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manana kobaiZe uRlebis tipebis Sesaxeb qarTulSiqarTuli zmnis mTliani sistemis aRwerisas da swavlebisas xSirad iyeneben gvaris kategorias, rogorc ZiriTad saklasifikacio erTeuls. zmnis gvari sakmaod rTuli kategoriaa da erTsa da imave gvaris farglebSi formobrivad gansxvavebul monacemebs uyris Tavs. Semdeg amas emateba inversiuli zmnebis da formebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi da bolos mTliani suraTi xSirad bundovani da gaurkveveli rCeba ara marto qarTulis, rogorc ucxo enis an meore enis SemswavlelisTvis, aramed maTTvisac, visi mSobliuri enac qarTulia.
am statiaSi mocemulia cda, rom qarTuli zmnis sistema aRiweros advilad sacnobi formaluri niSnebis mixedviT, rac SedarebiT gaadvilebs qarTuli enis rogorc meore enis anda ucxo enis swavlebas da ufro xelSesaxebad warmoaCens qarTuli zmnis bunebas.
aq warmodgenil klasifikaciaSi zmnas morfologiur klasTan erTad mieTiTeba sintaqsuri yalibic. aseTi ormagi, Tundac hibriduli klasifikacia, vfiqrobT, mosaxerxebeli iqneba beWdur leqsikonebSi warmodgenili zmnis anotirebisTvisac. amave dros, es naTlad aCvenebs qarTuli zmnis bunebas: erTi da imave yalibis zmnas SeiZleba hqondes pirdapiri wyoba (Tavisi subieqturi da obieqturi wyobebiTurT: vawuxeb – mawuxebs) an inversiuli wyoba (Tavisi subieqturi da obieqturi wyobebiTurT: mejavreba – vejavrebi, an mxolod erTi wyobiT: mciva, mamTqnarebs...).
rogorc mwkrivis kategoriaa gamoyofili formaluri niSnebis mixedviT da Semdeg xdeba imis aRwera, Tu romeli droisa Tu kilos gamoxatva SeuZlia ama Tu im mwkrivis formas, aseve zmnis yalibebis mxolod formis mixedviT aRwera aiolebs saqmes. Semdeg ki TviTeuli yalibi aRiwereba imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis mimarTebebis gamoxatva SeiZleba am yalibiT.
rodesac yalibebs vaxseneb, aq igulisxmeba ama Tu im formis zmnis mTliani paradigma da ara wminda formobrivi niSniT daSlili, paradigmis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ganxiluli monacemebi. magaliTad, forma viwuxeb or sxvadasxva sistemaSi or sxvadasxva monacemad ganixileba: viwuxeb SeiZleba iyos pirveli tipis uRlebis forma awmyos mwkrivisa (mag.: Tavs ar viwuxeb), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki statikuri vwuxvar zmnis myofadis formaa (mag.: xval amaze aRar viwuxeb). roca formis mixedviT klasifikaciaze vlaparakob, ar vgulisxmob funqciis ugulvebelyofas. magram zmnebis dajgufebis amosavali principi aq TviTon zmnis morfologiuri agebulebaa, misi garegnuli forma.
vidre saubars gavagrZelebdeT, qvemoT mokled warmovadgenT qarTuli zmnis klasifikaciis istoriidan zogierT ZiriTad Sexedulebas.
1. qarTuli zmnis klasifikaciis istoriidan
qarTuli zmnis kategoriebis simdidre da sirTule iZleva imis saSualebas, rom zmnis sistema urTierTgansxvavebuli kriteriumebiT aRiweros da dalagdes.
dinamikur gardauval (vTbebi) da gardamaval zmnebs (vaSeneb) aerTianebs myofadSi zmniswinebis gamoyeneba, rac gamoxatavs am zmnebis unars (da amave dros, am zmnebs aniWebs unars), rom gamoxaton wyvetilobrivi moqmedeba da dasrulebuli aspeqti. labilurgardamaval zmnebs (vcxovrob) da statikur zmnebs (vdgavar) ki aerTianebs myofadis uzmniswino warmoeba. isini gamoxataven gangrZobiT moqmedebas. aspeqtis kategoriis mniSvnelobas
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qarTuli zmnis sistemaSi mravali gamokvleva mieZRvna, maT Soris iseTi mniSvnelovani, rogoric aris Ciqobava 1948, maWavariani 1974, jorbenaZe 1989. mniSvnelovani Cans telikuri (mizanmimarTuli moqmedeba) da atelikuri (moqmedeba ar isaxavs miznad raime Sedegis miRwevas) aspeqtebis mniSvneloba qarTuli zmnis sistemisTvis (holiski 1979:392-393; tuiti 2004-2005:98-126).akaki SaniZem qarTuli zmnebis klasifikacia ara marto gvaris mixedviT warmoadgina, aramed qarTuli zmnis sistema formaluri niSnebis mixedviTac aRwera da am niSniT uRlebis oTxi tipi gamoyo (SaniZe 1980:488-496). man uRlebis meoTxe tipSi gaaerTiana ara marto pirdapiri wyobis meSvelzmniani, aramed inversiuli meSvelzmnianebic (vuyvarvar, vZulvar), radgan is am zmnebsac pirdapiri wyobis zmnebad ganixilavda.
I tipi: vakeTeb, vxatav, vTli
II tipi: vwiTldebi, vTbebi, vimalebi, venatrebi III tipi: vcxovrob, vcocav, vtiri, vwuxvar IV tipi: vafenivar, vgdivar, vdgavar, vuyvarvar
akaki SaniZis klasifikacias ucvlelad an mcire cvlilebiT imeorebs sxva bevri klasifikaciac. cvlilebebi, Cveulebriv, inversiuli zmnebis da statikuri vnebiTebis adgils exeba (aronsoni 2005:332; 340; 373-375; harisi 2009:259-261; hileri 1996-2006; hiuti 2005:211-218).
besarion jorbenaZem qarTulSi zmnebis ori ZiriTadi yalibi gamoyo: moqmedebiTis yalibi da vnebiTis yalibi: ”qarTulSi yvela zmna iuRleba an moqmedebiTi, an vnebiTi gvaris principiT. xdeba Serevac, magram Serevis drosac an moqmedebiTi yalibia Senacvlebuli isev moqmedebiTis sxva yalibTan, an vnebiTisa – moqmedebiTTan. yvelaferi es nairgvari modifikaciebiTaa warmodgenili qarTulSi, magram uRvlilebis ori principi Tanamimdevruladaa gatarebuli” (jorbenaZe 1990:21). garda am ori yalibisa, man miuTiTa mesame yalibis, meSvelzmniani yalibis Sesaxebac. is garkveviT wers, rom qarTuli zmnis ZiriTadi yalibebia TemisniSanze daboloebuli yalibi, gardauvalobis –i sufiqsiT daboloebuli yalibi da, agreTve, meSvelzmniani yalibi: ”aris mesame yalibic, romelic SeiZleba iyenebdes vnebiTis an moqmedebiTis yalibs, da romelic markirebulia meSveli zmniT” (jorbenaZe 1991:123).
marTlac, myofadis wreSi zmnebi sufiqsaciis mixedviT or did jgufad daiyofa:
I tipi da III tipi: gavakeTeb, davxatav, gavTli, vicxovreb, vicoceb, viwuxeb II da IV tipi: gavwiTldebi, gavTbebi, davimalebi, movenatrebi, vefinebi, vegdebi, vidgebi...
rodesac besarion jorbenaZe zmnis ZiriTad yalibebs aRwers, is mudam xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom am yalibebis saxeli (moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi) ar gamoxatavs am formaTa ZiriTad funqciebs. am Seusabamobis Sesaxeb garkveviT wers bevri enaTmecnieri (SaniZe 1980:296-300, suxiSvili 1981a:196; lomTaTiZe 1953:77, maWavariani 1959:128-129, jorbenaZe 1983:136-141, maWavariani 1987:69-75, meliqiSvili 2001:65, tuiti 2002, asaTiani 2009:39). dReisaTvis qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mTliani masalis gaTvaliswinebiT uaRresad gamowvlilviT da yoveli detalisa da faqizi niuansis yuradRebiani ganxilviT aris aRwerili da Seswavlili (meliqiSvili 2001, uTurgaiZe 2002).
qalbatoni damana meliqiSvilis klasifikaciiT, romelic eyrdnoba zmnebis morfologiuri struqturisa (Zireuli da warmoqmnili) da sintaqsuri konstruqciis (sruli da arasruli) analizs, sami diaTeza gamoiyofa,
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TviTeuli diaTezis SigniT gairCeva dinamikuri da statikuri qvetipebi (meliqiSvili 2001:66-69).I diaTeza:
statikuri: vcxovrob, vcocav, vtiri, vwuxvar dinamikuri: vakeTeb, vxatav, vTli
II diaTeza:
statikuri: vafenivar
dinamikuri: vwiTldebi, vTbebi, vimalebi III diaTeza:
mamTqnarebs, makankalebs, vuyvarvar, venatrebi...
ar SeiZleba, ar aRvniSnoT kidev ramdenime sxva klasifikaciis Sesaxeb. uRlebis tipebis gamoyofisas arn. Ciqobava erT tipad gamoyofoda dinamikur zmnebs i-vnebiTiani tipiT, meore jgufad dinamikur zmnebs d-vnebiTiani tipiT da mesame tipad statikur zmnebs ori qvetipiT: erTpiriani statikurebi (cxovrobs) da orpiriani statikurebi (uyvars) (Ciqobava 1998:65-93).
gansxvavebulia giorgi gogolaSvilis klasifikacia, romlis mixedviT, wminda formobrivi TvalsazrisiT, uRlebis pirvel tipad iTvleba zmnebi, romlebsac mxolod awmyos (an misive Semotanili cnebiT, awmyo-myofadis) formebi moepovebaT (statikuri vnebiTebi da mediopasivebis erTi nawili). meore tipad erTiandebian medioaqtivebis awmyos wris formebi, agreTve zogi gardamavali dinamikuri, gardauvali dinamikuri da statikuri zmna. maT saerTo niSnad miCneulia uzmniswinoba da mwkrivnakluloba. mesame tipad gaerTianebulia is zmnebi, romlebsac yvela mwkrivis forma ewarmoebaT. am SemTxvevaSi aq igulisxmeba ara marto moqmedebiT gvaris zmnebi, aramed medioaqtiurebic, kerZod, maTi yvela forma garda awmyos wris mwkrivebisa (gogolaSvili 1988:145-149).
zmnis uRlebis formalizebuli sistemis aRwerisas qeTevan daTukiSvili gamoyofs 8-mwkrivian, 6-mwkrivian, 3-mwkrivian da 1-mwkrivian paradigmebs, Semdeg TiToeul maTganSi ganarCevs tipebs mwkrivTa fuZeebis warmoebis mixedviT da mTlianad uRlebis paradigmaTa aT tips gamoyofs (daTukiSvili 1997:14-16).
zmnis Seswavlis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebia ganxiluli mravali sxva mkvlevris naSromebSic, romelsac qarTuli zmnis verc erTi mkvlevari gverds ver auvlis da romelTa avtorebis ubralo CamoTvlac ki Zalian Sors wagviyvanda.
zemoT mimoxiluli yvela klasifikaciis umravlesoba mwyobria da bevri maTgani arawinaaRmdegobrivic aris. es statia dawerilia ara im mizniT, rom romelime arsebuli klasifikacia Caanacvlos, aramed im mizniT, rom qarTuli zmnis sistemis klasifikaciis kidev erTi SesaZlebloba aRvweroT, rac, imedia, ufro gasagebs gaxdis am sistemas enis SemswavlelisTvis.
2. qarTuli zmnebis ZiriTadi jgufebi formis mixedviT
qarTul zmnebs morfologiuri agebulebis mixedviT vyofT or ZiriTad jgufad:
1. umeSvelzmno zmnebi (R-Th da R-Th-i) (sadac R aRniSnavs Zirs, Th ki Temis niSans an xmovanmonacvle elements)
2. meSvelzmniani zmnebi (R-Aux) (sadac R aRniSnavs Zirs da Aux – damxmare zmnas)
am dayofis niSnad martiv Cvenebas veyrdnobiT:
meSvelzmnianebs vuwodebT yvela im zmnas, romelic dairTavs meSvel zmnas awmyos vinis rigiT niSniT gamoxatuli pirveli piris formaSi:
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vwuxvar, vuyvarvar, vdgavar, da a.S. es zmnebi formiT statikuri zmnebia da, Cveulebriv, gardauvali.meore mxriv dganan umeSvelzmnoebi, romlebic awmyoSi vinis rigis formebSi, Cveulebriv, meSvel zmnas ver dairTaven (vcxovrob, vaSeneb, vkvdebi...).
umeSvelzmnoebSi, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyofa gardamavali (vaSeneb-tipis), labilurgardamavali (vTamaSob-tipis) da dinamikuri gardauvali ( vTbebi-tipis) zmnebi.
meSvelzmnianebSi gamoiyofa labilurgardamavali (vwuxvar-tipis) da gardauvali zmnebi (vdgavar, vgdivar) (cxrili pirveli).
cxrili pirveli umeSvelzmnoebi brunvacvalebadi subieqti R-Th vakeTeb vTamaSob brunvaucvleli subieqti R-Th-i vTbebi meSvelzmnianebi brunvacvalebadi subieqti R- Aux/R-s vwuxvar/wuxs brunvaucvleli subieqti R- Aux/R-s vdgavar/dgas R- Aux/R-(i)a vwerivar/sweria am cxrilSi R-Ti aRniSnulia Ziri, Aux meSvel zmnas aRniSnavs, Th ki Temis niSans, Tumca es, ra Tqma unda, gamartivebuli sqemaa, magaliTad, aq Th niSniT aris gamoxatuli rogorc Temis niSniani, aseve fuZedrekadi elementis mqone zmnebic.
gardauvali dinamikuri zmnis R-Th-i yalibi (vTbebi, veCxubebi, verevi) qarTulSi iTavsebs vnebiTis funqciasac rogorc erTerT funqcias mraval sxva funqcias Soris. magaliTad, zmna ikbineba SeiZleba aqtiur moqmedebas gamoxatavdes (ZaRliviT ikbineba) an pasiurs (koRoebisgan daikbina). R-Th-i yalibis amosavali da ZiriTadi funqciaa gardauvali moqmedebis gamoxatva. ”konversiuli vnebiTi wignuri, normirebuli enis faqtia” (maWavariani 1987:71) sakuTriv vnebiTis funqciiT qarTulSi araformalur situaciaSi, xSirad, mesame piris mravlobiTi an ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeli gamoiyeneba (aaSenes, daartyes / viRacam aaSena, viRacam daartya (Ciqobava 1998:61, asaTiani 2009:33-34). R-Th-i yalibis zmnebis mxolod nawils aqvs konversiuli vnebiTis gageba, rac mravali mkvlevris mier aris SeniSnuli (ix. zemoT).
3. formiT dinamikuri da formiT statikuri zmnebi
zmnebis meSvelzmnian da umeSvelzmno tipebad dayofisas, rogorc aRvniSne, awmyos wris monacemebs veyrdnobiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar SeiZleba, rom ar SevexoT dinamikurobisa da statikurobis kategorias.
dinamikuroba da statikuroba sadavo terminebia da sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteba. akaki SaniZiseuli statikuri zmnebi mxolod e.w. statikur vnebiTebs moicavs, Tumca igi aRniSnavs, rom saxlobs (/asaxlia) tipis zmnac SeiZleba statikuri iyos (SaniZe 1980:313-322); arnold Ciqobavas gansazRvrebiT cxovrobs/mReris-tipis zmnebic statikuri zmnebia (Ciqobava 1998:48-49, 80-82). statikuri zmnebis kategoria monografiulad aris Seswavlili (suxiSvili 1976) iqneb es terminebi meSvelzmnianobis sakiTxs davukavSiroT da erTmaneTisagan gavarCioT formiT statikuri zmnebi da SinaarsiT statikuri zmnebi. formiT statikur zmnebs aqvT statikurobis formaluri niSani: meSvelzmniani warmoeba awmyos vinis rigis pirvel da meore pirSi (vdgavar, vuyvarvar, vgonivar...). es zmnebi, Cveulebriv, funqciiTac statikuria (kobaiZe 2008: 228-229, asaTiani 2009:42). maTTvis
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damaxasiaTebelia atelikuri aspeqti: zmna ar gamoxatavs iseT moqmedebas, romelic raime miznis SesrulebiT unda damTavrdes.formiT dinamikuri zmnebi awmyos formebs meSveli zmnis gareSe iwarmoeben, Cveulebriv, dairTaven Temis niSans an fuZedrekad elements da ZiriTadad dinamikur moqmedebas gamoxataven. am zmnaTagan erT nawils telikuri aspeqti axasiaTebs da myofadis mwkrivebs isini zmniswinis darTviT iwarmoeben (xatavs – daxatavs), meore nawils ki atelikuri aspeqti aqvs. isini myofads xmovani prefiqsiT iwarmoeben (TamaSobs – iTamaSebs). Tumca SeiZleba zog konteqstSi dinamikurma telikurma zmnebma atelikuri zmnis Sinaarsic SeiZinon. magaliTad, xatavs zmna SeiZleba dinamikuri telikuri iyos (is xatavs suraTs) da maSin mas uRlebis sruli paradigma aqvs. imave xatavs zmnam SeiZleba atelikuri aspeqtic gamoxatos, magaliTad, zogadi awmyos mniSvnelobiT (is kargad xatavs) da maSin mas eqneba mxolod awmyos wris mwkrivebi da, agreTve, II da III kavSirebiTis mwkrivebi uzmniswinod. anda sxva zmna, magaliTad, zmna niSnavs, romelsac statikuri mniSvnelobis SeZenisas mxolod awmyos wris mwkrivebis warmoeba uxerxdeba (es sityva amas niSnavs). Sdr. igive zmna dinamikuri SinaarsiT (niSnavs – daniSnavs – daniSna). igive SeiZleba iTqvas dinamikuri gardauvali zmnebis (-eb-i-ani zmnebis) Sesaxeb. maT SeuZliaT statikuri Sinaarsis gamoxatva da am SemTxvevaSi xSirad inversiul Sinaarssac iZenen.
Tu erTmaneTisgan gavarCevdiT, erTi mxriv, dinamikur da statikur zmnebs, meore mxriv ki telikur da atelikur zmnebs, SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom statikurobis niSania meSveli zmnis gamoyeneba awmyos pirveli da meore piris formebSi, atelikurobis niSani ki aris myofadis xmovanprefiqsiani warmoeba. am SemTxvevaSi sistema aseTi saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
dinamikuri telikuri: xatavs, Tbeba dinamikuri atelikuri: cxovrobs, tiris statikuri atelikuri: wuxs, dgas
rogorc aRvniSneT, erTma da imave zmnam SeiZleba xan atelikuri aspeqti gamoxatos da xan telikuri. gansakuTrebul labilobas am mxriv iCenen e.w. saSuali gvaris zmnebi, kerZod, medioaqtivebi. isini SeiZleba an statikuri da an dinamikuri semantikis gamomxatvelni iyvnen (SaniZe 1980:313-322, suxiSvili 2008:198-199). amave dros aqvT unari, rom awmyos wris mwkrivebis garda danarCeni mwkrivebi iwarmoon an saSuali gvaris zmnebis yalibiT (bibinebs – ibibinebs, ubibinia) anda vnebiTis yalibiT (bibinebs – abibinda, abibinebula). am aspeqturi sxvaobis aRsawerad inxoativis cneba aris gamoyenebuli (jorbenaZe 1989:172-187). es zmnebi myofadis wris mwkrivebsac swored meSvelzmniani statikurebis msgavsad uzmniswinod iwarmoeben, Tumca, amave dros, gardamavali zmnebis msgavsad, -Th da ara Th-i modeliT. maT statikurobis niuanss swored atelikuroba sZenT.
”zmnis zog tipSi moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis yalibebis urTierTSenacvleba damokidebulia ara argumentebis struqturaze, aramed aspeqtze“, wers tuiti (tuiti 1987:9) da imowmebs aseT magaliTs Cxenkelis gramatikidan
veTamaSebi, veTamaSe, miTamaSnia da, meore mxriv:
veTamaSebi gaveTamaSe gavTamaSebivar (Cxenkeli 1960, gv. 74, damowmebulia tuitidan 1987).
aq veTamaSebi, veTamaSe, miTamaSnia atelikuri aspeqtis zmnad miiCneva, veTamaSebi gaveTamaSe gavTamaSebivar ki telikur aspeqts gamoxatavs.
ase rom, Tu telikur zmnebSi sruli da usruli aspeqtebis garCeva zmniswinis darTva-daurTvelobiT gairCeva, mesame tipis uRlebis zmnebSi sruli da usruli aspeqtebis, an inxoativis da gangrZobiTi moqmedebis
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gasarCevad, Tundac telikuri da atelikuri aspeqtebis gasarCevad saWiro xdeba vnebiTis yalibze gadasvla (bibinebs – abibinebula), e-nian vnebiTebSi ki saSualis yalibis gamoyeneba (elaparakeba – ulaparakia).rogorc cnobilia, saSualis yalibi, ase Tu ise, zog mwkrivSi mihyveba moqmedebiTis yalibs, magram Tuki mTlian paradigmas gaviTvaliswinebT, ver vityodiT, rom is mTlianad moqmedebiTis yalibs emTxveodes, radgan moqmedebiTis yalibSi aq I TurmeobiTSi –eb Temis niSani iCenda Tavs (ulaparakebiaÅalaparakebs; Sdr. ulaparakia Å laparakobs). garda morfologiuri agebulebisa, Temis niSanTa ganawileba kidev sxva faqtorebzec aris damokidebuli (jorbenaZe 1988:175-186), razec aq ar SevCerdebiT, gavimeorebT ki, rom moqmedebiTis da saSuali gvaris yalibebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia (jorbenaZe 1988:175-186).
Tanamedrove qarTulis Cveneba saSualebas iZleva, rom meSvelzmnianobis formaluri niSnis SemotaniT gamokveTili sazRvari gaivlos formiT dinamikur da formiT statikur zmnebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, ra saxels davarqmevT maT, ori ZiriTadi morfologiuri yalibis arseboba Tanamedrove qarTulSi faqtia: erTi mxriv dganan meSvelzmnianebi da meore mxriv, umeSvelzmnoebi. umeSvelzmnoTagan nawili aris telikuri (pirveli da meore tipis uRlebis zmnebi), mesame tipis uRlebis zmnebi ki atelikuri zmnebia.
meSvelzmnianebs da umeSvelzmnoebs Soris gardamaval safexurze arian i-daboloebiani (vicini, vtiri, vmReri... tipis) zmnebi, romlebic iCenen tendencias, rom meSvelzmnian warmoebaze gadavidnen: vicini/vicinivar, vtiri/vtirivar... ingilour dialeqtSi dasturdeba meSveli zmnebi –ob-TemisniSnianebTanac: cxovrobxar... qarTlurSi da sxva dialeqtebSic vrceldeba meSvelzmniani formebi: damdevxar, cekvavxar, vsunTqavvar..., rac im tendenciis gamoxatulebaa, rom labilurgardamavalma zmnebma SeiZleba SeiZinon statikurobis morfologiuri niSani. jerjerobiT, sanam es tendencia mxolod zogi dialeqtisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, veyrdnobiT saliteraturo enis monacemebs. TviTon es tendencia arc ise axali Cans. –ob-TemisniSnianebis meSvelzmniani warmoeba adreve yofila damowmebuli. iseTi formebi, rogoric aris, magaliTad: vsaxlobvar, saxlobxar, saxloban (q. s. Zeg. VI, 125, 251, 446, 456). dasturdeba qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi (suxiSvili 2008:198). Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, vcxovrob da vicini tipis zmnebs formiT dinamikur zmnebad vTvli. xatavs tipis zmnebis msgavsad, garkveul konteqstebSi maTac SeuZliaT statikuri funqciis gamoxatva da maSin isini mwkrivnakli arian (magaliTad, is adre TbilisSi cxovrobda da ara man adre TbilisSi icxovra), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Tavisuflad iwarmoeben II seriis mwkrivebsac, magaliTad: man TbilisSi sami weli icxovra (icxovra, iTamaSa-tipis formebs cxovrobs, TamaSobs formebis organul gagrZelebad vTvliT).
4. ZiriTadi yalibebi
amgvarad, Temis niSnebis (da Temis niSnis funqciis mqone xmovanmonacvle elementebis) gaTvaliswinebiT qarTuli zmnis yalibebi SeiZleba ase aRiweros:
1. R-Th-ø Ziri-Temis niSani an xmovanmonacvle elementi (vaSen-eb/vdr-ek/vTamaS-ob), aqve Semodis uTemisniSno –i niSniani jgufic (vicin-i, vtir-i...)
2. R-Th-i Ziri-Temis niSani-gardauvalobis i (vTb-eb-i, vixrC-ob-i, vwiTld-eb-i, ver-ev-i)
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myofadis warmoebis Taviseburebis mixedviT gairCeva zmniswiniani myofadisa (PV) da xmovanprefiqsiani myofadis (PRV) mqone zmnebi (PV simbolo gamoyenebulia zmniswinis aRsaniSnavad, PRV ki zmnis Ziris wina xmovani prefiqsis aRsaniSnavad Preradical vowel). zmniswiniani da uzmniswino warmoeba erTmaneTisgan gaarCevs telikur da atelikur aspeqtebs (tuiti 1987:9). gardamavlobis, dinamikurobis da telikurobis maCveneblebiT am tipebis daxasiaTeba ukve TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rogor gansxvavdebian es jgufebi erTmaneTisgan TiTo niSnis cvalebiT da rogor qmnian mwyobr sistemas: cxrili meore awmyo myofadi R-Th-ø vaSen-eb dinamikuri gardamavali telikuri PV-R-Th-ø a-vaSen-ebzmniswini-Ziri-Temis niSani (an xmovanmonacvle elementi) R-Th-i vTb-eb-i dinamikuri gardauvali telikuri PV-R-Th-i ga-vTb-eb-i
zmniswini-Ziri-Temis niSani-gardauvalobis –i R-Th-ø vTamaS-ob dinamikuri labilurgardamavali atelikuri PRV-R-Th-ø v-i-TamaS-eb
xmovani prefiqsi-Ziri-Temis niSani
R-Aux v-wux-var statikuri labilurgardamavali atelikuri PRV-R- Th-ø v-i-wux-eb
xmovani prefiqsi-Ziri-Temis niSani
R-Aux vdga-var statikuri gardauvali atelikuri PRV-R-Th-i v-i-dgeb-i
xmovani prefiqsi-Ziri-Temis niSn.-gardauv. –i
myofadis mwkrivebSi meSvelzmnianebis nawili Th-ø daboloebas Rebulobs (magaliTad, viwuxeb) da nawili ki Th-i daboloebas (magaliTad, vidgebi), magram es ar niSnavs, rom yalibebis mTliani damTxveva xdebodes an uRlebis pirvel tipTan, anda uRlebis meore tipTan. uRlebis pirvel tipSi myofadSi Th-ø daboloeba, Cveulebriv, fuZis win zmniswinis darTvas moiTxovs (Tavs viwuxeb – Tavs Seviwuxeb), meSvelzmniani zmnebis myofadSi ki xmovani prefiqsi awarmoebs myofads (vwuxvar – viwuxeb); analogiuri gansxvaveba iCens Tavs meSvelzmnianebis myofadis Th-i daboloebiT warmoebis dros: umeSvelzmnoebSi zmniswini awarmoebs myofads (v-i-maleb-i – da-v-i-maleb-i), meSvelzmnianebSi ki xmovani prefiqsi (vdgavar – vidgebi). meSvelzmnianebis erTi mcire jgufis uRleba, kerZod, vwuxvar – viwuxeb tipis uRleba awmyos mwkrivebis garda sxva mwrivebSi mTlianad emTxveva mesame tipis uRlebas.
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5. meSvelzmniani warmoebis adgilis Sesaxeb qarTuli zmnis sistemaSimarTalia, meSvelzmniani warmoeba SedarebiT axali Camoyalibebulia (baramiZe 1964), magram am zmnebs sakmaod didi adgili ukavia enis sistemaSi. am zmnebis calke tipad gamoyofas iseve ver avaridebT Tavs, rogorc, magaliTad, mesame seriis mwkrivebis gamoyofas. rac mTavaria, kidevac rom avaridoT Tavi am zmnebis calke gamoyofas, es zmnis sistemis aRweras mxolod gaarTulebda da bundovans gaxdida. akaki SaniZem uRlebis meoTxe tipi swored am niSniT gamoyo, Tumca man meoTxe tipSi moaqcia yvela meSvelzmniani zmna garda e.w. saSual-moqmedebiTi zmnebis erTi mcire jgufisa (vwuxvar-jgufi), romelic meSveli zmniT iwarmoeba da romlebsac akaki SaniZe uRlebis mesame tipis zmnebTan aerTianebs.
gvaris mixedviT qarTuli zmnis aRwerisas meSvelzmnianebi warmodgenilia saSuali gvaris zmnebSi (rogorc medioaqtivebSi, aseve mediopasivebSic) da vnebiTebSi (statikuri vnebiTi).
damana meliqiSvilis klasifikaciis mixedviTac meSvelzmnianebi warmodgenilia rogorc pirvel, aseve meore da mesame diaTezaSi (meliqiSvili 2001:69; 271; 343-344).
am statiaSi warmodgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT, meSvelzmnianebi calke jgufs qmnian Tavisi qvejgufebiT.
meSvelzmniani da umeSvelzmno warmoebis zmnaTa erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom umeSvelzmno warmoebis pirdapiri wyobis zmnebisTvis CamovayaliboT ramdenime martivi wesi. am wesebidan zogi imdenad martivia, rom SesaZlebelia maTi Camoyalibeba mxolod zmnis fuZis fonematur agebulebaze dayrdnobiT.
umeSvelzmno warmoebis pirdapiri zmnebis awmyos pirveli piris vinis rigis formaSi zmna SesaZloa mTavrdebodes:
1. -VC, -CCi, an -V-i mimdevrobiT.
2. -VC-i mimdevrobiT, sadac VC ar aris –eb, -ob, an –ev. 3. -VC-i mimdevrobiT, sadac VC aris –eb, -ob, an –ev.
1. Tu awmyos pirveli piris vinis rigis formaSi zmna mTavrdeba VC, CCi, an V-i, mimdevrobiT (sadac V xmovans aRniSnavs, C Tanxmovans da CC erTze met Tanxmovans), am zmnis subieqti brunvacvalebadi subieqtia. magaliTad: vxatav, vwer, vWam, vaTbob, vdrek, vCeC, vcxovrob, vTamaSob, vfxan, vCqmet, vTli, vfxaWni, vtyui, vRmui da a.S.
es wesi moqmedebs miuxedavd imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens zmnis fuZis bolo VC marcvali: Temis niSans, fuZedrekad elements, Tu uTemisniSno zmnis Ziris nawils.
2. Tu awmyos pirveli piris vinis rigis formaSi zmna mTavrdeba VC-i mimdevrobiT, sadac VC aris nebismieri marcvali garda –eb, -ob, an –ev marcvlebisa, am zmnis subieqtic brunvacvalebadi subieqtia. magaliTad: vmReri, vyviri, vkvnesi, vicini, vtiri, vRnavi, da a.S.
3. Tu awmyos pirveli piris vinis rigis formaSi zmna mTavrdeba ebi, -ob-i, an –ev-i mimdevrobiT, maSin am zmnis subieqti brunvaucvleli subieqtia: magaliTad, vTbebi, vixrCobi, verevi, vecodebi, vpirdebi...
garda am sami wesisa, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes martivi wesebi imis Sesaxebac, Tu romeli savrcobiT iwarmoebs zmna uwyvetlis mwkrivebs, agreTve imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra prefiqsiT iwarmoebs zmna myofadis wres (da Sesabamisad, II seriis formebs): zmniswiniT (telikuri zmnebi) Tu xmovani prefiqsiT (atelikuri zmnebi).
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wesi savrcobis Sesaxeb Zalian martivia:1. Tu zmna awmyos vinis rigis pirveli piris formaSi mTavrdeba VC an -CCi mimdevrobiT, uwyvetelSi misi savrcobia –d (vxatav-d-i, vcxovrob-d-i, vTli-d-i, vfxaWni-d-i). (gamonaklisebia -CCi mimdevrobiT damTavrebuli ramdenime zmna: vxti, vTrTi, vkrTi, vZrwi, vqri, agreTve arqauli formiT SenarCunebuli ramdenime –av TemisniSniani: viWirvi, vibrZvi, viltvi da es zmnebic awmyos wris garda sxva mwkrivebSi marcvlovan fuZes iCenen). gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve omonimuri wyvili:
isvris – isroda
isvris – isvrida (fexsacmels)
2. Tu zmna mTavrdeba VC-i an V-i mimdevrobiT, misi savrcobia –od-i (vmRer-od-i, vTbeb-(vmRer-od-i, vtyu-od-i). gamonaklisia ramdenime zmna: vyidi, vteni, vwoni.
aseve martivia wesi myofadis warmoebis Sesaxeb yvela im zmnisTvis, romelic –i xmovniT bolovdeba:
1. -CCi daboloebis mqone da -eb-i, -ob-i, an –ev-i daboloebis mqone zmnebi myofadis wres zmniswiniT iwarmoeben (vfxaWni – davfxaWni, vTli – gavTli, vTbebi – gavTbebi,). gamonaklisebi aqac igive zmnebia, rac zemoT: vxti, vTrTi, vkrTi, vZrwi, vqri, viWirvi, vibrZvi, viltvi.
2. zmnebi, romlebic mTavrdeba V-i an VC-i mimdevrobiT, sadac VC aris nebismieri marcvali garda –eb, -ob, an –ev marcvlebisa, myofadis wres
xmovani prefiqsiT iwarmoeben (vtyui – movityueb, vRmui – viRmuvleb, vtiri – vitireb).
mxolod VC marcvliT daboloebuli zmnebisTvis saWiroa ramdenime damatebiTi wesis Camoyalibeba, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes imis garCeva, Tu romeli zmnaa maTgan telikuri (myofadSi zmniswiniani) da romeli
atelikuri (myofadSi xmovanprefiqsiani). es wesebia:
1. awmyoSi umarcvlo Ziris mqone (maT Soris, SekumSuli umarcvlo Ziris mqone) zmnebi myofadis wres, Cveulebriv, zmniswiniT iwarmoeben: vklav – movklav, vaTbob – gavaTbob (gamonaklisebia: cnobs da grZnobs zmnebi.
2. marcvlovani Zirisgan nawarmoebi telikuri da atelikuri zmnebi erTmaneTisgan an afiqsaciiT gansxvavdebian, anda Ziris struqturiT:
2a. –av-TemisniSniani zmnebis garda yvela danarCeni zmna, romelic mxolod VC marcvliT mTavrdeba, myofadis wres zmniswiniT iwarmoebs, Tuki am zmnas neitraluri qcevis forma xmovani prefiqsiT ewarmoeba: aSenebs...
2b. –av-TemisniSniani zmnebis garda yvela danarCeni marcvlovani Ziris mqone TemisniSniani zmna myofadis wres xmovani prefiqsiT iwarmoebs, Tuki am zmnas neitraluri qcevis forma xmovani prefiqsis gareSe ewarmoeba: kankalebs, hpatronobs, angariSobs..., gamonaklisebia: stacebs, hbadebs, hkadrebs... sul 13 zmna.
2g. –av TemisniSniani marcvlovani Ziris zmnebidan –a-xmovnis Semcveli Zirebi (garda qanavs zmnisa) myofadis wres zmniswiniT iwarmoeben (xatavs, baravs, blandavs...).
2d. –av TemisniSniani marcvlovani Ziris zmnebidan –e-xmovnis Semcveli Zirebi myofadis wres zmniswiniT iwarmoeben. gamonaklisebia: nebavs, *Relavs (-av segmenti am zmnaSi –av Temis niSnisgan gansxvavebulia), feTqavs, RvenTavs, wveTavs, cekvavs.
3. fuZedrekadi Ziris mqone zmnebi myofads, Cveulebriv, zmniswiniT iwarmoeben. gamonaklisebia: vfren, vqSen, vfSven, vRren, vCqmet (Tumca zog maTgans zmniswiniani myofadis variantic moepoveba: davCqmet. sxvebisTvis zmniswinis darTva dros ar cvlis: davfren, SevRren...) damaxasiaTebelia, rom am zmnaTagan swored vCqmet zmnas SeuZlia –av sufiqsi dairTos e-xmovnis cvlilebis gareSe: vCqmetav, rac am zmnis gardamavlobis Tvisebas amJRavnebs.
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4. uTemisniSno arafuZedrekadia sul 18 zmna. maTgan myofads zmiswiniT iwarmoebs 13 zmna (wers, hfxans, qsovs da misT.) da xmovani prefiqsiT 5 zmna (JRers, Cqefs, yefs, Zgers, Sxefs).samwuxarod, adgilis simciris gamo am sakiTxebs aq ufro dawvrilebiT ver SevexebiT.
zemoT aRwerili wesebi mxolod erTi nawilia im simartivisa, rasac qarTuli zmnis sistemis aRweras SesZens meSvelzmniani da umeSvelzmno warmoebis zmnebis erTmaneTisagan garCeva.
imis Tqma, rom meSvelzmnianebis calke gamoyofa gvaiZulebda, rom moqmedebiT gvaris mesame seriis zmnebi meSvelzmnianebTan gagveerTianebina, ar iqneba swori. aseTi principis miyola iZulebuls gagvxdida, rom uari gveTqva mraval sxva paradigmazec, maT Soris, vcxovrob-tipis zmnebis yvela formaze garda awmyos wris mwkrivebisa. sul sxvagvarad ganlagdeboda uRlebis tipebi, Tuki im princips daveyrdnobodiT, rom meSvelzmniani yvela mwkrivSi meSvelzmniani unda iyos, umeSvelzmno ki yvela mwkrivSi umeSvelzmno.
meSvelzmnianebi rom R-Th-ø an R-Th-i struqturis erTerT saxed CavTvloT, igive iqneboda, rom mxolod myofadis mwkrivebis sufiqsaciis Cvenebas davyrdnobodiT, anda mxolod awmyos mesame piris Cveneba migveRo mTavar kriteriumad. rogorc R-Th-ø da R-Th-i yalibebis gamoyofis aucileblobas aaSkaravebs pirveli da meore piris zmnebis Cveneba, aseve pirveli da meore piris formebis Cveneba xdis naTels, rom arsebobs mesame yalibic: R-Aux yalibi. miT ufro, rom aSkaraa tendencia, rom es yalibi danarCenTagan Temis niSnis uqonlobiTac gansxvavdes.
imis Tqma, rom myofadis wreSi zmnebi mxolod ori formiT arian warmodgenili: R-Th-ø da R-Th-i tipiT, nawilobriv marTali iqneba, magram, amave dros, zmnebis prefiqsaciis gaTvaliswineba sxva suraTs gviCvenebs. kerZod, erTi mxriv, zmniswiniani da, meore mxriv, xmovanprefiqsiani warmoebebi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben erTi da imave R-Th-ø yalibis zmnebad CaTvlil or sxvadasxva tips (Sdr. vakeTeb – gavakeTeb da vcxovrob – v-i-cxovreb) anda R-Th-i yalibis zmnebad ganxilul ori sxvadasxva jgufis zmnebs (vimalebi – davimalebi da vdgavar – vidgebi). anda ra vuyoT meore seriis Cvenebas?
meore seriaSi xom arc Temis niSnebia warmodgenili, arc Temis niSnis momdevno –i sufiqsi da arc meSveli zmnebi. meore seriaSi mwkrivis niSnebisa da mesame subieqturi piris niSnebis ganawileba, erTi mxriv, morfologiur tipzea damokidebuli da, meore mxriv, fuZis fonetikur agebulebaze (SaniZe 1980:427-431, 450, 466, gogolaSvili 1984).
garda amisa, mesame seriaSi zmnebis umravlesoba meSvelzmniani warmoebiT aris warmodgenili: pirvel TurmeobiTs yvela zmna meSvelzmniani yalibiT iwarmoebs. meore TurmeobiTSi da mesame kavSirebiTSic didia meSvelzmniani warmoebis wili.
qarTuli zmnis sirTules swored es Tvisebac ganapirobebs: Tu formebs sistemis gareSe ganvixilavT, arc erTi tipis zmnas ar aRmoaCndeba yvela mwkrivSi mxolod sakuTari yalibi, romelic sxva tipis zmnasTan saziaro arc erTi mwkrivis formaSi ar iqneboda. sxvadasxva tipis zmnebis mwkrivis formebi sxvadasxva feris zolebad rom warmovidginoT, es sxvadasxva feris zolebi erTmaneTSi gadawnuli da zogjer erT ferSi gadasuli aRmoCndeba am TerTmet mwkrivSi. arc erTi zoli ar iqneba sworxazovani da
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sxva ferTan Seuziarebeli. amitom funqciis gauTvaliswineblad paradigmebs Tvals ver gavadevnebT.ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, rom mxolod formaluri niSniT aRiweros zmnebis simravle da gamoiyos, magaliTad, TemisniSniani xatavs, uTemisniSno daxata da meSvelzmniani davuxatavvar/davuxativar formebi. sruliad SesaZlebelia zmnebis klasifikacia aseTi kriteriumiTac, magram am statiaSi warmodgenili klasifikacia ar aris wminda formobrivi klasifikacia am gagebiT. rogorc dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, aq gaTvaliswinebulia mTliani paradigmebi, romlebsac aerTianebs ara marto forma, aramed funqciac.
ricxobrivad meSvelzmnianebi (R-var yalibis zmnebi) gacilebiT naklebi raodenobisa arian, vidre umeSvelzmnoebi, magram iseTi xSiri xmarebis zmnebi, rogoric aris moZraobis da grZnobebis gamomxatveli zmnebi (mivdivar, mSia, mixaria, mwyins, miyvars, mjera, mciva, minda, msurs da a.S.) swored meSvelzmnianebia, da Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rom TviTon umeSvelzmno zmnaTa mesame seriis formebis umetesi nawilic meSvelzmniani warmoebisaa, kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba, rom am modelisaTvis Tvalis arideba ar iqneba mizanSewonili. mcirericxovnoba ar gamodgeba imis argumentad, rom es jgufi sistemis ZiriTadi modelebidan gamovricxoT da gamonaklisebSi mivuCinoT adgili anda sxva modelebis kerZo saxed CavTvaloT isini. aseTi midgoma zedmetad gaarTulebda qarTuli zmnis sistemis daxasiaTebas.
meSvelzmniani warmoeba ar dasturdeba myofadis wreSi da meore seriis mwkrivebSi, magram arc es argumenti ivargebs imis samtkiceblad, rom meSvelzmnianebis calke tipad gamoyofa ar SeiZlebodes. arc i-nian vnebiTebs aqvT Tavisi gansxvavebuli yalibi meore seriis mwkrivebSi. verc umeSvelzmnoebi iwarmoeben pirveli TurmeobiTis formebs sxvagvarad, Tu ara meSvelzmnianebis yalibiT, magram am mizeziT aravis uaruyvia iniani vnebiTebis anda umeSvelzmno warmoebis arseboba (aq saxeldebis sakiTxs ar vgulisxmobT, cxadia, rom inian vnebiTebSi i- prefiqsi ukuqceviTobis niSania da ara vnebiTi gvarisa; jorbenaZe 1983). kidev sxva msgavsi argumentebis dasaxelebac SeiZleba imis saCveneblad, rom egreT wodebuli ”formebis sesxeba” ar aris sakmarisi argumenti ama Tu im kategoriis anda ama Tu im qvesistemis ar arsebobis samtkiceblad.
6. umeSvelzmno da meSvelzmniani zmnebis morfologiuri yalibebi
aq jerjerobiT isev morfologiuri yalibebis aRweras davubrundebiT. calcalke ganvixilavT umeSvelzmno da meSvelzmnian zmnebs.
ra Tqma unda, am yalibebs awmyos wris monacemebis mixedviT varqmevT saxels, rogorc aRvniSneT, meore seriaSi arc erTi zmna ar aris meSvelzmniani, pirvel TurmeobiTSi ki yvela tipis zmna meSvelzmniania. marTalia, zogierT zmnas, magaliTad, uRlebis mesame tipis zmnebs (vTamaSob, vdardob, vicini, vtiri...), Cveulebriv, obieqti ara aqvT, magram pirvel TurmeobiTSi isinic meSvelzmnianebis Sebrunebuli wyobis formiT arian warmodgenili: micxovria, mifiqria... miT umetes, rom kidec arsebobs formebi mfiqrobs, mtiris, mdardobs... am formebis TurmeobiTis warmoeba swored am yalibiT aris SesaZlebeli: vufiqrivar, vutirivar, vudardivar... erTpirian dinamikur gardauval zmnebs meore TurmeobiTSic meSveli zmna aqvT: davmaluliyav(i).
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meSvelzmniani zmnebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba statikurobaa da, amis Sedegad, statikuri subieqti xSirad obieqtad moiazreba. amitom meSvelzmnianebis relatiuri formebi umetesad inversiulia.umeSvelzmnoebi ZiriTadad TemisniSnebiT (vakeTeb, vcxovrob, vTbebi) an fuZis drekiT (vglej) iwarmoebian da dinamikurobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdebian. fuZedrekadebic Tanamedrove qarTulSi TiTqmis mTlianad TemisniSnian warmoebaze gadavidnen, rac sistemis gamartivebisken da gasworebisken mimarTuli tendenciaa. yalibdeba sistema, sadac erTi mxriv, TemisniSnianebi dganan (dinamikuri telikuri da dinamikuri atelikuri zmnebi) da, meore mxriv, statikuri meSvelzmnianebi (statikuri atelikuri).
umeSvelzmnoebis is nawili, romelsac -eb-i (/-ob-i/-ev-i) daboloeba ara aqvT, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilia an Temis niSniT, anda fuZedrekadi elementiT (vxatav, vaSeneb, vfen, viWer, vTamaSob...). gansakuTrebul jgufs qmnian vicini-, vyviri-tipis zmnebi, romlebic uTemisniSno zmnebia, magram meSvelzmnian warmoebaze ar gadasulan. is dinamikuri zmnebic, romlebic adre uTemisniSnoebi iyvnen, dRes, Cveulebriv, Temis niSniT arian warmodgenili (vxexav, vTibav, vCeCav...). es istoria aRwerilia da isic cnobilia, rom TviTon fuZedrekadi zmnebic Temis niSnian warmoebaze gadadian (SaniZe 1980:389-390). meore mxriv, statikuri zmnebi, romlebic Zvel qarTulSi umeSvelzmnod iwarmoeboda, axla meSvel zmnas dairTaven (vzi Æ vzivar). aSkaraa tendencia, rom TandaTan mkveTrad yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi morfologiuri modeli: meSvelzmniani warmoeba (formiT statikuri zmnebi) da TemisniSniani warmoeba (formiT dinamikuri zmnebi). umeSvelzmno warmoebis zmnaTagan uTemisniSnod praqtikulad mxolod fuZedrekadi zmnebi gvxvdeba saliteraturo enaSi, Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobs zmnebi, romlebic arc fuZedrekadia da arc Temis niSans dairTavs, es aris ramdenime sonorze damTavrebuli zmna (wers, Wams, hbans, moiyvans...) da yvela -ov-iani zmna (sul 4 Ziri: qsovs, sTxovs, sZovs, swovs...) (SaniZe 1980:389-390). gamartivebuli saxiT es sistema warmodgenilia mesame cxrilSi. simbolo VC aRniSnavs xmovnisa da Tanxmovnis mimdevrobas, Cveulebriv, es mimdevroba aris an Temis niSani, an xmovanmonacvle elementi. Temis niSani -i vTl-i-tipis zmnebSi calke gamovitaneT TvalsaCinoebisTvis, radgan garegnulad is emTxveva mwkrivis niSan –i-s, romelic dasturdeba vmRer-i – tipis zmnebSi. samagierod am ori jgufis zmnebi (vTli da vicini tipis zmnebi) Ziris agebulebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (SaniZe 1980:393-394). am sakiTxis Sesaxeb zemoTac aRvniSneT. aq ki warmovadgenT mesame cxrils.
cxrili mesame, zmnis fuZis agebuleba awmyos mwkrivSi formiT dinamikuri (umeSvelzmno) zmnebi gardamavali (telikuri) v- --- VC v- ---- CC-i
vCeCav, vdrek, vqsov vTli, vfxaWni... labilurgardamavali (atelikuri) v- --- VC v- ---- VC-i vcocav, vTamaSob vmReri gardauvali (telikuri)
v-eb/ob/ev-i vTbebi, verevi formiT statikuri (meSvelzmniani) zmnebi labilurgardamavali (atelikuri) v---- -var/-s vwuxvar gardauvali (atelikuri) v---- -var/s v----i-var/a vCanvar vwerivar
-eb-i/-ob-i/-ev-i daboloeba gardauvali zmnebis anu brunvaucvlelsubieqtiani zmnebis morfologiuri niSania. TemisniSnis momdevno –i sufiqsi dinamikuri gardauvali zmnebis niSnad unda CaiTvalos Tanamedrove qarTulSi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom is dakavSirebuli iyos ukuqceviTobis i- TavsarTTan. ukuqceviTobisa da gardauvalobis
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kategoriebis urTierTkavSiri cnobili movlenaa da amaze aq ar SevCerdebiT. kerZod am sakiTxs ki, gardauvalobis –i sufiqsisa da ukuqceviTobis i- prefiqsis urTierTmimarTebis garkvevas Semdgomi Zieba sWirdeba. aq SeniSvnis saxiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom –Th-i daboloebian zmnebSic gamoiyofa erTi mcire jgufi, romelic awmyos wris garda danarCen mwkrivebSi, Cveulebriv, gardamavali yalibis warmoebaze gadadis: iRimeba is – gaiRimebs is, gaiRima man (suxiSvili 1981a:196).meore mxriv dganan gardauvalobis -i sufiqsis armqone zmnebi, romlebic, brunvacvalebadi subieqtiT xasiaTdebian da, Tavis mxriv, or did jgufad iyofian: gardamavali zmnebi (uRlebis pirveli tipi) da labilurgardamavali zmnebi (uRlebis mesame tipi SaniZis klasifikaciiT). orive am jgufs, rogorc pirdapirobieqtian, aseve labilurpidapirobieqtian zmnebs aerTianebs is, rom maT aqvT brunvacvalebadi subieqti, ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi ki ZiriTadad Semdegia:
1. pirveli tipis zmnebs (romlebic, Cveulebriv, magram ara yovelTvis, pirdapiri obieqtis mqone zmnebia) myofadis formebi ewarmoebaT martivad zmniswinis darTviT (vacxob – gamo-vacxob) da relatiuri formebi ewarmoebaT - martivad xmovani prefiqsis cvliT, anu maT aqvT unari, rom iribi obieqtis adgilis mqone forma iwarmoon yalibis Seucvlelad, mxolod xmovani prefiqsis SecvliT an gaCeniT (vacxob – vicxob, vucxob; vxatav – vixatav, vaxatav, vuxatav). SeiZleba am yalibSi aRmoCndnen pirdapiri obieqtis uqoneli zmnebic.
2. labilurgardamaval zmnebs myofadis formebi ar ewarmoebaT martivad zmniswinis darTviT (vTamaSob – viTamaSeb) da arc iribobieqtiani formebi ewarmoebaT martivad xmovani prefiqsis cvliT, magaliTad, vTamaSob zmnis relatiuri forma eprefiqsiani -ebi-daboloebis zmnebSi anda kidev sxva yalibSi eqceva (TamaSobs – eTamaSeba, uTamaSebs, dasTamaSebs). garda amisa, -ob/-eb-TemisniSnian zmnebze zmniswinis darTva, Cveulebriv, iwvevs yalibis cvlas. (TamaSobs – dasTamaSebs, kankalebs – dahkankalebs) Tumca maTs zmniswinian formebs gardamavali zmnebis umravlesobis zmniswiniani formebisgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos mniSvneloba aqvT. momavlis formebs maTi zmniswiniani formebi Znelad iwarmoeben da Tu iwarmoeben, vnebiTis yalibs iyeneben: dahkankalebs – daakankaldeba, SesTamaSebs – SeeTamaSeba...
-av-TemisniSniani labilurgardamavlebis erT nawils awmyo, Cveulebriv, zmniswiniani aqvs. momavlis mwkrivebSi isini an vnebiTis yalibs iyeneben, an moqmedebiTis yalibs: dacuravs – icurebs, micuravs – micurdeba. am niSnebiT isini meSvelzmnianebs, anu statikur zmnebs hgvanan.
icinis da wuxs tipis zmnebis qcevis formebis Sesaxebac SeniSnulia, rom maTi erTpiriani da orpiriani formebi (ucinis, uwuxs) uRlebis sxvadasxva tips miekuTvnebian (meliqiSvili 2001:86; suxiSvili 2008:196). am sakiTxs qvemoT kidev SevexebiT.
TviTon pirdapiri obieqtis yalibSi moqceuli saxelis statuss anu labiluri iqneba es obieqti Tu ”mudmivi”, namdvili pirdapiri obieqti, aseve, subieqtis brunvacvalebadobis sakiTxs gansazRvravs ara imdenad zmnis semantika, ramdenadac zmnis formaluri yalibi (jorbenaZe 1975:10, suxiSvili 1981b:11-16).
umeSvelzmno warmoebis zmnebSi, labilurgardamavali da gardamavali zmnebi, Tu ramdenime gamonakliss ar gaviTvaliswinebT, awmyoSive gansxvavdebian formiT erTmaneTisgan an afiqsaciiT anda, erTnairi
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afiqsaciis SemTxvevaSi, Ziris fonematuri struqturiT. es gansxvavebebi zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. ufro dawvrilebiT ki sxva statiaSi iqneba naCvenebi.termini saSuali gvari, an Tundac saSual-moqmedebiTi, sakmaod rTuli funqciuri daxasiaTebiT aerTianebs sxvadasxva warmoebis da formis zmnebs, maT Soris aramarto umeSvelzmno, aramed meSvelzmniani warmoebis zmnebsac. aq warmodgenil klasifikaciaSi ki TviTeuli jgufi aRwerilia formaluri maxasiaTeblebiT, rac ar niSnavs, rom vewinaaRmdegebodeT formis mixedviT gamoyofili jgufebis gaerTianebas ufro did saklasifikacio erTeulad, magaliTad, saSuali gvaris zmnebad. enis faqtebis aRwera da sistematizacia mravali sxvadasxva midgomiT aris SesaZlebeli, rac ar niSnavs, rom isini erTmaneTs gamoricxaven.
SeniSvna: labilurobieqtianebis myofadisa da meore seriis formebs, miuxedavad maTi warmoSobis sxvasxva SesaZlo istoriisa, vTvliT am zmnebis organul da sakuTar formebad, radgan dRes isini swored ase aRiqmebian da ase moqmedeben (nozaZe 1974:25-51, meliqiSvili 2001:85). saerTo inventaris gamoyeneba enis sistemis sxvadasxva nawilSi urTierTgansxvavebuli funqciiT gavrcelebuli movlenaa (statikuri zmnebis pirveli da meore seriis formebi emTxveva gardamavali zmnebis mesame seriis formebs (ninos sarecxi Tokze ufenia – ninos sarecxi gaufenia, mze mindors daefina – ninos sarecxi daefina), gardamavali zmnis saTaviso qcevis formebi emTxveva e.w. iniani vnebiTis formebs wyvetilSi (ninom kaba Seikera – kaba Seikera), meore subieqturi piris niSani emTxveva mesame iribobieqturi piris niSans... (Sen swer werils – is ninos swers werils...), pirveli pirdapiri da pirveli iribi obieqtebis niSani erTi da igivia (Sen me mwer werils – Sen me mxatav), igive viTarebaa meore pirSic. kidev bevri aseTi saziaro formebisa da formantebis CamoTvla SeiZleba. sxvadasxva konteqstSi da sxvadasxva struqturaSi erTi da imave formis sxvadasxva funqciiT gamoyeneba ar iqneba sakmarisi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom isini erT SemTxvevaSi kanonikurad CavTvaloT da meore SemTxvevaSi maT nasesxebi vuwodoT (uTurgaiZe 2002).
aq, qvemoT meoTxe cxrilSi winaswari saxiT naCvenebia, ra ZiriTadi tipebi gamoiyofa uRlebis mixedviT. A-niSniT aRniSnulia brunvaucvleli subieqtis mqone zmnebi, B niSniT ki brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani zmnebi. meoTxe jgufs (vtiri-jgufi) calke gamovyofT, radgan mas –od savrcobi aqvs mesame jgufisgan gansxvavebiT, amave dros SeuZlia, rom meSveli zmniT gaivrcos pirveli da meore piris formebi.
cxrili meoTxe
SaniZis uRlebis
tipebi
pirdapiri wyobis zmnebi
umeSvelzmnoebi I tipi 1. vaciveb, vTli B II tipi 2. veTamaSebi A III tipi
3. vTamaSob B
4. vtiri B
meSvelzmnianebi III tipi 5. vwuxvar – wuxs B IV tipi
6a. vCanvar - Cans 6b. vdgavar – dgas
A 7. vwerivar - sweria A 8. --cxela, -- civa A
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7. morfologiuri da sintaqsuri yalibebis garCevaTviTeuli zmnis dasaxasiaTeblad da mTlian sistemaSi adgilis misaCenad aucilebelia ara marto morfologiuri, aramed sintaqsuri yalibis miTiTebac. sintaqsuri da morfologiuri yalibebis erTmaneTisagan gacalkeveba da zmnis aRwerisas orive parametris calcalke dasaxeleba garkveulad amartivebs saqmes da naTlad warmoaCens qarTuli zmnis bunebas. es miT ufro aucilebelia, rom TiTqmis nebismier morfologiur yalibs moepoveba rogorc pirdapiri sintaqsuri wyobis, aseve inversiuli wyobis zmnebi. ase rom, Tu morfologiuri niSniT qarTul zmnebs or ZiriTad jgufad vyofT: meSvelzmnianebi da umeSvelzmnoebi, sintaqsuri niSniT ki, aseve or ZiriTad jgufad: pirdapiri wyobis zmnebi da e.w. inversiuli wyobis zmnebi (cxrili mexuTe)
cxrili mexuTe
pirdapiri wyobis inversiuli wyobis umeSvelzmnoebi vaciveb, vcxovrob,
vemalebi
maciebs, (netavi) gamagebina, msiamovnebs, vejavrebi meSvelzmnianebi vwuxvar, vzivar vgonivar, vuyvarvar
aseTi dayofa saSualebas mogvcems, rom inversiul zmnebSi Tavmoyrili sxvadasxva agebulebis zmnebi erTmaneTisagan gavarCioT da ufro naTlad warmovaCinoT qarTuli zmnis buneba.
inversiuli wyobis zmnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli zmnis sistemis gamartivebuli modeli SeiZleba warmovadginoT meeqvse cxrilis saxiT. aq, meeqvse cxrilSi, calcalke warmovadgenT or mTavar sintaqsur yalibs: erTi mxriv dganan zmnebi, romlebsac subieqti vinis rigis niSnebiT aReniSnebaT da meore mxriv dganan inversiuli wyobis zmnebi, romlebsac subieqti manis rigis niSnebiT aReniSnebaT (adgilis simciris gamo aq ver warmovadgenT argumentebs, Tu ratom da ra SemTxvevaSi vTvli subieqtad micemiTbrunvian aqtants).
a-Ti aRniSnulia saxelobiTsubieqtiani yalibi, b-Ti aRniSnulia brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani zmnebi, da c-Ti aRniSnulia micemiTsubieqtiani zmnebi.
cxrili meeqvse
SaniZis uRlebis
tipebi
pirdapiri wyobis zmnebi inversiuli wyobis zmnebi
umeSvelzmnoebi I tipi 1. vaciveb, vTli B 1. makankalebs C II tipi 2. veTamaSebi A 2. vejavrebi C III tipi
3. vTamaSob B 3. (msiamovnebs) C
4. vtiri B 4. (utiris) C
meSvelzmnianebi III tipi 5. vwuxvar – wuxs B 5. (uwuxs) C IV tipi
6a. vCanvar - Cans 6b. vdgavar – dgas
A 6a. ukvirs 6b. vuyvarvar
C 7. vwerivar - sweria A 7. vwyurivar C 8. --cxela, -- civa A 8. -- sjera C 2007 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi (kobai
Ze 2007:175-176)
10 jgufs gamovyofdi, radgan vdgavar da vuyvarvar tipebs calcalke ganvixilavdi. marTlac, am zmnaTa xmovanprefiqsiani formebi uRlebis sxvagvar paradigmas qmnian, vidre uxmovanprefiqsoebi. aseve urTierTgansxvavebul sistemebSi eqcevian kankalebs – ukankalebs, tiris - utiris tipis zmnebi (meliqiSvili 2001:86; suxiSvili 2008:196). aq es jgufebi frCxilebSia miTiTebuli16
radganac isini Sesabamisi pirdapiri wyobis zmnebisgan ara marto sintaqsuri yalibiT, aramed awmyos wris garda danarCeni formebiTac gansxvavdebian. ramdenadac xmovanprefiqsiani formebi inversiul semantikas iZenen, maTi paradigma, Cveulebriv, vnebiTis yalibSi eqceva; Sdr. wuxs – iwuxebs, magram: uwuxs – Seuwuxdeba. aseve, msiamovnebs zmna pirdapiri wyobisa rom yofiliyo, iqneb igive paradigma eqneboda, rogorc mpatronobs zmnas, magram radganac inversiulia, misi gagrZeleba vnebiTis paradigmas emTxveva: mesiamovneba. nacvlad imisa, rom es wyvilebi uRlebis sxvadasxva tipebSi movaqcioT, SeiZleboda maTi warmodgena rogorc erTi tipis ori ganStoebisa, romlebic sintaqsuri yalibebiT gansxvavdebian da, amis gamo, awmyos wris garda sxva mwkrivebSi morfologiuradac sxvadasxva yalibisa arian. erTi mxriv dganan A da B yalibebis mqone pirdapiri wyobis zmnebi, meore mxriv ki micemiTbrunviani subieqtis mqone zmnebi, romlebic inversiuli wyobisaa da awmyos wris garda sxva mwkrivebSi vnebiTis formebs iyeneben. aseve, SesaZleblad CavTvaleT, rom vCanvar-tipi gagveerTianebina meeqvse jgufTan da mis erT qvejgufad CagveTvala. meSvelzmnianebis meeqvse a da meeqvse b jgufi SeiZleba erTi jgufis or qvejgufad warmovadginoT, sadac vCanvar qvejgufis niSania mxolod doniani formebis gamoyenebis unaris mqonebloba.uRlebis pirveli tipis inversiuli formebi (mamTqnarebs, makankalebs...) inarCuneben moqmedebiTis yalibs awmyos wris garda sxva mwkrivebSic. mesame seriaSi maTac xSirad ecvlebaT warmoeba da micemiTbrunvian subieqts inarCuneben, magaliTad, me maxvelebs zmnis I TurmeobiTi xSirad aris warmodgenili rogorc me damixvelebia, Tumca kanonikuri formac dasturdeba, gansakuTrebiT, ukuTqmiT winadadadebebSi: CemTvis erTxelac ar dauxvelebia. uRlebis pirveli tipis garda danarCeni inversiuli zmnebi, Cveulebriv, vnebiTis yalibs iyeneben (an zmniswinian da an xmovanprefiqsian variants) miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel yalibs miekuTvneba maTi awmyos wris formebi.
rogorc meeqvse cxrilidanac Cans, meSvelzmnianebSic gamoiyofa erTi jgufi, romelsac brunvacvalebadi subieqti aqvs: vwuxvar-tipi. es iseTi mcirericxovani jgufia, rom SeiZleba gamonaklisadac ki CaiTvalos. am jgufis zmnebis nawils Cveulebriv, subieqti arc moepoveba (wvims, quxs, Weqs, Tovs), nawils ki xSirad sxva yalibis zmna an aRweriTi warmoeba enacvleba (wuxs – wuxdeba, Sewuxebulia, iwuxa – Sewuxebuli iyo, dums – dadumebulia...)... magram es jgufi mainc calke tipad gamovyaviT, radgan igi avlens zmnis Tvisebas, rom meSvelzmniani zmnac SeiZleba iyos cvalebadbrunviani subieqtis mqone.
aseve, rogorc vTqviT, Zalian mcirea vCanvar-tipis zmnaTa ricxvi, ris gamoc es jgufi dgas, swads, uyvars tipis zmnebTan gavaerTianeT.
amgvarad, aRmoCnda, rom meSvelzmnianebs, faqtobrivad, davyofT mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvis Cvenebis mixedviT: –s, -ia da –a daboloebian zmnebad.
-s pirisniSnian formebSi gamoiyofa erTi mxriv brunvacvalebad subieqtiani wuxs yalibis zmnebi, meore mxriv, brunvaucvlel subieqtiani Cans, dgas tipis zmnebi.
brunvaucvlelsubieqtiani –s niSniani meSvelzmnianebidan ramdenime zmnas mxolod doniani vnebiTis warmoeba moepoveba (es zmnebia pirdapiri wyobis: Cans, Wirs, mwifs, xurs, inversiuli wyobis: ukvirs, Surs, uWirs...), xolo danarCenebs – awmyos mwkrivebSi d-savrcobiani warmoeba aqvT, sxva mwkrivebSi ki xmovanprefiqsiani warmoebis yalibs mihyvebian.
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–ia daboloebian zmnebs, anu statikur vnebiTebs mxolod xmovanprefiqsiani formebi ewarmoebaT (gdia, egdeba, egdo, gdebula)–a daboloebian zmnebs –od savrcobiani uwveteli moepovebaT (mjera, mjeroda, mciva – mcioda, minda – mindoda...).
aRweris TvalsazrisiT, ufro martivi iqneboda, gardauvali -eb-i-ani zmnebisTvis pirveli jgufi gvewodebina, radgan isini Zalian advili gamosayofia, advili sacnobic, magram radgan am zmnebs tradiciulad uRlebis meore tips uwodeben, amitom cxrilSic igi meore adgilzea warmodgenili.
cxadia, rom aq warmodgenili dayofa emyareba ukve arsebul sxvadasxva klasifikacias da romelime maTganis uaryofas ar gulisxmobs. aq warmodgenili klasifikaciis ZiriTadi mizania, rom erTdroulad da amave dros, erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad, orive parametri warmoadginos, rogorc morfologiuri, aseve sintaqsuri.
inversiuli zmnebi dayofilia morfologiuri struqturis mixedviTac da Sesabamisi pirdapiri wyobis zmnebis paralelurad aris warmodgenili, rac, vfiqrobT, ufro advilad gasagebs gaxdis am movlenis arss qarTulis, rogorc deda enis, an qarTulis rogorc meore enis an ucxo enis SemswavlelisTvis. vfiqrob, aseTi klasifikacia ufro TvalsaCinos xdis TviTon qarTuli zmnis Tvisebebs.
akaki SaniZiseuli uRlebis pirveli tipi aqac pirvel tipad aris warmodgenili, meore tipi _ aseve meore tipad, mesame tipi warmodgenilia mesame (vTamaSob) da meoTxe (vtiri) jgufebis saxiT. vtiri-jgufs calke gamovyofT radgan mas –od-iani warmoeba aqvs da, amis garda, meSvelzmniani formebis gaCenis unariTac gamoirCeva. SaniZiseuli mesame tipidan vwuxvar jgufi gamovyaviT da meSvelzmnianebTan gavaerTianeT formis gamo, danarCeni meSvelzmnianebisgan ki gavacalkeveT formaTwarmoebis Taviseburebisa da brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani konstruqciis mqoneblobis niSniT. SaniZisuli uRlebis meoTxe tipSi, romelSic faqtobrivad meSvelzmniani zmnebia Tavmoyrili, calcalke aRvniSneT mxolod doniani warmoebis mqone vCanvar- (gamovCndebi-gamovCndi) qvetipi da danarCeni meSvelzmnianebi, sadac awmyos mesame piris formiT gairCevian erTamenTisgan –ia-daboloebis mqone (sweria - ewereba), -s-daboloebis mqone (dgas - idgeba) da –a daboloebis mqone (sjera – ejereba/daijerebs) jgufebi. am bolo jgufSi gavaerTianeT kidev ramdenime -ia daboloebiani zmnac (mrcxvenia, mwyuria, meSinia, mSia...), romlebsac uwyvetelSi –od sufiqsi moudiT msgavsad –a daboloebiani zmnebisa. garda uwyvetlis –od sufiqsiani iwarmoebisa, merve jgufSi moqceul zmnebs isic aerTianebT, rom maT ZiriTadad mxolod obieqturi wyoba moepovebaT (meSinia, magram ara veSinivar, mtkiva, magram ara vtkivvar...).
TviTeuli es jgufi naklul mwkrivebs –eb-i-sufiqsiani gardauvali dinamikuri zmnebis sxvadasxva formiT ivsebs. calke unda aRiniSnos im zmnebis Sesaxeb, romlebic momavalSi vnebiTis yalibsac igueben da moqmedebiTis yalibsac (swams – ewameba – iwamebs, sjera – ejereba – daijerebs).
roca A, B da C sintaqsur yalibebs vuTiTebT, es sxva araferia, Tu ara qarTuli zmnebis kargad cnobili sami ZiriTadi sintaqsuri yalibi: saxelobiTi subieqti samive seriaSi (A), seriebis mixedviT brunvacvalebadi subieqti (B), micemiTbrunviani subieqti samive seriaSi (C). gansxvaveba mxolod is aris, rom vcadeT, inversiuli zmnebi maTi Sesabamisi pirdapiri wyobis morfologiur yalibebTan paralelurad warmogvedgina.
aris kidev erTi mcire jgufi, romlisTvisac SeiZleboda D-yalibi gvewodebina: meSinia misi, mrcxvenia misi... am klasifikaciaSi isini inversiulebTan arian gaerTianebuli.
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ramdenime yalibs, kerZod, mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe jgufebs, iSviaTad, meore jgufsac, moepoveba zmnebis iseTi qvejgufebic, romlebic awmyoSic igueben zmniswins (meliqiSvili 2001:86, 88-89). aseT zmnebs aqvT zogi saziaro niSani, magram am zmnebs aq calke ar gamovyofT.ra Tqma unda, am klasifikaciaSi ar aris calcalke aRwerili uRlebis yvela is sxvadasxva paradigma, rac qarTul zmnas moepoveba da romlis raodenobac 66-s aRwevs (meliqiSvili 2001:253), xolo kidev sxva SefasebiT da yvela morfonologiuri tipis gaTvaliswinebiT 200-ze metia (ezugbaia 2007:41).
aq warmodgenili klasifikaciis mizania, rom is ZiriTadi sistema, rasac qarTuli zmnis mravalferovani suraTi eyrdnoba, rac SeiZleba martivi da gasagebi saxiT aRiweros, rom enis Semswavlels SeeZlos naTlad dainaxos enis zogadi agebuleba, rac mas saSualebas miscems, rom advilad gaigos TviTeuli calkeuli zmnis Tavisebureba.
daskvnis saxiT gavimeorebT, rom qarTul zmnebs morfologiuri agebulebis mixedviT vyofT meSvelzmnian da umeSvelzmno warmoebis zmnebad. sintaqsuri agebulebis mixedviT ki pirdapiri wyobis da inversiuli wyobis zmnebad.
umeSvelzmnoebSi gamoiyofa ––Th daboloebiani (-VC, CC-i, V-i), anu brunvacvalebad subieqtiani da –Th-i (.eb-i/-ob-i/-ov-i) daboloebis mqone (brunvaucvlelsubieqtiani) zmnebi.
–Th daboloebiani zmnebi Tavis mxriv gardamaval da labilurgadamaval zmnebad iyofian. isini ara marto sintaqsurad, aramed Tavisi morfologiuri agebulebiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan awmyos mwkrivSive, rac zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. simbolo –Th am zmnebSi aRniSnavs ara marto Temis niSans, aramed nebismier –VC marcvals da -CC-i mimdevrobas, agreTve V-i da VC-i mimdevrobas, sadac VC aris nebismieri marcvali garda –eb, –ob da –ev marcvlebisa. ufro dawvrilebiT aq am sakiTxze ver vCerdebiT.
meSvelzmnianebSic gamoiyofa brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani vwuxvar tipi da brunvaucvlelsubieqtiani zmnebi. brunvaucvlelsubieqtian meSvelzmnianTa Soris gamoiyofa vCanvar qvetipi, romelic mxolod doniani warmoebiT ivsebs naklul mwkrivebs, da danarCeni meSvelzmnianebi, sadac awmyos mesame piris formiT gairCeva erTamenTisgan –ia-daboloebis mqone, -s-daboloebis mqone da –a daboloebis mqone jgufebi, am jgufebSi erTmaneTs enacvleba xmovanprefiqsiani da doniani warmoebis formebi awmyos garda sxva mwkrivebis warmoebisas.
inversiuli wyoba TiTqmis yvela morfologiur yalibs moepoveba, sadac ki iribobieqtiani formebis warmoebaa SesaZlebeli da sadac, amave dros, brunvacvalebadi subieqti an zmnis yalibiT ar igulisxmeba, anda zmnis yalibiT dasaSvebia, magram ar aris realizebuli (mamTqnarebs, maxvelebs, netavi gamagebina tipi).
inversiuli paradigmebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli gardamaval zmnebSi, sakmaod xSiria -eb-i-daboloebian anu brunvaucvlelsubieqtian zmnebSi, rac Seexeba meSvelzmnian warmoebas, meSvelzmnianebis relatiuri formebis udidesi umravlesoba inversiulia. rodesac umeSvelzmno yalibis zmna inversiuli xdeba, is imavdroulad iZens statikurobis semantikasac.
medioaqtivebis –eb, –ob da –av TemisniSniT nawarmoebi zmnebi gamovyaviT rogorc uRlebis III tipi.
IV tipSi moeqca –i sufiqsiT nawarmoebi medioaqtiuri zmnebi, romlebic Tavisi struqturiT gansxvavdebian –i-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi gardamavali zmnebisgan.
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vwuxvar tipis medioaqtivebs ganvixilavT meSvelzmnianebis yalibSi. amitom III tipSi rCeba mxolod –eb, -ob da –av TemisniSnianebi, agreTve 11 zmna frens, yefs tipisa, romelTac araformaluri stilis teqstebSi, Cveulebriv, sxvadasxva agebulebis TemisniSnianebi enacvleba: dafrinavs, iyefeba.cxadia, rom aq warmodgenili klasifikacia eyrdnoba zmnebis garkveuli nawilis aRiarebas inversiul zmnebad. sakiTxi, Tu ratom vTvliT maT inversiul zmnebad da ra niSniT miviCnevT zmnas inversiulad, sxva statiaSi iqneba ganxiluli.
damowmebuli literatura
aronsoni, h. 2005: H. I. Aronson, Georgian. A Reading Grammar. Corrected Edition. University of Chicago, Slavica Publishers, Inc.
asaTiani, r. 2009. vnebiTi gvaris konstuqciaTa pragmatikuli Tavisebureba qarTvelur enebSi, krebulSi: informaciis struqturebis ZiriTadi modelebi qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 30-44
http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_humanities/informaciis%20struqturireba%202009.pdf baramiZe, l. 1964. zogierTi tipis meSvelzmnian formaTa Casaxva da
ganviTareba qarTulSi, Tsu Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 9 gogolaSvili, g. 1984. dro-kiloTa meore seriis formebi axal qarTulSi gogolaSvili, g. 1988. qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistema.
daTukiSvili, q. 1997. uRlebis paradigmaTa tipebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi, besarion jorbenaZis sazogadoebis IV konferenciis masalebi.
ezugbaia, l. 2007. normiT daSvebul paralelur formaTa sakiTxisaTvis
qarTuli saliteraturo enis kompiuteruli modelirebis procesSi, qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
kobaiZe, m. 2007. qarTuli brunebisa da uRlebis sistemis zogi sakiTxis swavlebisaTvis, krebulSi: qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, pirveli krebuli
kobaiZe, m. 2008. statikuri da dinamikuri zmnebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove qarTulSi, Tezisebi, arn. Ciqobavas 110 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili meore saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi
lomTaTiZe, q. 1953. Tbeba tipis zmnaTa istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, ike IV maWavariani, g. 1959. ”uniSno vnebiTi” qarTvelur enebSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi I
maWavariani, g. 1974. aspeqtis kategoria qarTvelur enebSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi IV.
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maWavariani, m. 1987. qcevis gramatikuli kategoriis semantikameliqiSvili, d. 2001. qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema, Tbilisi
nozaZe, l. 1974: medioaqtiv zmnaTa warmoebis zogi sakiTxi qarTulSi, ike XIX suxiSvili, m. 1976. statikuri zmnebi qarTulSi
suxiSvili, m. 1981a. ”anukam ilanZRa da igina” Tu ”anuka ilanZRa da igina”, qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, wigni meoTxe
suxiSvili, m. 1981b. gardauval ugvaro zmnaTa semantikisaTvis Tanamedrove qarTulSi, qarTv. enaTa struqt. sakiTxebi, V
suxiSvili, m. 2008, medioaqtivTa saqceo sistemis saopozicio calebis zogierTi gramatikuli da semantikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb, ike XXXVI tuiti, k. 1987. Tuite, K. Indirect transitives in Georgian. Proceedings of the 13th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 13); gv. 296-309
igive statia (gv. 1- 14) saitze:
http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/publications/Tuite-1987-IndTransitives.pdf tuiti, k. 2002. Tuite, K. Deponent verbs in Georgian. In: Wolfram Bublitz, Manfred von Roncador and Heinz Vater (eds) Philologie, Typologie und Sprachstruktur: Festschrift für Winfried Boeder zum 65; gv. 375-389
tuiti, k. 2004-2005. qarTveluri seriis markerebi (Tematuri sufiqsebi), wignSi: iveria, XII-XIII, qarTul-evropuli instituti, parizi, gv. 98-126
uTurgaiZe, T. 2002. gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi
SaniZe, a. 1980. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi
Ciqobava, 1948. ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I Ciqobava, a. 1998. qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba
jorbenaZe, b. 1975. zmnis gvaris formaTa warmoebisa da funqciis sakiTxebi qarTulSi
jorbenaZe, b. 1983. zmnis xmovanprefiqsuli warmoeba qarTulSi
jorbenaZe, b. 1988. Temis niSanTa ganawilebisaTvis qarTulSi, ike XXVII
jorbenaZe, b. 1989. inxoativi qarTulSi, ike 28
jorbenaZe, b. 1990, zmnis gramatikuli kategoriebis klasifikaciis principebi qarTulSi, ikew XVII
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harisi, a. 2009: Harris, A. Georgian Syntax, Cambridge University Press (pirv. gamoc. 1981)hileri 1996-2006: Hillery, P. J. The Georgian Language, An outline grammatical summary http://www.armazi.demon.co.uk/georgian/
hiuti, j. 2005. Hewitt, G. Georgian, A Learner’s Grammar, Routledge (pirveli gamocema 1996).
holiski, d. 1979: Dee Ann Holisky, On lexical aspect and verb classes in Georgian, in: The Elements: a parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, including Papers from the Conference on Non-Slavis Languages of the USSR, Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago
Conjugation types of Georgian verbs Manana Kobaidze
There is a strong tendency to form morphologically marked two major groups of verbs in Georgian: dynamic verbs marked by thematic markers, on the one hand, and stative verbs makred by auxiliary verbs, on the other hand. This difference is manifested in the first and second persons of the present tense in the v-set marked forms.
Stative verbs which formed the present tense without auxiliary verbs in old Georgian employ auxiliaries in contemporary Georgian (vzi Æ vzivar ‘I am sitting’, vdga Æ vdgavar ‘I am standing’…), whereas a large group of dynamic verbs presented without thematic markers in old Georgian takes thematic markers in contemporary Georgian (vtib Æ vtibav ‘I am mowing it’, vt’ex Æ vt’exav ‘I am breaking it’).
All formally stative verbs are atelic verbs (vuq’varvar ‘S/he loves me’, vdgavar ‘I am standing’). They form the future tense by adding vowel prefixes. Within dynamic verbs, three large groups are distinguished: transitive telic verbs (vasheneb ‘I am building it’), intransitive telic verbs (vimalebi ‘I hide myself) and atelic verbs (vcxovrob ‘I live’, vmgheri ‘I sing’). Telic verbs (both dynamic transitives and dynamic intransitives) form the future tense by adding preverbs. Atelic verbs (both dynamic and stative) form the future tense by adding vowel prefixes.
It is reasonable to identify three various types traditionally presented within conjugation type III: a) verbs formed with the markers –eb, -ob- and –av, b) verbs formed with the marker –i (vicini ‘I am laughing), and c) verbs formed with auxiliary verbs (vc’uxvar ‘I am worried). It is suggested to place the latter group (medioactives formed with auxiliary verbs, e.g. vc’uxvar ‘I am worried’, vdumvar ‘I am silent’) within the verbs formed with auxiliary verbs. Three other main groups within auxiliary formation verbs are the following: mediopassives (vdgavar ‘I am standing’), stative passives (vgdivar ‘I am lying thrown about’), and verbs where the 3rd subject person marker –a is attached directly to the root (cxela ‘It’s hot’). Some other features, characteristic of each type, are also described.
Separation of auxiliary and non auxiliary verb formation makes it possible to describe the relation between phonematic structure of verbs and conjugation types.
Inversive verbs are presented as differnet groups reflecting a variety of morphology of direct verbs but marked with a shared syntactic pattern C.
(Abbreviations: PV – preverb, PVR – preradical vowel, R – root, Th – thematic marker, Syntactic B – syntactic pattern of transitive and labile transitive verbs, Syntactic pattern A – syntactic pattern of intransitive verbs, Syntactic pattern C – syntactic pattern of inversive verbs )
