\LQIRUPDWLRQ WUDQVSDUHQF\WHFKQLFDODVVLVWDQFHDQGGHFHQWUDOL]HGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ 

3 7DEOH7KHUHIOHFWLRQRILQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQDQG,&7HYROXWLRQRQ%,0DQGFROODERUDWLRQOHYHO >%,0PDWXULW\OHYHOLQIRLVIHGE\UHIHUHQFHQR@ <HDU ,QGXVWULDO 3HULRG ,&7 (YROXWLRQ .0 *HQHUDWLRQ %,00DWXULW\/HYHO

%,0'LPHQVLRQV &ROODERUDWLRQ/HYHODQG7RROV )HDWXUH

V ,QGXVWU\ :HE .0*HQ %,0 /HYHO'DQG' &$'GUDZLQJVOLQHV VKDSHVDUFVWH[WVHWF /RZFROODERUDWLRQ  7RROVDQGSDSHUV  9LVXDOL]DWLRQRIIXWXUHEXLOGLQJ V ,QGXVWU\ :HE .0*HQ %,0 /HYHO'GLJLWDO GUDIWV'GLJLWDOPRGHO .QRZOHGJHEDVHG 0RGHO 3DUWLDOFROODERUDWLRQ  )LOHEDVHG FROODERUDWLRQ ([LVWLQJFRQGLWLRQVPRGHOV

/DVHU VFDQQLQJ *URXQG SHQHWUDWLRQ UDGDU *35 6DIHW\  ORJLVWLFV

PRGHOV $QLPDWLRQV UHQGHULQJV

ZDONWKURXJKV %,0 GULYHQ

SUHIDEULFDWLRQ /DVHU DFFXUDWH %,0 GULYHQILHOGOD\RXW  V ,QGXVWU\ :HE .0*HQ %,0 /HYHO 'GLJLWDO%,0IRUWLPH PDQDJHPHQW  'GLJLWDO%,0IRUFRVW PDQDJHPHQW  2QWRORJ\EDVHG 6HPDQWLF%,0%XLOGLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHO  $PLQLPXPVWDQGDUG )XOOFROODERUDWLRQ  3DUWLDOLQWHURSHUDELOLW\  )LOHEDVHG FROODERUDWLRQDQG OLEUDU\PDQDJHPHQW 6&+('8/,1*

3URMHFW SODQQLQJ VLPXODWLRQV /HDQ VFKHGXOLQJ /DVW SODQQHU -XVW LQ WLPH -,7 HTXLSPHQW GHOLYHULHV 'HWDLOHG

VLPXODWLRQ LQVWDOODWLRQ 9LVXDO

YDOLGDWLRQIRUSD\PHQWDSSURYDO 

  (67,0$7,1*

5HDO WLPH FRQFHSWXDO PRGHOOLQJ DQG FRVW SODQQLQJ 4XDQWLW\ H[WUDFWLRQ WR VXSSRUW GHWDLOHG FRVW HVWLPDWHV 7UDGH YHULILFDWLRQV IURP IDEULFDWLRQ PRGHOV 6WUXFWXUDO VWHHO 5HEDU 0HFKDQLFDO 

SOXPELQJ (OHFWULFDO 9DOXH

HQJLQHHULQJ :KDWLI VFHQDULRV

9LVXDOL]DWLRQV 4XDQWLW\ H[WUDFWLRQV 3UHIDEULFDWLRQ VROXWLRQV (TXLSPHQW URRPV 0(3 V\VWHPV 0XOWLWUDGH SUHIDEULFDWLRQ8QLTXHDUFKLWHFWXUDODQG VWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWV V ,QGXVWU\ :HE .0*HQ %,0 /HYHO'FORXG%,0 IRUDVVHWOLIHF\FOH PDQDJHPHQW 'GLJLWDO%,0IRU IDFLOLWLHVPDQDJHPHQW 2QWRORJ\EDVHG 6HPDQWLFL%,0 ,QWHJUDWHG%XLOGLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHO )XOOFROODERUDWLRQ )XOOLQWHURSHUDELOLW\ &ORXGEDVHG HQYLURQPHQW  'LQIRUPDWLRQPRGHO VKDULQJFROODERUDWLYHO\ ZLWKWKHWHDPRXWSXWV DV'DQG' GHOLYHUDEOHV 6867$,1$%,/,7<

&RQFHSWXDO HQHUJ\ DQDO\VLV YLD '3URILOHU'HWDLOHGHQHUJ\DQDO\VLVYLD (FR7HFK6XVWDLQDEOHHOHPHQWWUDFNLQJ /(('WUDFNLQJ

<HDU ,QGXVWULDO 3HULRG ,&7 (YROXWLRQ .0 *HQHUDWLRQ %,00DWXULW\/HYHO

%,0'LPHQVLRQV &ROODERUDWLRQ/HYHODQG7RROV )HDWXUH

   $ZLGHUGLJLWDOVWUDWHJ\ )$&,/,7<0$1$*(0(17 /LIHF\FOH%,0 VWUDWHJLHV%,0DV EXLOW%,0HPEHGGHG 2 0PDQXDOV&2%LH GDWDSRSXODWLRQDQG H[WUDFWLRQ%,0 PDLQWHQDQFHSODQVDQG WHFKQLFDOVXSSRUW%,0 ILOHKRVWLQJRQOHQG OHDVH¶VGLJLWDO H[FKDQJHV\VWHP 1HDU

)XWXUH ,QGXVWU\:HE .0*HQ %,0 /HYHO Q'GLJLWDOLQWHOOLJHQW PRGHO e-iBKM (Electronic Intelligent Building Knowledge Model) Ubiquitous e-construction  )XOO,QWHJUDWLRQ ,QWHJUDWHGZHE VHUYLFHVDQG%,0 +XEV  7KHIXWXUHIRUWKH FRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\  6LQJOHZKROO\ LQWHJUDWHGSURMHFW PRGHOREWDLQVUHDO WLPHDFFHVVWRDOO PHPEHUVRIWKHSURMHFW WHDP ,17(//,*(17 ',*,7$/ &216758&7,21

)XWXUH SURRI 2QOLQH 6LQJOH DQG WUDQVSDUHQW 6HOI FKHFNLQJ 6HFXUH

$XWRPDWHG SURFHVVHV $UWLILFLDO

,QWHOOLJHQFH 6HOI SURFXUHG 0DUNHW IHDWXUHV &RPPHUFLDO WUDQVDFWLRQ PRGHO &RQVWUDLQW 0DQDJHPHQW 3RVW

RFFXSDQF\ DXWRPDWLRQ DQG

SURGXFWLYLW\%LJ'DWD'SULQWLQJ

,QGXVWU\LVUHODWHGWR,QWHUQHWRIWKLQJV,R7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 %,0LVDFROODERUDWLRQRULHQWHGPHWKRGRORJ\EDVHGRQGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQGDWDDQGLQIRUPDWLRQVKDULQJ FROOHFWLYH NQRZOHGJH FUHDWLRQ DPRQJ SURMHFW SDUWLFLSDQWV WKURXJKRXW WKH SURMHFW OLIH F\FOH 7KLV LQIRUPDWLRQLVXVHGWRVXSSRUWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVVRIPDQDJHUVRIWKHSURMHFWIURPFRQFHSWLRQWR GHPROLWLRQ 7KH SURGXFW RI WKLV PHWKRGRORJ\ LV FDOOHG EXLOGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ PRGHOOLQJ 7KLV LQIRUPDWLRQ HTXLSSHG PRGHO VHUYHV DV D NQRZOHGJH UHSRVLWRU\ ZLWK IURP ' WR Q' GDWD RQ LW 7KH PDWXULW\ RI WKH PRGHO LV GHWHUPLQHG ZLWK WKH OHYHO RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FROODERUDWLRQ LW SURYLGHV WR SDUWLFLSDQWVWKLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQDQG,&7HYROXWLRQVLPSURYHWKHDELOLW\RI%,0LQWUDQVIRUPLQJ LWVHOIIURPEHLQJRQO\DNQRZOHGJHZDUHKRXVHWRDPRGHOFRPPXQLFDWHVNQRZOHGJHDQGLQWHUDFWVQRW RQO\ZLWKSDUWLFLSDQWVEXWDOVRZLWKPRGHOLWVHOIPDFKLQHVHWF%,0SURYLGHVGLJLWDOGDWDWKURXJKRXW WKH SURMHFW OLIH F\FOH ZLWKLQ DOO SKDVHV ZLWK SURMHFW DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ

5

%XLOGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHODVDNQRZOHGJHUHSRVLWRU\ZLWKDGGHGDELOLWLHVOLNHVHOIRSWLPL]DWLRQVHOI FRQILJXUDWLRQDQGDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHPD\OHDGDXWRPDWLRQDQGGLJLWL]DWLRQLQFRQVWUXFWLRQZKLFKLV IROORZHG E\ WLPHO\ FRVW HIIHFWLYH DQG EHWWHU TXDOLW\ SURMHFW RXWFRPHV &RQVWDQWO\ GLJLWDO GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQDQGDXWKHQWLFDWLRQHQDEOHSURMHFWSDUWLFLSDQWVWRFDSWXUHDQGJHWRYHULQFRQVLVWHQFLHVZLWK UHVSRQVLYH GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ WKURXJK DOO SURFHVVHV ,QVWHDG RI VHSDUDWH PRGHOV %,0 VHUYHV DV D SODWIRUPLQHVWDEOLVKLQJIHHGEDFNDQGIHHGIRUZDUGORRSVIRUFRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHSURMHFW ZKLFK LQGHHG LV D IXOO FROODERUDWLRQ OHYHO DQG OHDGV IRU IXOO LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURMHFWV YLD NQRZOHGJHLQWHQVLYHPRGHOV6XFFDU>@GHWHUPLQHGWKHPDWXULW\OHYHOVRI%,0IURP³%,0/HYHO´ WR³%,0/HYHO´7KHVXPPDU\RIPDWXULW\OHYHOVSHULRGGHVFULSWLRQRXWSXWDQGIHDWXUHRIOHYHOVLV SUHVHQWHG LQ WDEOH  %,0 PDWXULW\ OHYHOV LGHQWLI\ WKH OHYHO RI LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG XWLOL]DWLRQ RI DGGHG NQRZOHGJHLQEXLOGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHOV³%,0/HYHO´UHSUHVHQWVWKHSHULRGEHIRUH%,0WKDWRQO\ ' DQG ' &$' GUDZLQJV ZKLFK H[LVW LQ ILOH DQG SDSHU IRUPDWV ZKLFK ZHUH QRW LQWHURSHUDEOH HOHFWURQLFGRFXPHQWVLQV7KHUHIRUHFROODERUDWLRQOHYHOLVYHU\ORZLQ³%,0/HYHO ´³%,0 /HYHO ´ IRFXVHV RQ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ RI &$' GUDZLQJV WR ' DQG ' LQIRUPDWLRQ ' GLJLWDO PRGHO IXQFWLRQHGLQYLVXDOL]DWLRQUHQGHULQJFODVKGHWHFWLRQDQGTXDQWLW\OLVWV7KHUHLVSDUWLDOFROODERUDWLRQ LQ WKLV PDWXULW\OHYHO³%,0/HYHO´LQFOXGHV'DQG'%,0 PRGHOVWKDWOHDGIXOOFROODERUDWLRQ DPRQJSDUWLFLSDQWV'%,0PRGHOLVDVFKHGXOHGDWDDGGHGGHYHORSHGYHUVLRQRI'GLJLWDOPRGHO 7KHQHZXQLILHG%,0PRGHOREWDLQVWLPHUHODWHGLQIRUPDWLRQOLNHDFWLYLW\GXUDWLRQVPLOHVWRQHVDQG SURJUHVVRIDFWLYLWLHVWRSDUWLFLSDQWVWKURXJKRXWSURMHFWOLIHF\FOH'%,0PRGHOLVDFRVWGDWDDGGHG GHYHORSHG YHUVLRQ RI ' GLJLWDO PRGHO WKDW VHUYHV TXDQWLW\ WDNH RII GDWD ZLWK WKH KHOS RI ' %,0 PRGHO¶VTXDQWLW\GDWD³%,0/HYHO´LQFOXGHV'DQG'%,0PRGHOV'%,0PRGHOLVDQHQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH GDWD DGGHG GHYHORSHG YHUVLRQ RI ' GLJLWDO PRGHO (QHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH DQDO\VLV RSWLPL]DWLRQ VXVWDLQDEOH REMHFW WUDFN IRU /((' LV DYDLODEOH LQ ' %,0 PRGHO WR UHGXFH HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQRIEXLOGLQJV'%,0PRGHOLQFOXGHVIDFLOLW\PDQDJHPHQWGDWDDGGHGGHYHORSHGYHUVLRQ RI 'GLJLWDO PRGHO ' %,0 PRGHO SURYLGHV DVVHW GDWD VXFK DV FRPSRQHQW VWDWXV RSHUDWLRQV DQG PDLQWHQDQFH PDQXDOVVSHFLILFDWLRQVZDUUDQW\LQIRUPDWLRQHWFIRU PDQDJHUV WKURXJKRXWWKHSURMHFW OLIH F\FOH ³%,0 /HYHO ´ RIIHUV D IXOO\ LQWHJUDWHG L%,0 WUDQVSDUHQWO\ DFFHVVLEOH DQG ZRUNDEOH FRPPRQVKDUHGPRGHOWKDWSURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQLQDFORXGEDVHGHQYLURQPHQW

5. .0VWWRUG*HQHUDWLRQ

7KHHPHUJHQWLQGXVWULDOHUDLVFDOOHG³,QGXVWU\NQRZOHGJHHUD´.0LVDZLGHO\VWXGLHGUHVHDUFK DUHDDVNQRZOHGJHLVDFFHSWHGWREHDYLWDOVWUDWHJLFDVVHWIRUWKHQHZLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ> @ 7KH VXPPDU\ RI .0 *HQHUDWLRQV LQ UHODWLRQ ZLWK LQGXVWULDO SHULRG DQG ,&7 HYROXWLRQ DUH SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH.0GHILQLWLRQFRQVLVWVRIDFWLYLWLHVDQGSURFHVVHVXVHGIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI NQRZOHGJHIRUREWDLQLQJUHTXLUHGLQTXLU\LQNQRZOHGJHLQWHQVLYHLQGXVWULHV:HEE>@GHILQHV.0DV ³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¶ VDWLVIDFWLRQ&ROODERUDWLRQDPRQJLQGLYLGXDOVRYHUDQDSSURSULDWHSODWIRUPLVDQHFHVVLW\7KHUHIRUHD NQRZOHGJHEDVHG PRGHO LV QHHGHG +XPDQWRKXPDQ KXPDQWRPRGHO PRGHOWRPRGHO 0RGHOWR EXLOGLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQPRGHOWRHQYLURQPHQWPRGHOWRLQGXVWU\LQWHUDFWLRQLVQHHGHGWRIXOO\DFKLHYH DQLQWHJUDWHGPRGHO%,0UHVHDUFKHUV FRQWLQXRXVO\HYROYHWKHFDSDELOLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQPRGHOV,Q

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

JHQHUDWHGNQRZOHGJH $IRXQGDWLRQIRUD%,0EDVHGRQOLQHSURWRW\SHV\VWHPQDPHG.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWRI %XLOGLQJ0DLQWHQDQFH >@ &RQVWUXFWLRQRIDV\VWHPDVDYLVXDO'EDVHG NQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWSODWIRUPE\XWLOL]LQJWKH %,0DSSURDFKDQGZHEWHFKQRORJ\  3URSRVHVD&RQVWUXFWLRQ%,0EDVHG.QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW6\VWHP  >@ 'HVLJQLQJDQHZPHWKRGRORJ\IRUWKHVKDULQJRI FRQVWUXFWLRQNQRZOHGJHE\XVLQJ%XLOGLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOOLQJ%,0WHFKQRORJ\ %,0EDVHGNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJV\VWHPIRU SURMHFWPDQDJHUVDQGHQJLQHHUV >@ 3UHVHQWVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZRQ%,0

EDVHGLQIRUPDWLRQNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQW %,0EDVHGNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ >@ $VVHVVPHQWRIWKHXVHIXOQHVVRID%,0EDVHGVRFLDO SODWIRUPIRUNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQW  6XFKSODWIRUPVSURYLGHDGYDQWDJHRXV YLVXDOL]DWLRQVWRSURMHFWVWDNHKROGHUV  >@ /LWHUDWXUHUHYLHZRIVWDQGDORQHDSSURDFKHV%,0DQG .0 

3URYLGHV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU IXWXUH UHVHDUFK GLUHFWLRQ E\ LQWHJUDWLQJ WR VKLIW WKH SDUDGLJP IURP LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH WR NQRZOHGJH VKDULQJ >@ %,0RQWRORJ\DQGVHPDQWLFZHEWHFKQRORJ\XVHWR HVWDEOLVKDQRQWRORJ\EDVHGPHWKRGRORJ\IUDPHZRUN IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQULVNNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQW +LJKOLJKWVWKHSRWHQWLDOEHQHILWVDQGOLPLWDWLRQV RQ WKH GHSOR\PHQW RI RQWRORJ\EDVHG PHWKRGRORJ\IUDPHZRUN IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ ULVN NQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQW

>@

6. KM with BIM usage in construction projects

7KHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWK_{LQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQWULJJHUWKHHYROXWLRQLQ,&7WKDWLVKLJKO\DFFHOHUDWHGLQ}

UHFHQW WZR GHFDGHV 7KLV HYROXWLRQ DIIHFWV DOO LQGXVWULHV DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ DV ZHOO %,0 DV NQRZOHGJH EDVHG LQWHUDFWLRQ XQLW PD\ EH WKH IXWXUH RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ E\ FRPSO\LQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WK_{ LQGXVWU\ UHYROXWLRQ %,0 PDWXULW\ OHYHOV DUH YHU\ LQWHQVHO\ VHDUFKHG E\}

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

*HQHUDWLRQ.0ZLWK%,0/HYHO,QWHJUDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHOEHFRPHVULFKHUDQGPRUHLQWHJUDWHG ZLWK OLQNHG GDWD ZLWKRXW H[FHVVLYHO\ HQODUJH WKH PRGHO VL]H ZKLOH HQDEOLQJ G\QDPLF DQG IOH[LEOH NQRZOHGJH XVH DVVHVV DQG UHXVH 7KXV WKH DPRXQW RI NQRZOHGJH JHQHUDWHG ZLOO LQFUHDVH LQ %,0 )XUWKHUPRUHQHZ,&7GHYHORSPHQWVRSHQWKHZD\WRVRFLDOL]HWKHNQRZOHGJHDQGWRFRPPXQLFDWHWKH JHQHUDWHGNQRZOHGJHZLWKRQOLQHLQWHUDFWLRQDQGXSGDWHRSSRUWXQLWLHV,QWHUQHWRIWKLQJV,R7DQGELJ GDWD DQDO\VLV DQG SURFHVVLQJ PHWKRGV ZLOO EH XVHG WR IHHG LQWHOOLJHQW V\VWHPV LQWHJUDWHG WR L%,0 PRGHO WR LQFUHDVH UHVSRQVH VSHHG 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ PRGHO ZLOO EH IXUQLVKHG ZLWK NQRZOHGJH DQG EHFRPHDQLQWHJUDWHGEXLOGLQJNQRZOHGJHPRGHOL%.07KHQWKHPRGHOZKLFKLVLQWHJUDWHGZLWK

7 LQWHOOLJHQWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGRQOLQHZRUNLQJV\VWHPVZLOOZRUNRQOLQHDQGEHFRPHDQHOHFWURQLF LQWHOOLJHQWLQWHJUDWHGEXLOGLQJNQRZOHGJHPRGHOHL%.07KHPRGHOEDVHGSODWIRUPVPD\HQKDQFH HDVHRIDFTXLUHFUHDWHVKDUHXVHUHXVHQHWZRUNLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWHNQRZOHGJHRYHUDPRGHOIRUD SURMHFWOLIHF\FOHWLPH0RGHOVFDQDOVRKDYHOLQNHGWRHDFKRWKHUWRIHHGOHVVRQOHDUQWDQGLQWHOOLJHQFH &RQWLQXRXVO\HYROYLQJOHDUQLQJHL%.0VZLOOHPHUJHLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\ZLWKWKHDELOLW\RI FRQWLQXRXV VHOILPSURYLQJ 7KHVH LPSURYHPHQWV LQ ,&7 %,0 DQG .0 ZLOO HQKDQFH WKH XVH RI OHDUQLQJHL%.0ZLWKXVLQJDQGVHUYLQJDVDQDJHQWRI,R7WKLQJVELJGDWDDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFH DXJPHQWHG UHDOLW\ YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ DQG ' SULQWLQJ RSWLRQV ,Q WKH OLJKW RI DERYH PHQWLRQHG LPSURYHPHQWVDQGIRUHNQRZOHGJHDFRQFHSWXDOPRGHORI%,0XVDJHIRU.0LQFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV LVUHSUHVHQWHGLQILJXUH

 )LJXUH3URSRVHGFRQFHSWXDOPRGHORI%,0XVDJHIRU.0LQFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV

³%,0 /HYHO ´ RIIHUV DQ LQWHUDFWLQJ HOHFWURQLF LQWHOOLJHQW NQRZOHGJH PRGHO HL%.0 WKDW LV WUDQVSDUHQWO\DFFHVVLEOHDQGZRUNDEOHLQDPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\FROODERUDWLYHHQYLURQPHQW7KHFDSDELOLW\ RI%,0PRGHOVZLOOLQFUHDVHZLWKHPHUJLQJWHFKQRORJLHVVXFKDVDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHURERWLFVWKH LQWHUQHW RI WKLQJV ,R7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

FDQZRUNZLWKWKHFORXGWHFKQRORJ\VRWKDWWKHPRELOLW\RINQRZOHGJHZLOOEHHQDEOHG'DWDQHWZRUNV ZLOOLPSURYHWKHPRGHODQGHDVHWKHVKDUHXVHDQGUHXVHRINQRZOHGJH.QRZOHGJHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLOO EH DYDLODEOH ZLWK WKH %,0 YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ DQG DXJPHQWHG UHDOLW\ WHFKQRORJLHV¶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WHFKQRORJ\FRQQHFWV PDFKLQHVWRFRPPXQLFDWHWRHDFKRWKHUZKLFKLVPDFKLQHWRPDFKLQHLQWHUDFWLRQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQRI NQRZOHGJH ZLWK VHQVRUV DPRQJ WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYLFHV HQDEOHV FRPSXWHU DLGHGPDQXIDFWXULQJ 7KHRUHWLFDOO\RQFH%,0PRGHOSXVKHVWKHNQRZOHGJHWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VV\VWHPDXWRPDWLFDOO\SXOOVLW DQGVWDUWVDFWLYLWLHVIRUSURGXFWLRQ7KHV\VWHPFDQDOVRZRUNIRU'SULQWLQJRIEXLOGLQJVDQGRWKHU WDVNV 7DEOH.0SURFHVVZLWK%,0XVDJHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV ³.0*HQHUDWLRQ´DQG³%,0/HYHO´ .0 3URFHVV

6WHSV 1DPH ,QIR7\SH +0 00 0%& 0% 0(,QWHUDFWLRQ/HYHO 0,

6WHS .QRZOHGJH

$FTXLVLWLRQ 3URMHFWNQRZOHGJH GHVLJQ GDWD FRGHLQIRUPDWLRQ GRPDLQ

FRPSOLDQFHGDWD        .QRZOHGJH 5HWULHYDO 6WHS .QRZOHGJH &UHDWLRQ  3URMHFW LQIRUPDWLRQ GRPDLQ NQRZOHGJH GHVLJQ GDWD FRGH FRPSOLDQFHGDWD       .QRZOHGJH *HQHUDWLRQ ''0RGHO,QIRUPDWLRQ       6WHS .QRZOHGJH

6WRUH ''0RGHO,QIRUPDWLRQWRQ' 0RGHO .QRZOHGJH %,0

/LEUDU\,QIRUPDWLRQ   



  

6WHS .QRZOHGJH

6KDUH ''0RGHO,QIRUPDWLRQWRQ' 0RGHO .QRZOHGJH %,0

/LEUDU\,QIRUPDWLRQ        6WHS .QRZOHGJH 8VH ''0RGHO,QIRUPDWLRQ       .QRZOHGJH 5HXVH ''0RGHO,QIRUPDWLRQWRQ'0RGHO.QRZOHGJH       6WHS .QRZOHGJH )HHG%DFNDQG )RUWK WRQ'0RGHO.QRZOHGJH        6WHS .QRZOHGJH 8SGDWH ''0RGHO,QIRUPDWLRQWRQ'0RGHO.QRZOHGJH       6WHS .QRZOHGJH

&RPP ,R7,QIRUPDWLRQ,QIRUPDWLRQ $UWLILFLDO6HQVRU ,QWHOOLJHQFH .QRZOHGJH ' 3ULQW ,QIR 9LUWXDO 5HDOLW\ ,QIR $XJPHQWHG5HDOLW\,QIR/HDUQLQJ $OJRULWKPV (QYLURQPHQWDO 'DWD 6HUYHUV  '  ' 0RGHO ,QIRUPDWLRQ WRQ'0RGHO.QRZOHGJH        6WHS .QRZOHGJH

1HWZRUNLQJ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ.QRZOHGJH &RGH &RPSOLDQFH0DFKLQHV¶ ,QIR 3XEOLF 3URMHFW &RQWURO $OOLDQFHV



9

D_{,QWHUDFWLRQ/HYHOV+0+XPDQWR0RGHO,QWHUDFWLRQ000RGHOWR0RGHO,QWHUDFWLRQ0%&0RGHOWR}

%XLOGLQJ &RQVWUXFWLRQ ,QWHUDFWLRQ 0% 0RGHOWR%XLOGLQJ ,QWHUDFWLRQ 0( 0RGHOWR(QYLURQPHQW ,QWHUDFWLRQ0,0RGHOWR,QGXVWU\,QWHUDFWLRQ

7KH SURPLVH RI HL%.0 PRGHO ZLWK LQWHOOLJHQW GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ DQG RQOLQH ZRUNLQJ V\VWHPV UHTXLUHV QHZ VWHSV LQ NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW SURFHVV LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ 7KH PRUH WKH NQRZOHGJHUHTXLUHGWKHPRUHFRPSOH[WKHNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVVLV,QWHQVLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ DPRQJDOOXQLWVZLOOUHVXOWLQWKHPRUHNQRZOHGJHWREHDFTXLUHUHWULHYHFUHDWHVWRUHVKDUHDQGXVH LQDQHL%.0PRGHO+RZHYHUDWUDGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVVPD\QRWVDWLVI\WKHWK_

LQGXVWULDO UHYROXWLRQ¶V QHHGV 7KHUHIRUH QHZ VWHSV RI NQRZOHGJH JHQHUDWLRQ UHXVHV IHHG EDFN DQG IRUWKXSGDWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGQHWZRUNLQJDUHVXJJHVWHGLQWKLVSDSHUDVVHHQLQWDEOH

 &RQFOXVLRQV

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{NQRZOHGJHJHQHUDWLRQH[WHQGVWKHFRQWHQWDQGXVHRINQRZOHGJHDQGFKDQJHGKRZLWLV}

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¶ LQWHQWLRQV ZLOO EH PRUH IRFXVHG RQ FRPPXQLFDWLYH NQRZOHGJH V\VWHPV OHDG OHDUQLQJ HOHFWURQLFLQWHOOLJHQWEXLOGLQJNQRZOHGJHPRGHOVHYROXWLRQ&RQWLQXRXVO\LPSURYHGHL%.0PRGHOV ZLOODGDSWWRWK_{LQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQZLWKNQRZOHGJHHUDPRGLILFDWLRQRQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\} 5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 0 $ODYL DQG '( /HLGQHU  µ.QRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW DQG NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV&RQFHSWXDOIRXQGDWLRQVDQGUHVHDUFKLVVXHV¶0,64XDUWHUO\ >@ -(JDQ5HSRUWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQWDVNIRUFHRQWKHVFRSHIRULPSURYLQJWKHTXDOLW\DQG HIILFLHQF\RI8.5HWKLQNLQJ&RQVWUXFWLRQ'HSDUWPHQWRIWKH(QYLURQPHQW7UDQVSRUWDQG WKH5HJLRQV/RQGRQ8. >@ ,.DELU³7KHHPHUJHQFHRI:HE´7KH'DLO\6WDU,&76SHFLDO9ROXPH1XPEHU DYDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZWKHGDLO\VWDUQHWGKWP >@ $6W\KUH0DQDJLQJ.QRZOHGJHLQWKH&RQVWUXFWLRQ,QGXVWU\6SRQ5HVHDUFK$ELQJGRQ2[RQ 8.

>@ **UDEKHU  7HPSRUDU\ DUFKLWHFWXUHV RI OHDUQLQJ NQRZOHGJH JRYHUQDQFH LQ SURMHFW HFRORJLHV2UJDQL]DWLRQ6WXGLHVSS

>@ +65RELQVRQ30&DUULOOR&-$QXPED$0$O*KDVVDQL .QRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFHV LQ ODUJH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV (QJLQHHULQJ &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG $UFKLWHFWXUDO 0DQDJHPHQWSS

>@ $-DYHUQLFN:LOO:56FRWW:KR QHHGV WR NQRZ ZKDW" ,QVWLWXWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH DQG JOREDO SURMHFWV-RXUQDORI&RQVWUXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ0DQDJHPHQWSS >@ 30&DUULOOR3&KLQRZV\ ([SORLWLQJ .0 WKH HQJLQHHULQJ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ SHUVSHFWLYH

-RXUQDORI0DQDJHPHQWLQ(QJLQHHULQJSS

FRQVWUXFWLRQVWUDWHJLHVUHVRXUFHVDQGEDUULHUV3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW-RXUQDO SS

>@ 320 6YHUOLQJHU 0DQDJLQJ .QRZOHGJH LQ 3URIHVVLRQDO 6HUYLFH 2UJDQL]DWLRQV 7HFKQLFDO &RQVXOWDQWV 6HUYLQJ WKH &RQVWUXFWLRQ ,QGXVWU\ 3K' WKHVLV 'HSDUWPHQW RI 6HUYLFH 0DQDJHPHQW&KDOPHUV8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\

>@ 1$$QNUDK'$/DJIRUG$UFKLWHFWVDQGFRQWUDFWRUVDFRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\RIRUJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUHV&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DQDJHPHQWDQG(FRQRPLFVSS

>@ 30&DUULOOR 0DQDJLQJ NQRZOHGJH OHVVRQV IURP WKH RLO DQG JDV VHFWRU &RQVWUXFWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQWDQG(FRQRPLFVSS

>@ 36:)RQJ&:&.ZRZ2UJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH DQG NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW VXFFHVV DW SURMHFWDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHYHOVLQFRQWUDFWLQJILUPV-RXUQDORI&RQVWUXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ 0DQDJHPHQWSS

>@ ,'UHMHU$/9LQGLQJ 2UJDQLVDWLRQ µDQFKRULQJ¶ RI NQRZOHGJH DQG LQQRYDWLYH DFWLYLW\ LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DQDJHPHQWDQG(FRQRPLFVSS

>@ /&KHQ60RKDPHG7KH VWUDWHJLF LPSRUWDQFH RI WDFLW NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW DFWLYLWLHV LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ,QQRYDWLRQSS

>@ $EGXONDUHHP $ 0 $ $OPDUVKDG  %,0EDVHG .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW 6\VWHP IRU %XLOGLQJ 0DLQWHQDQFH 3K' 7KHVLV LQ &RQVWUXFWLRQ 3URMHFW 0DQDJHPHQW +HULRW :DWW 8QLYHUVLW\6FKRRORI%XLOW(QYLURQPHQW(GLQEXUJK8QLWHG.LQJGRP

>@ <X&KHQJ /LQ  &RQVWUXFWLRQ ' %,0EDVHG NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP D FDVH VWXG\ -RXUQDO RI &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW   '2, 

>@ 6KLK3LQJ+R+XL3LQJ7VHUQJDQG6KX+XL-DQ(QKDQFLQJ.QRZOHGJH6KDULQJ0DQDJHPHQW 8VLQJ %,0 7HFKQRORJ\ LQ &RQVWUXFWLRQ 6FLHQWLILF :RUOG -RXUQDOီ9ROXPH  KWWSG[GRLRUJ

>@ +:DQJDQG;0HQJ,PSURYLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQW7KURXJKWKH 8VHRI%,0$/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ,Q3:&KDQDQG&-1HLOVRQ(GV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH QG $QQXDO $5&20 &RQIHUHQFH  6HSWHPEHU  0DQFKHVWHU 8. $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 5HVHDUFKHUVLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW9RO

>@ 5DJKDY *URYHU DQG 7KRPDV 0 )URHVH .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW LQ &RQVWUXFWLRQ XVLQJ D 6RFLR%,03ODWIRUP$&DVH6WXG\RI$<26PDUW+RPH3URMHFW3URFHGLD(QJLQHHULQJ ±

>@ 9LQLWD 3 %KDWLMD 1LWKLQ 7KRPDV DQG 1DVKZDQ 'DZRRG  $ 3UHOLPLQDU\ $SSURDFK WRZDUGV,QWHJUDWLQJ.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQWZLWK%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ.%,0 IRU WKH &RQVWUXFWLRQ ,QGXVWU\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI ,QQRYDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW DQG 7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R)HEUXDU\

>@ %6XFFDU³%XLOGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHOOLQJIUDPHZRUNDUHVHDUFKDQGGHOLYHU\IRXQGDWLRQIRU LQGXVWU\VWDNHKROGHUV´$XWRPDWLRQLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQYROQRSS±ီ >@ 63:HEE ³.QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW /LQFKSLQ RI &KDQJH´ $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU ,QIRUPDWLRQ

0DQDJHPHQW5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ8.

>@ ,1RQDNDµ7KHNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLQJFRPSDQ\¶+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV5HYLHZ1RYHPEHU 'HFHPEHU

>@ .:LLJ.QRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWIRXQGDWLRQV$UOLQJWRQ7;6FKHPD3UHVV

>@ %DUWRQ/HRQDUG '  :HOOVSULQJV RI NQRZOHGJH²%XLOGLQJ DQG VXVWDLQLQJ VRXUFHV RI LQQRYDWLRQ%RVWRQ0$+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO3UHVV >@ $34&$PHULFDQ3URGXFWLYLW\DQG4XDOLW\&HQWUH&RQVRUWLXP%HQFKPDUNLQJ >@ 6WXG\)LQDO5HSRUW([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\ီ >@ .30*.05HVHDUFK5HSRUWီ >@ *..XOXODQJD)7(GXP)RWZH50F&DIIHU0HDVXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQFRQWUDFWRUV RUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHDUQLQJ%XLOG5HV,QI±ီ >@ +5ROOHWW.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQW3URFHVVHVDQG7HFKQRORJLHV6SULQJHUီ

>@ $ 7LZDQD   7KH NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW WRRONLW²SUDFWLFDO WHFKQLTXHV IRU EXLOGLQJ D NQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP3UHQWLFH+DOO(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-

>@ * ' %KDWW  ³.QRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV H[DPLQLQJ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WHFKQRORJLHV WHFKQLTXHV DQG SHRSOH´ -RXUQDO RI .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW 

11 ±

>@ . 0HUWLQV  3 +HLVLJ   - 9RUEHFN  .QRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW %HVW SUDFWLFHV LQ (XURSH6SULQJHU >@ )6ROLPDQDQG.6SRRQHUµ6WUDWHJLHVIRULPSOHPHQWLQJNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWUROH RIKXPDQUHVRXUFHVPDQDJHPHQW¶MRXUQDORINQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQW >@ 7+'DYHQSRUWDQG/3UXVDN:RUNLQJNQRZOHGJHKRZRUJDQL]DWLRQVPDQDJHZKDW WKH\NQRZ+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV3UHVV >@ $0DUFKµ$QRWHRQ.QRZOHGJH0DQDJHPHQW¶+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO1RY 

>@ 6 <DK\D DQG :. *RK  µ0DQDJLQJ KXPDQ UHVRXUFHV WRZDUG DFKLHYLQJ NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW¶-RXUQDORINQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQW

>@ . 'DONLU  .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW LQ WKHRU\ DQG 3UDFWLFH 2[IRUG (OVHYLHU %XWWHUZRUWK+HLQHPDQQ

>@ &- $QXPED  55$ ,VVD  -< 3DQ  , 0XWLV   2QWRORJ\EDVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ&RQVWUXFW,QQRY±

>@ 6KX+XL-DQ6KLK3LQJ+R+XL3LQJ7VHUQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FKRODUO\DQG6FLHQWLILF5HVHDUFK  ,QQRYDWLRQ

>@ $OPDUVKDG $$0$  %,0EDVHG .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW 6\VWHP IRU %XLOGLQJ 0DLQWHQDQFH 3K' 7KHVLV +HULRW :DWW 8QLYHUVLW\ 6FKRRO RI (QYLURQPHQW (GLQEXUJK 8QLWHG.LQJGRP >@ <&/LQDQG+</HH'HYHORSLQJSURMHFWFRPPXQLWLHVRISUDFWLFHEDVHGNQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ$XWRPDWLRQLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ >@ /<'LQJ%7=KRQJ6:X+%/XR&RQVWUXFWLRQULVNNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWLQ%,0 XVLQJRQWRORJ\DQGVHPDQWLFZHEWHFKQRORJ\LQ6DIHW\6FLHQFHSS