CORRELATES OF
ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY
SÖREN HOLMBERG
BO ROTHSTEIN
WORKING PAPER SERIES 2019:8
QOG THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTE
Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg
Box 711, SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG May 2019
ISSN 1653-8919
Correlates of Electoral Democracy S¨oren Holmberg
Bo Rothstein
QoG Working Paper Series 2019:8 May 2019
ISSN 1653-8919
S¨oren Holmberg
The Quality of Government Institute Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg soren.holmberg@pol.gu.se
Bo Rothstein
The Quality of Government Institute Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg bo.rothstein@pol.gu.se
3
Contents
Electoral Democracy Index
Economy 4
GDP per Capita . . . 4
Economic Equality (GINI Index) . . . 5
Economic Freedom Index . . . 6
GDP Growth per Capita . . . 7
Ease of Doing Business . . . 8
Welfare 9 Human Development Index . . . 9
Good Society Index . . . 10
Government Revenue . . . 11
Tax Revenue . . . 12
Average Schooling Years . . . 13
School Enrolment . . . 14
Health 15 Life Expectancy . . . 15
Healthy Life Expectancy . . . 16
Infant Mortality Rate . . . 17
Risk of Maternal Death . . . 18
Public Health Expenditure . . . 19
Private Health Expenditure . . . 20
Alcohol Consumption . . . 21
Environment 22 CO2 Emmissions per Capita . . . 22
Access to Drinking Water . . . 23
Unsafe Sanitation . . . 24
Gender 25 Gender Equality Index . . . 25
Female School Enrolment . . . 26
Violence/Crime 27 Total Police Personnel . . . 27
Homicide Rate . . . 28
Organized Crime . . . 29
Road Traffic Death Rate . . . 30
Trust 31 Trust in People . . . 31
Confidence in Parliament . . . 32
Confidence in Parliament in Democracies . . . 33
Happiness 34 Feeling of Happiness . . . 34
Life Satisfaction . . . 35
Change in Electoral Democracy 36
Level of Democracy 2007 vs. Level of Democracy 2017 . . . 36
Quality of Government 37 Government Effectiveness . . . 37
Corruption . . . 38
Freedom on the Net . . . 39
Description of Variables by Source 40 Barro & Lee . . . 40
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . . . 41
Ease of Doing Business Report . . . 42
Environmental Performance Index . . . 43
Freedom House . . . 44
United Nations Development Programme . . . 45
Heritage Foundation . . . 46
International Monetary Fund . . . 47
S¨oren Holmberg . . . 48
United Nations Development Program . . . 49
The World Bank Group . . . 50
The World Bank Group . . . 51
World Economic Forum . . . 53
World Health Organization . . . 54
World Values Survey / European Values Survey . . . 55
References 56
Electoral Democracy Index
This index is based on the question: To what extent is the ideal of electoral democracy in its fullest sense achieved?
Clarifications:
The electoral principle of democracy seeks to embody the core value of making rulers responsive to citizens, achieved through electoral competition for the electorate’s approval under circumstances when suffrage is extensive; political and civil society organizations can operate freely; elections are clean and not marred by fraud or systematic irregularities; and elections affect the composition of the chief executive of the country. In between elections, there is freedom of expression and an independent media capable of presenting alternative views on matters of political relevance. In the VDem conceptual scheme, electoral democracy is understood as an essential element of any other conception of (representative) democracy - liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, or some other. Aggregation: The index is formed by taking the average of, on the one hand, the sum of the indices measuring freedom of association (thick), suffrage, clean elections, elected executive (de jure) and freedom of expression; and, on the other, the five-way interaction between those indices. This is half way between a straight average and strict multiplication, meaning the average of the two. It is thus a compromise between the two most well known aggregation formulas in the literature, both allowing ”compensation” in one sub-component for lack of polyarchy in the others, but also punishing countries not strong in one sub-component according to the ”weakest link” argument. The aggregation is done at the level of Dahls sub-components (with the one exception of the non-electoral component).
Source: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project https://v-dem.net/en/data/
(Downloaded on 2018-07-09)
Dataset: Varieties of Democracy Dataset version 8 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. It is a collaboration among more than 50 scholars worldwide which is co-hosted by the Department of Political Science at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and the Kellogg Institute at the University of Notre Dame, USA.
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Brazil Bulgaria Belarus Canada Cape Verde Sri Lanka China
Colombia Costa Rica
Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Fiji Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Kuwait Laos Latvia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia
Maldives Montenegro Mexico Mauritius
Morocco Oman Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Panama Philippines Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Suriname Eswatini Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Macedonia Egypt U.K. U.S.A. Uruguay Venezuela Yemen High Low High Low 0 30000 60000 90000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
GDP per Capita (constant 2010 US Dollar)
GDP per Capita (constant 2010 US Dollar) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 164 R−Squared: 0.20
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil Bulgaria Myanmar Belarus Cameroon Sri Lanka Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Estonia Finland France Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary Iceland Iran Ireland Italy Cote d'Ivoire Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Mozambique Namibia Netherlands Nicaragua Niger Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Portugal Timor−Leste Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand Togo Turkey Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 30 40 50 60 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
GINI Inde
x (W
orld Bank Estimate)
GINI Index (World Bank Estimate) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 89 R−Squared: 0.01
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 25 50 75 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Economic Freedom Inde
x
Economic Freedom Index vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 166 R−Squared: 0.26
Sources: Heritage Foundation (2015 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Cuba Czech Republic
Benin Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Estonia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Guinea Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Italy Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mexico Morocco Oman Panama Peru Philippines Portugal Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone
Singapore Slovenia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Tajikistan
United Arab Emirates
Turkey Turkmenistan Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low −20 0 20 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
GDP per Capita Gr
o
wth (ann
ual %)
GDP per Capita Growth (annual %) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 166 R−Squared: 0.03
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Croatia Cyprus Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Jamaica Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia Easy Not Easy High Low 20 40 60 80 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Ease of Doing Business
Ease of Doing Business vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 168 R−Squared: 0.27
Sources: Ease of Doing Business Report (DB17−19 methodology) (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Central African Republic Chad China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland France Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Human De
velopment Inde
x
Human Development Index vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 168 R−Squared: 0.22
Sources: United Nations Development Program (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Yemen Zimbabwe High Low High Low 10 20 30 40 50 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Good Society Inde
x
Good Society Index vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 57 R−Squared: 0.22
Sources: Holmberg, 2007. Made with data from: World Value Survey (Happiness) and World Development Indicators (Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality) (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Myanmar Belarus Cameroon Canada
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Taiwan Colombia Comoros DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Benin Denmark Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Estonia Fiji Finland France Djibouti Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritius MexicoMongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Tajikistan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Uruguay Zambia High Low High Low 20 40 60 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Go
vernment Re
ven
ue (per
cent of GDP)
Government Revenue (percent of GDP) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 150 R−Squared: 0.09
Sources: International Monetary Fund (2014 − 2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Belarus Cambodia Canada Sri Lanka Chile China
Colombia Costa Rica
Croatia Czech Republic Denmark El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu New Zealand Nicaragua Norway
Papua New Guinea Philippines Paraguay Peru Poland Timor−Leste Romania Russia Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
Turkey Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uzbekistan Zambia High Low High Low 0 10 20 30 40 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
T
ax Re
ven
ue (% of GDP)
Tax Revenue (% of GDP) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 115 R−Squared: 0.16
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Central African Republic
Chile China Colombia Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Fiji Finland Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia Turkey
Uganda Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
U.K. U.S.A. Uruguay Venezuela Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe High Low High Low 5 10 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
A vera g e Sc hooling Y ear s
Average Schooling Years vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 137 R−Squared: 0.27
Sources: Barro & Lee (2010) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Belgium Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Kazakhstan Jordan North Korea South Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Panama Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Slovakia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K.
Tanzania Burkina Faso
Uruguay Uzbekistan High Low High Low 0 25 50 75 100 125 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Sc hool Enr olment (T er tiar y)
School Enrolment (Tertiary) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 127 R−Squared: 0.22
Sources: The World Bank Group (Ratio of total enrolment) (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Barbados Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 60 70 80 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Lif e Expectanc y at Bir th, T otal (y ear s)
Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (years) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 170 R−Squared: 0.19
Sources: The World Bank Group (2016) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Barbados Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 50 60 70 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Health
y Lif
e Expectanc
y
Healthy Life Expectancy vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 170 R−Squared: 0.21
Sources: World Health Organization (2016) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Barbados Bhutan Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad China Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0 25 50 75 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Mor
tality Rate
, Infant (per 1,000 Live Bir
ths)
Mortality Rate, Infant (per 1,000 Live Births) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 170 R−Squared: 0.14
Sources: The World Bank Group (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Solomon Islands Myanmar Burundi Cambodia Cameroon
Central African Republic Chad China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Cuba Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Fiji Djibouti Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Iran Iraq Italy Cote d'Ivoire Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mexico Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine Macedonia U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0 2 4 6 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Risk of Maternal Death (%)
Risk of Maternal Death (%) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 169 R−Squared: 0.08
Sources: The World Bank Group (2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Belgium Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland France Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand Togo United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Pub
lic Health Expenditure (% of GDP)
Public Health Expenditure (% of GDP) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 163 R−Squared: 0.34
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014 − 2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Barbados Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde
Central African Republic Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador
El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland France Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0 20 40 60 80 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Priv
ate Health Expenditure (% of health e
xp.)
Private Health Expenditure (% of health exp.) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 163 R−Squared: 0.11
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014 − 2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Austria Bahrain Armenia Barbados Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chile China Colombia Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Estonia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Suriname Eswatini Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0 5 10 15 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Alcohol Consumption per Capita
Alcohol Consumption per Capita vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 163 R−Squared: 0.31
Sources: World Health Organization (2015 − 2016) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Algeria Azerbaijan Argentina Australia Bahrain Armenia Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Belarus Cambodia Canada Cape Verde China Colombia Congo Croatia Cuba Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador
El Salvador Estonia Fiji France Djibouti Gabon Gambia Germany Guyana Iceland India Iran Iraq Italy Kazakhstan Jordan North Korea Kuwait Laos Lebanon Lesotho Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Mali Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Morocco Oman New Zealand Panama Philippines Poland Qatar Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. U.S.A. Venezuela Yemen High Low High Low 0 10 20 30 40 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index Number of observations: 169
R−Squared: 0.00
Sources: The World Bank Group (2014) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
CO
Emissions (metric tons per Capita) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
CO
2
Emissions (metric tons per Capita)
2
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Bahrain Armenia Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Taiwan Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador
El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0 25 50 75 100 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Access T
o Drinking W
ater
Access To Drinking Water vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 169 R−Squared: 0.23
Sources: Environmental Performance Index (2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad China Taiwan Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador
El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia Safe Not Safe High Low 25 50 75 100 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Unsaf
e Sanitation
Unsafe Sanitation vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 169 R−Squared: 0.07
Sources: Environmental Performance Index (2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Barbados Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador
El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji France Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Gender Equality Inde
x
Gender Equality Index vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 168 R−Squared: 0.21
Sources: United Nations Development Programme (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Argentina Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cameroon
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Colombia Comoros DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia
Cuba Czech Republic
Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Finland France Djibouti Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Honduras Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan North Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mexico Moldova Montenegro Oman Nepal Netherlands Vanuatu New Zealand Niger Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Portugal Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain South Sudan Sudan Eswatini Sweden Thailand
United Arab Emirates Tunisia
Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen High Low High Low 0 50 100 150 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Female Sc hool Enr olment (T er tiar y)
Female School Enrolment (Tertiary) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 134 R−Squared: 0.21
Sources: The World Bank Group (Ratio of total enrolment) (2014 − 2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Barbados Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Canada Cape Verde Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Estonia Finland France Georgia Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda Macedonia Tanzania U.S.A. Uruguay High Low High Low 0 200 400 600 800 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
T otal P olice P er sonnel (per 100,000 P op.)
Total Police Personnel (per 100,000 Pop.) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 69 R−Squared: 0.02
Sources: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014 − 2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Brazil Cameroon
Central African Republic Chad China Colombia Costa Rica Benin Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Djibouti Gabon Gambia Germany Guatemala Guinea Guyana Honduras India Israel Italy Jamaica Laos Lebanon Latvia Libya Mexico Mongolia Nigeria Panama Poland Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Somalia South Africa Spain Sudan Suriname Sweden Trinidad and Tobago
Turkmenistan U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Venezuela High Low High Low 0 30 60 90 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Homicide Rate (per 100,000 P
op.)
Homicide Rate (per 100,000 Pop.) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 127 R−Squared: 0.00
Sources: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014 − 2015) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Belgium Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Chile China Taiwan Colombia DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Estonia Finland Georgia Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Haiti Honduras Iceland India Indonesia Iran Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Eswatini Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Or
ganiz
ed Crime
Organized Crime vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 136 R−Squared: 0.03
Sources: World Economic Forum (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic
Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea−Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovenia Solomon Islands
Somalia South Africa
South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor−Leste Togo
Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia
Turkey Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine United Arab Emirates
U.K. U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe High Low High Low 10 20 30 40 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Road T
raffic Death Rate (per 100,000 P
op.)
Road Traffic Death Rate (per 100,000 Pop.) vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 170 R−Squared: 0.24
Sources: World Health Organization (2013) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Brazil Chile China Colombia Cyprus Ecuador Egypt Estonia Georgia Germany Ghana India Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Yemen Zimbabwe High Low High Low 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Most P
eople Can Be T
rusted
Most People Can Be Trusted vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 58 R−Squared: 0.01
Sources: World Values Survey (2010 − 2014) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Brazil Chile China Colombia Cyprus Ecuador Egypt Estonia Georgia Germany Ghana India Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Yemen Zimbabwe High Low High Low 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Confidence in P
arliament
Confidence in Parliament vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 58 R−Squared: 0.16
Sources: World Values Survey (2010 − 2014) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Argentina Australia Brazil Chile Colombia Cyprus Ecuador Estonia Georgia Germany Ghana Japan South Korea Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Peru Poland Romania Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia U.S.A. Uruguay High Low High Low 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Electoral Democracy Index
Confidence in P
arliament
Confidence in Parliament vs. Electoral Democracy Index in Democracies
Number of observations: 28 Adjusted R−Squared: 0.1
Sources: World Values Survey (2010 − 2014) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Brazil Chile China Colombia Cyprus Ecuador Egypt Estonia Georgia Germany Ghana India Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Yemen Zimbabwe High Low High Low 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Feeling of Happiness
Feeling of Happiness vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 58 R−Squared: 0.02
Sources: World Values Survey (2010 − 2014) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Brazil Chile China Colombia Cyprus Ecuador Egypt Estonia Georgia Germany Ghana India Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Yemen Zimbabwe High Low High Low 5 6 7 8 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Satisfaction with Lif
e
Satisfaction with Life vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 58 R−Squared: 0.06
Sources: World Values Survey (2010 − 2014) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Bhutan Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana Brazil Myanmar Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Sri Lanka Chad Chile China Taiwan Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Eritrea Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Greece Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Moldova Morocco Mozambique Oman Namibia Nepal Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Norway Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe Spain Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo
United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low
Countries that improved
Countries that deteriorated
45 degree line 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index in 2007
Electoral Democrac
y Inde
x in 2017
Electoral Democracy (10 year change)
Number of observations: 169 Adjusted R−Squared: 0.83
Sources: Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Azerbaijan Argentina Austria Bahrain Armenia Barbados Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Brazil Solomon Islands Bulgaria Myanmar Burundi Belarus Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Benin Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Djibouti Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Iran Iraq Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Montenegro Morocco Oman Namibia Netherlands Vanuatu Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Philippines Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Timor−Leste Qatar Russia Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa Zimbabwe South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Syria Tajikistan Thailand Togo United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Macedonia Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Burkina Faso Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low −2 −1 0 1 2 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Go
vernment Eff
ectiveness
Government Effectiveness vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 171 R−Squared: 0.38
Sources: The World Bank Group (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
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Sri Lanka Chile China Taiwan Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland France Djibouti Gabon Georgia Gambia Germany Greece Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Cote d'Ivoire Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Jordan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lesotho Latvia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Mozambique Oman Namibia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Poland Portugal Guinea−Bissau Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa Spain South Sudan Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Egypt U.K. Tanzania U.S.A. Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Yemen Zambia High Low High Low −2 −1 0 1 2 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Electoral Democracy Index
Corruption
Corruption vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Number of observations: 171 R−Squared: 0.44
Sources: The World Bank Group (2017) & Varieties of Democracy (V−Dem) Project (2017)
