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Measuring perceived organizational support in a culturally and contractually diverse organization

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(4) . MEASURING PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT IN A CULTURALLY AND CONTRACTUALLY DIVERSE ORGANIZATION Supervisor: D r H enrik Sällberg.  A uthors: Ms Sinéad Corcoran (19.03.81) O lena T kachenko (25.06.81) E mile Louis T himot (27.09.72). M ay 23 rd , 2012. Master Thesis MBA Program .

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(25) *QMiBM;2Mi qQ`F2`, h?2b2 `2 rQ`F2`b r?Q `2 MQM@T2`KM2Mi 7mHH iBK2 rQ`F@ 2`b M/ Kv #2 T`i iBK2 Q` }t2/ i2`K 2KTHQv22 M/ Kv Q` Kv MQi #2  /B`2+i 2KTHQv22 Q7 i?2 Q`;MBxiBQMX >Qbi P`;MBxiBQM, h?Bb Bb i?2 bm#D2+i Q`;MBxiBQM 7Q` i?2 `2b2`+? TT2`X h?2 +QKTMv Bb #b2/ BM .2MK`Fc M/ 2KTHQvb i?2 `2bB/2Mi Q` ?Qbi 2KTHQv22bM/ ?b ?B`2/ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv iQ T`QpB/2 //BiBQMH 2KTHQv22b b `2@ [mB`2/X o2M/Q` P`;MBxiBQM, h?2 p2M/Q` Q`;MBxiBQM Bb i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM 7Q` i?2 b72 M/ Bb #b2/ BM AM/BX h?2 +QKTMv bT2+BHBx2b BM T`QpB/BM; 2M;BM22`BM; iH2Mi 7`QK Bib ?QK2 #b2 BM AM/BX h?2 b72 Bb M 2KTHQv22 Q7 i?Bb p2M/Q` +QKTMvX h?Bb i2`KBMQHQ;v Bb +QMbBbi2Mi rBi? T`BQ` bim/B2b (kj- jk- 99)X S2`+2Bp2/ P`;MBxiBQMH amTTQ`i UTQbV, h?Bb Bb i?2 K2bm`2 Q7 Q`;MBx@ iBQMH bmTTQ`i b 7QmM/ #v i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi 2KTHQv22X Ai rBHH #2 7m`i?2` /2@ }M2/ BM a2+iBQM kXRX am#+QMi`+i2/ 6Q`2B;M 1KTHQv22 Ub72V, h?Bb Bb i?2 2KTHQv22 rQ`FBM; BM .2MK`F- r?Q Bb M 2KTHQv22 Q7 i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX _2bB/2Mi Q` >Qbi 1KTHQv22, h?Bb Bb i?2 /B`2+i 2KTHQv22 Q7 i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMvX. RX8. ai`m+im`2 Q7 h?2bBb. h?2 bim/v 7QHHQrb M 2B;?i@+?Ti2` bi`m+im`H 7`K2rQ`FX a2+iBQM R /Bb+mbb2b i?2 `2b2`+? `2 Q7 BMi2`2bi BMi`Q/m+2/ BM i?2 T`Q#H2K /Bb+mb@ bBQM- DmbiB}2b i?2 M22/ iQ //`2bb i?2 2tBbiBM; FMQrH2/;2 ;T QM i?2 BKT+i Q7 +mHim`H M/ bm#+QMi`+iQ` /BbiM+2 QM TQb- QmiHBM2b `2b2`+? Q#D2+iBp2b M/ bii2b i?2 bm;;2bi2/ +QMi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 bim/vX h?2 +?Ti2` HbQ T`2b2Mib /2}MBiBQMb Q7 i?2 F2v i2`Kb /QTi2/X a2+iBQM k `2pB2rb T`2pBQmb HBi2`im`2 M/ i?2Q`v BM i?2 `2 Q7 TQb M/ ?Qr Bi Bb HBMF2/ iQ /BK2MbBQMb Q7 +mHim`H M/ bm#+QMi`+iQ` /BbiM+2X .2bTBi2  rB/2 `M;2 Q7 Ki2`BH pBH#H2 QM i?2 irQ p`B#H2b- i?2`2 Bb KBMBKH HBi2`im`2 +QK#BMBM; i?2b2 p`B#H2b M/ i?2B` BKT+i QM TQb M/ 2KTHQv22 iiBim/2X h?2 +?Ti2` HbQ BM+Hm/2b M QmiHBM2 Q7 p`BQmb QmibQm`+BM; ``M;2K2Mib M/ T`QpB/2b  KQ`2 /2iBH2/ /2b+`BTiBQM Q7 i?2 QmibQm`+BM; ``M;2K2Mib Q7 i?2 +b2@bim/vX. d.

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(34) *?Ti2` j _2b2`+? Zm2biBQM h?Bb +?Ti2` rBHH QmiHBM2 i?2 `2b2`+? T`Q#H2K M/ b?Qr ?Qr i?2 `2b2`+? [m2biBQM Bb 7Q`KmHi2/X h?2 `2b2`+? [m2biBQM b bii2/ BM a2+iBQM R Bb T`2/B+i2/ QM HQQFBM; i +mHim`H /BbiM+2 M/ #b2/ QM +QMi`+i biimb iQ K2bm`2 i?2 TQb BM 2+? Q7 i?2b2 bBim@ iBQMbX  KQ/2H Bb T`QTQb2/ i?i 2tTHQBib #Qi? i?2b2 ;`QmTBM;b- BM i?Bb BMbiM+2X h#H2 jXR BHHmbi`i2b r?i Bb #2HB2p2/ iQ #2 i?2 /vMKB+b Q7 i?2 bBimiBQM, i?2 `2b@ B/2Mi 2KTHQv22 ?b  TQb T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv M/ MQ +mHim`H /BbiM+2 iQ i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM- M/ i?2 b72 ?b  /mH +QKKBiK2Mi iQ #Qi? i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv- M/ ?Qbi +QKTMv M/ ?b  TQb MQi2/ 7`QK 2+? Q7 i?2b2X h?2 b72 ?b MQ +mHim`H /BbiM+2 iQ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv #mi ?b  H`;2 +mHim`2 /BbiM+2 #2ir22M ?BKf?2`b2H7 M/ i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv +mHim`2X 6`QK i?Bb KQ/2H- M/ HBi2`im`2 `2pB2r- i?2 7QHHQrBM; irQ ?vTQi?2b2b `2 T`QTQb2/, >XR h?2 T2`+2Bp2/ Q`;MBxiBQMH bmTTQ`i MQi2/ #v i?2 b72 iQr`/b i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv rBHH #2 BM H`;2 T`i HQr2` i?M 7Q`  `2bB/2Mi 2KTHQv22X >Xk h?2 T2`+2Bp2/ Q`;MBxiBQMH bmTTQ`i MQi2/ #v i?2 b72 iQr`/b i?2 p2M/Q` rBHH #2 BM H`;2 T`i ?B;?2` i?M i?2 T2`+2Bp2/ Q`;MBxiBQMH bmTTQ`i MQi2/ 7`QK i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMvX G2/BM; iQ i?Bb `2b2`+? [m2biBQM, ZXR .Q2b dz*mHim`H .BbiM+2Ǵ Kii2` BM i?2 T2`+2Bp2/ Q`;MBxiBQMH bmTTQ`i MQi2/ #2ir22M i?2 b72 M/ 2Bi?2` i?2 ?Qbi M/ p2M/Q` +QKTMv\ h?Bb bim/v 7Q+mb2b QM i?2 TQb b 72Hi #v i?2 irQ b2ib Q7 2KTHQv22b- `2bB/2Mi 2K@ THQv22b M/ b72b- i?i `Bb2 /m2 iQ /Bz2`2M+2b BM +mHim`2 M/ +QMi`+iX h?2 BK. Re.

(35) Q7 i?2 `2b2`+? Bb iQ B/2MiB7v TQi2MiBH +?HH2M;2b i?i Q++m` rBi?BM i?Bb 2KTHQv22@ bm#+QMi`+iQ` T2`bT2+iBp2 M/ r?2i?2` i?2 TQb MQi2/ iQr`/b 2Bi?2` Q7 i?2 ?Qbi M/ p2M/Q` +QKTMv Bb 7QmM/ iQ #2 bB;MB}+Mi b  `2bmHi Q7 +mHim`2X. *mHim`2 .BbiM+2 iQ >Qbi *QKTMv *mHim`2 .BbiM+2 iQ o2M/Q` *QKTMv *QMi`+i aiimb iQ >Qbi *QKTMv *QMi`+i aiimb iQ o2M/Q` *QKTMv SPa U>Qbi *QKTMvV SPa Uo2M/Q` *QKTMvV. >Qbi 1KTHQv22 LBH @ .B`2+i @ >B;? @. a61 >B;? LBH am#+QMi`+i2/ .B`2+i GQr U>XRV >B;? U>XkV. h#H2 jXR, S2`+2Bp2/ P`;MBxiBQMH amTTQ`i h#H2 7Q` #Qi? _2bB/2Mi 1KTHQv22b M/ b72b. Rd.

(36) *?Ti2` 9 J2i?Q/ h?Bb +?Ti2` rBHH T`QpB/2 M QmiHBM2 Q7 i?2 `2b2`+? K2i?Q/QHQ;v mb2/ BM i?Bb `2b2`+? TT2` M/ BM+Hm/2b /2iBHb Q7 Qm` TT`Q+? iQ i?2 HBi2`im`2 `2pB2r M/ /i +QHH2+iBQMX. 9XR. AMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ J2i?Q/b. h?Bb TT2` Bb mM/2`TBMM2/ #v  /2iBH2/ HBi2`im`2 `2pB2r BM i?2 `2b Q7 TQb+mHim`H /BbiM+2 M/ +QMi`+i /BbiM+2X AM7Q`KiBQM bT2+B}+ iQ i?2 +b2 bim/v rb bQm`+2/ BMi2`MHHv rBi?BM i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM b iQ i?2 `2bQMBM; #2?BM/ i?2 /2+BbBQM iQ QmibQm`+2 M/ bmTTQ`iBM; Ki2`BHb BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M Bi M/ i?2 p2M/Q` Q`;MBxiBQMX a2KB bi`m+im`2/ BMi2`pB2rb r2`2 ?2H/ rBi?  bKTH2 TQTmHiBQM Q7 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM 2KTHQv22b M/ b72b /m`BM; 62#`m`v M/ J`+? kyRkX h?2b2 BMi2`pB2rb ;p2 M BMbB;?i BMiQ i?2 T2`bT2+iBp2b Q7 #Qi? +i2;Q`B2b Q7 2KTHQv22b b iQ i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQMX h?2 b72b r2`2 HbQ bm`p2v2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2B` T2`+2TiBQM Q7 i?2 p2M/Q` Q`;MBxiBQM r?B+? ?/ TH+2/ i?2K BMiQ i?2B` `QH2b BM .2MK`FX. 9Xk. GBi2`im`2 _2pB2r. AM +QKTH2iBM; Qm` /2iBH2/ `2pB2r Q7 i?2 HBi2`im`2- r2 mb2/  7mMM2H TT`Q+?X h?Bb `2b2`+? #2;M rBi? [mBi2 #`Q/ `M;BM; iQTB+b M/ Qp2` iBK2 r2 M``Qr2/ i?2 `2b2`+? iQ i?2 bT2+B}+b r2 rMi2/ iQ +Tim`2 rBi?BM i?2 TT2`X _2H2pMi `2b2`+? HBi2`im`2 rb bQm`+2/ 7`QK  MmK#2` Q7 QMHBM2 HQ+iBQMb BM+Hm/@ BM; :QQ;H2 a+?QH`- 1"a*P?Qbi "mbBM2bb aQm`+2 S`2KB2`- qBH2v PMHBM2 GB#``v M/ 1K2`H/ AMbB;?iX "`Q/ b2`+? i2`Kb r2`2 mb2/ bm+? b bm#+QMi`+i- +mHim`2R3.

(37) AM/BM iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i HH `2H2pMi `2b2`+? rb B/2MiB}2/- `2pB2r2/ M/ BM+Hm/2/ B7 TT`QT`Bi2X q?2`2 `2H2pMi HBi2`im`2 rb `272`2M+2/ rBi?BM M `iB+H2- r?2`2 TQbbB#H2- i?2 Q`B;BMH bQm`+2 rb `2pB2r2/ M/ BM+Hm/2/X  b2`+? Q7 i?2b2b +QKTH2i2/ T`2pBQmbHv QM i?Bb K# T`Q;`KK2 r2`2 HbQ `2pB2r2/ iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 `2[mB`2K2Mib Q7 i?2 `2b2`+? TT2` r2`2 #2BM; K2iX. 9Xj. *QHH2+iBQM Q7 .i. h?Bb bim/v mb2/  bm`p2v [m2biBQM2` iQ +Tim`2 +QKT`#H2 /i 7`QK i?2 irQ ;`QmTb Q7 2KTHQv22b Ub72b M/ ?Qbi 2KTHQv22bV #2BM; +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?Bb TT2`X  biM/`/ TQb bm`p2v (RR) rb mb2/ M/ i?Bb rb T`QpB/2/ iQ `2bTQM/2Mib QM  TT2` #b2/ 7Q`KX hQ 2ti`+i 7m`i?2` KQ`2 BM@/2Ti? BM7Q`KiBQM 7`QK `2bTQM/2Mib- /@ ?Q+ BMi2`pB2rb r2`2 +``B2/ QmiX h?Bb HHQr2/ mb iQ ;i?2` /2b+`BTiBp2 M/ MmM+2/ Ki2`BH i?i `2~2+i2/ i?2 `2bTQM/2MiǶb T2`+2TiBQM Q7 i?2 bBimiBQMX am`p2v `2bTQM/2Mib r2`2 b2H2+i2/ #b2/ QM  Tm`TQbBp2 +`Bi2`BQM bKTHBM; bi`i@ 2;v (jR)X _2bTQM/2Mib b?`2/ i?2 bK2 rQ`FTH+2 M/ r2`2 HH ǵr?Bi2 +QHH`Ƕ 2M@ ;BM22`b `2;`/H2bb Q7 i?2B` +QmMi`v Q7 Q`B;BM Q` +QMi`+i biimbX h?2b2 `2bTQM/2Mib r2`2 ++2bbB#H2 iQ i?2 /i +QHH2+iQ` /m2 iQ i?2 b?`BM; Q7 i?2 bK2 rQ`FbT+2 M/ 7`QK T`2pBQmb rQ`F `2Hi2/ BMi2`+iBQM r?B+? Bb mMpQB/#H2 rBi?BM i?Bb b?`2/ bT+2X 6`QK i?2 HBKBi2/ MmK#2` Q7 b72b pBH#H2 iQ bm`p2v- b2p2M T`iB+BTi2/ BM i?2 bm`p2vX h?Bb `2T`2b2Mib i?B`iv }p2 T2`+2Mi Q7 i?2 ;`QmT Q7 ir2MivX  7m`i?2` 2B;?i ?Qbi 2KTHQv22b r2`2 bm`p2v2/ 7`QK  TQTmHiBQM Q7 i?`22 ?mM/`2/X h?2 MmK#2` bm`p2v2/ rb HBKBi2/ b i?2 biiBbiB+H MHvbBb- /2b+`B#2/ BM a2+iBQM 9X8+M QT2`i2 QM i?2 bKHH bKTH2 bBx2X h?2 `2bTQMb2 `i2 rb RyyW rBi? HH i?Qb2 `2[m2bi2/ iQ `2bTQM/ T`QpB/BM;  +QKTH2i2/ bm`p2v rBi? HH [m2biBQMb Mbr2`2/X h?2 bm`p2v rb +QM/m+i2/ mbBM; i?Bb T`QiQ+QH, RX i?2 bm`p2vb r2`2 +QM/m+i2/ i i?2 rQ`FTH+2 BM  bHQr T`i Q7 i?2 /vkX i?2 TQi2MiBH `2bTQM/2Mi rb TT`Q+?2/- M/ rb `2[m2bi2/ B7 ?2fb?2 ?/ iBK2 iQ T`iB+BTi2 BM  ǵK#Ƕ T`QD2+i bm`p2vjX i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib r2`2 T`QpB/2/ rBi?  [mB2i HQ+iBQM iQ +QKTH2i2 i?2 bm`p2v9X i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib r2`2 bF2/ MQi iQ T`QpB/2 Mv B/2MiB7vBM; BM7Q`KiBQM QM i?2 bm`p2v b Bi rb MQMvKQmb8X i?2 bm`p2vb r2`2 +QHH2+i2/ 7`QK i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib M/ Bi rb 2Mbm`2/ i?i  bT2+B}+ bm`p2v +QmH/ MQi #2 HBMF2/ iQ Mv Q7 i?2 `2bTQM/2MibeX i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib /B/ MQi `2+2Bp2 +QKT2MbiBQM 7Q` T`iB+BTiBM;X RN.

(38) h?Bb T`QiQ+QH rb 7QHHQr2/ iQ B/  ?B;? `2bTQMb2 `i2 M/ pQHmMi`v T`iB+BTiBQMX Ai rb MQi2/ #v i?2 }`bi irQ b72 `2bTQM/2Mi i?2 [m2biBQM `2;`/BM; dzaH`v 1[mBivǴ rb MQi bmBi#H2X h?2v /B/ MQi ?p2 M QTBMBQM QM i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv TQHB+B2b QM i?Bb `2;`/X b  `2bmHi Q7 i?Bb 2`Hv 722/#+F- i?2 dzaH`v 1[mBivǴ [m2biBQM rb `2KQp2/ 7`QK i?2 bm`p2vX h?2 /@?Q+ BMi2`pB2rb r2`2 +QM/m+i2/ BM  +HQb2/ K22iBM; `QQK-  bBKBH` T`QiQ+QH b mb2/ BM i?2 bm`p2v rb 7QHHQr2/X. 9X9. Zm2biBQMMB`2 M/ J2bm`2K2Mib. Zm2biBQMb r2`2 b2H2+i2/ 7`QK i?2 biM/`/Bx2/ TQb [m2biBQMMB`2 (RR) M/ r2`2 +QM/m+i2/ QM #Qi? b2ib Q7 2KTHQv22bX b i?2 7mHH bm`p2v ?b i?B`iv [m2biBQMbr?B+? rQmH/ ?p2 #22M BKT`+iB+H iQ 2t2+mi2c [m2biBQMb r2`2 b2H2+i2/ 7`QK i?2 b?Q`i p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 bm`p2v rBi? ?B;?2bi +Q``2HiBQM iQ TQb- M/ Bb +QMbBbi2Mi rBi? i?2 mb2 Q7 i?2 bm`p2v #v Qi?2` T`+iBiBQM2`b (j9)X q?BH2 i?Bb bm`p2v Bb bT2+B}+ iQ TQb- i?2 `2bTQMb2b +M HbQ ?p2  +mHim`H /BK2MbBQMX h?2 [m2biBQMMB`2b?QrM BM h#H2 XR BM TT2M/Bt  rb /KBMBbi2`2/ iQ i?2 bm#D2+i 2KTHQv22bX h?Bb bm`p2v Bb biM/`/Bx2/X (RR) h?Bb bm`p2v miBHBx2b  GBF2`i b+H2- r?2`2 i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi Bb bF2/ iQ `2THv #v r?i K2bm`2 bf?2 ;`22b Q` /Bb;`22b rBi?  ;Bp2M bii2K2MiX (RN) h?2 bm`p2v `2bTQM/2Mi b2H2+ib 7`QK b2p2M +?QB+2b- `M;BM; 7`QK dzai`QM;Hv .Bb;`22Ǵ iQ dzai`QM;Hv ;`22Ǵ- rBi?  L2mi`H `2bTQMb2 BM i?2 +2Mi`2 b BHHmbi`i2/ BM 6B;m`2 9XRX h?2b2 `2bTQMb2b `2 +Q/2/ BMiQ MmK2`B+H /i #b2/ QM B7 i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi /Bb;`22b URV Q` ;`22b UdV rBi? i?2 bii2K2Mi- rBi? TT`QT`Bi2 `2p2`b2 b+Q`BM; 7Q` i?2 `2p2`b2 [m2biBQMbX h?2 `2p2`b2 [m2biBQMb `2 /2MQi2/ rBi? M U_V M/ `2 b+Q`2/ iQ Ki+? i?2 `2bTQM/2MiǶb TQbc 7Q` 2tKTH2 b?QmH/ i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi dzai`QM;Hv .Bb;`22Ǵ rBi?  `2p2`b2 bm`p2v [m2biBQM- i?Bb Bb b+Q`2/  UdV iQ BHHmbi`i2 i?2 ?B;? TQb MQi2/ #v i?2 `2bTQM/2MiX HH i?2 bm`p2v /i M/ `2bmHib `2~2+i i?Bb BMp2`bBQMX h?2 b2p2M TQBMi GBF2`i b+H2 ?b #22M mb2/ bBM+2 i?2 +`2iBQM Q7 i?2 bm`p2v (RR) M/ T`QpB/2b 7Q` i?2 #BHBiv iQ +QKT`2 `2bmHib rBi? Qi?2` bim/B2b mbBM; i?Bb bm`p2vX h?2 [m2biBQMb iQ i?2 b72- bm+? b, dzh?2 (Q`;MBxiBQM) pHm2b Kv +QMi`B#miBQM iQ Bib r2HH #2BM;Ǵ r2`2 bF2/ irB+2c QM+2 7Q` i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv- M/ QM+2 7Q` i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX h?2 `r /i 7Q` i?2 b72 bm`p2v Bb 7QmM/ BM h#H2 "XR M/ i?2 >Qbi 1KTHQv22 bm`p2v `2bmHib Bb T`QpB/2/ BM h#H2 "XR# BM TT2M/Bt "X. ky.

(39) R. k. j. 9. 8. e. d. ai`QM;Hv .Bb;`22. .Bb;`22. JBH/Hv .Bb;`22. L2mi`H. JBH/Hv ;`22. ;`22. ai`QM;Hv ;`22. 6B;m`2 9XR, GBF2`i a+H2 M/ b+Q`BM; 7Q` bm`p2v. 9X8. lMBi M/ G2p2H Q7 MHvbBb. h?2 /i T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 bm`p2v Bb QM  GBF2`i b+H2- b?QrM BM 6B;m`2 9XRX h?Bb b+H2 Bb Q`/BMH- M/ T`QpB/2/ 7Q` i?2 `2bTQM/2MiǶb iiBim/2 7Q` i?2 bii2K2Mi TQb2/X aBM+2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 +MMQi #2 K2bm`2/ #2ir22M B7  `2bTQM/2Mi dzai`QM;Hv ;`22bǴ Q` dz;`22bǴ rBi?  bii2K2Mi- ivTB+H K2bm`2b bm+? b p2`;2b M/ biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb +MMQi #2 miBHBx2/X AMbi2/- i?2 K2bm`2 Q7 +2Mi`H i2M/2M+v `2H2pMi iQ i?Bb bBimiBQM Bb i?2 K2/BM M/ `M;2 (RN)X 6Q` i?2 BM72`2MiBH MHvbBb- iQ /2i2`KBM2 B7 i?2 K2/BM Q7  b2i Q7 `2bTQMb2b Bb bi@ iBbiB+HHv /Bz2`2Mi i?M 2+? Qi?2`-  JMMĜq?BiM2vĜqBH+QtQM i2bi Bb +QM/m+i2/ QM i?2 irQ /i b2ibX h?Bb i2bi /Q2b MQi bbmK2 i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM ivT2- M/ +M rQ`F QM bKHH bKTH2 bBx2b (k3)X Ai Bb `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 i@i2bi r?B+? rQmH/ #2 bmBi#H2 B7 i?2 /i rb T`QpB/2/ QM M BMi2`pH b+H2 (RN- ky- k3)X. 9Xe. oHB/Biv- _2HB#BHBiv M/ :2M2`HBx#BHBiv. h?2 bKHH TQTmHiBQM `2T`2b2Mib i?2 H`;2bi `BbF iQ i?2 `2bmHib `2 BMpHB/X h?Bb Bb irQ7QH/c i?2`2 Bb  HBKBi2/ MmK#2` Q7 b72 iQ bKTH2- M/ i?2`2 Bb QMHv QM2 +QKTMv pBH#H2 iQ bKTH2X Ai Bb mMFMQrM B7 i?2`2 Bb MQi?2` +QKTMv i?i +QmH/ #2 bm`p2v2/ iQ +QMi`bi i?2 `2bmHibX AM KMv rvb- i?Bb bBimiBQM T`QpB/2b M 2ti`2K2 +b2 Tm`TQbBp2 bKTH2 i QM2 +QKTMv- M/ QMHv T`QpB/2b  `2bmHi 7Q` M 2ti`2K2 bBimiBQM (9e- TX9d)X h?i bB/- i?2 MHvbBb K2i?Q/ Bb bmBi#H2 7Q` i?2 /i +QHH2+i2/ M/ +M `2HB#Hv rQ`F rBi? i?2 bKHH bKTH2 bBx2c 7Q` r?B+? i?2 b72 Bb `2T`2b2MiiBp2 Q7 i?2 TQTmHiBQMX q?BH2 7Q` i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22b i?Bb +MMQi #2 b 2bBHv DmbiB}2/ b i?2 bKTHBM; Bb Km+? H2bb i?M i?2 TQTmHiBQMc HH ii2KTib r2`2 K/2 iQ 2Mbm`2 `M/QK bKTHBM; rBi?BM i?Bb TQTmHiBQMX Ai rb +?Qb2M iQ bm`p2v BM 1M;HBb?- b HH i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib ?p2  ?B;? 1M;HBb? HM@ ;m;2 #BHBiv- M/ r?BH2 i?2 +QKTMv Bb HQ+i2/ BM .2MK`F- i?2 rQ`FBM; HM;m;2 Bb 1M;HBb?X Ai +MMQi #2 2t+Hm/2/ i?i i?2 bm`p2v [m2biBQMb +QmH/ #2 KBbBMi2`T`2i2/ #v 2Bi?2` b2i Q7 `2bTQM/2Mib b i?2B` T`BK`v HM;m;2 Bb MQi 1M;HBb?X h?2 pHB/Biv Q7 i?2 bm`p2v [m2biBQMb Bb H2bb +`BiB+H- b i?2v ?p2 #22M 2ti2MbBp2Hv mb2/ BM Qp2` b2p2Miv bim/B2b- M/ ?p2 #22M `2pB2r2/ M/ i2bi2/ 7Q` bmBi#BHBiv (j9)X h?2 r`Bii2M bm`p2v /Q2b T`QpB/2 M /pMi;2 iQ bQK2 `2bTQM/2Mib p2`bmb M BMi2`pB2r K2i?Q/ r?2`2 i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi Kv MQi #2 +QK7Q`i#H2 BM `2bTQM/BM; kR.

(40) M2;iBp2HvX h?2 BKK2/Bi2 722/#+F Q7 i?2 b72 `2bTQM/2Mib i?i dzaH`v 1[mBivǴ [m2biBQM rb MQi bmBi#H2 [m2biBQM bm;;2bib  H2p2H Q7 +QK7Q`i rBi? i?2 T`Q+2bbX q?BH2 i?2 r`Bii2M bm`p2v T`QpB/2b M /pMi;2- / ?Q+ BMi2`pB2rb r2`2 +QM/m+i2/ rBi? i?2 irQ ;`QmTb Q7 `2bTQM/2Mib iQ T`QpB/2  [mHBiv p2`B}+iBQM Q7 i?2 bm`p2v /iX q?BH2 i?2 BMi2`pB2rb +M #2 H2bb `2HB#H2 /m2 iQ #Bbc Bi +M HbQ T`QpB/2 BMbB;?i i?i i?2 r`Bii2M bm`p2v +MMQi (9e- TXRyk)X h?2 `2bmHi Kv #2 BM~m2M+2/ #v BMi2`MH Q` 2ti2`MH 2p2Mib QmibB/2 i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb bim/vX q?BH2 i?2`2 r2`2 MQ Ki2`BH 2p2Mib i?i `2 #2HB2p2/ i?i +QmH/ ?p2 Q++m``2/ /m`BM; i?2 bm`p2v T`Q+2bb BM 62#`m`v kyRkĜJ`+?kyRkc i?Bb TQbbB#BHBiv +MMQi #2 2t+Hm/2/X. kk.

(41) *?Ti2` 8 _2bmHib Q7 i?2 am`p2v aim/v h?2 T`2+2/BM; bm#b2+iBQMb rBHH 2tTHQ`2 i?2 /2b+`BTiBp2 M/ BM72`2MiBH `2bmHib b i?2v `2Hi2 iQ i?2 b72 bT2+B}+ `2bmHib M/ ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 `2bmHibX h?Bb rBHH #2 7QHHQr2/ #v i?2 biiBbiB+H i2biBM; Q7 i?2 irQ ?vTQi?2bBb- >XR M/ >XkX a61 aT2+B}+ MHvbBb 6Q` i?2 b72- i?2 `2bTQMb2b iQ i?2 bm`p2v [m2biBQMb miBHBx2/ i?2 7mHH `M;2 Q7 i?2 GBF2`i b+H2- 7`QK dzai`QM;Hv .Bb;`22Ǵ iQ dzai`QM;Hv ;`22Ǵ- M/ /2KQMbi`i2b i?2 p`B2iv Q7 iiBim/2b T`2b2Mi2/X h?2 ?BbiQ;`K Q7 i?2 +QKTH2i2 `2bTQMb2b Bb T`QpB/2/ 7Q` i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv BM 6B;m`2 8XR M/ 7Q` i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv BM 6B;m`2 8XR#X 6B;m`2 8XR BHHmbi`i2b i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2b Q7 i?2 b72 iQ ?Qbi +QKTMv iQ i?2 bm`p2v [m2biBQMb ě r?2`2 KQbi Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2b 72HH #2ir22M dzJBH/Hv ;`22-Ǵ ?pBM; Rj `2bTQMb2b- i?2 K2/BM dz;`22Ǵ rBi? kj `2bTQMb2b- M/ dzai`QM;Hv ;`22Ǵ rBi? 3 `2bTQMb2bX 6Q` i?2 b72 `2bTQMb2b iQ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv- BHHmbi`i2/ BM 6B;m`2 8XR#- i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 `2bTQMb2b Bb `2~2+iBp2 Q7 i?2 HQr2` K2/BM TQb MQi2/ #v i?2 b72- r?2`2 i?2 #mHF Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2b `2 +2Mi2`2/ `QmM/ i?2 K2/BM Q7 dzJBH/Hv ;`22-Ǵ rBi? Re `2bTQMb2b- dz;`22Ǵ rBi? R3 `2bTQMb2b- M/ dzL2m`HǴ rBi? e `2bTQMb2bX HbQ MQi#H2 `2 i?2 dzJBH/Hv .Bb;`22Ǵ `MF ?pBM; 3 `2bTQMb2bc #2BM; ;`2i2` i?M i?2 dzL2mi`HǴ +QmMiX h?2 K2/BM Q7 i?2 `2bmHib rb miBHBx2/ iQ /2/m+2 i?2 ;`QmTǶb iiBim/2X h?2 K2/BM rb +H+mHi2/ 7Q` 2+? [m2biBQM M/ i?2 +QKTH2i2 bm`p2v- M/ Bi `M;2/ #2ir22M dzL2mi`HǴ U9V iQ dzai`QM;Hv ;`22/ UdVXǴ h?2 b72 `2bTQM/2Mib #v rv Q7 i?2 bm`p2v 72Hi KQ/2`i2 iQ TQbBiBp2 TQb 7`QK #Qi? i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv M/ p2M/Q` +QKTMvX h#H2 8XR T`QpB/2b i?2 K2/BM 7Q` 2+? [m2biBQM M/ 7Q` i?2 +QKTH2i2 bm`p2vX h?2 MmK#2` Q7 M2;iBp2 `2bTQMb2b- b+Q`BM; H2bb i?M 9 Q` dzL2mi`HǴ Bb HbQ BM/B+iBp2 Q7 i?2 TQb b MQi2/ #v i?2 `2bTQM/2MibX AM `2HiBQM iQ i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv- QMHv }p2 `2bTQMb2b 7`QK 7Q`iv@MBM2 U3XNWV r2`2 b+Q`2/ i  `MF Q7 H2bb i?M 9 Q` dzL2mi`HXǴ kj.

(42) oHm2b *QMi`B#miBQM aH`v 1[mBiv LQi 1tTHQBiiBp2 oHm2b PTBMBQMb oHm2b :QHb >2HT pBH#H2 a?Qrb *QM+2`M a?Qrb 6Q`;Bp2M2bb 1M;;BM; qQ`F. *QKTH2i2. b72 iQ ?Qbi +QKTMv J2/BM _M;2 d k @ @ 8 k e k e j e k 8 8 8 j 8 9 e 8. b72 iQ p2M/Q` +QKTMv J2/BM _M;2 8 k 8 j 8 j 8 9 e j e e e 9 9 9 9 j 8 e. >Qbi 2KTHQv22 iQ ?Qbi +QKTMv J2/BM _M;2 e j 9 j 8 8 8 j 8 j e 9 e 9 e 9 e e 8 e. h#H2 8XR, .2b+`BTiBp2 aiiBbiB+H _2bmHib 6Q` i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv- i?2`2 r2`2 KQ`2 M2;iBp2 `2bTQMb2b Uir2Hp2 Qmi Q7 }7iv@ bBtV- i?Bb ++QmMib 7Q` RNW Q7 HH `2bTQMb2bX h?2 HQr MmK#2` Q7 M2;iBp2 `2bTQMb2b+QmTH2/ rBi? i?2 KBM /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 b+Q`2b rBi?BM i?2 dzL2mi`HǴ iQ dzai`QM;Hv ;`22/Ǵ Bb BM/B+iBp2 i?i i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib Qp2`HH TQb Bb rBi?BM i?Bb `M;2X >Qbi 1KTHQv22 aT2+B}+ MHvbBb h?2 bm`p2v `2bTQMb2b HbQ miBHBx2/ i?2 7mHH `M;2 Q7 i?2 GBF2`i b+H2- M/ i?Bb Bb  bBKBH` bBimiBQM b i?2 b72 `2bTQM/2Mib- r?2`2 i?2`2 Bb  p`B2iv Q7 iiBim/2b T`2b2MiX  ?BbiQ;`K Bb T`QpB/2/ #v 6B;m`2 8XR+X h?2 `2bTQMb2b `2 ;BM +2Mi`2/ QM i?2 K2/BM Q7 dzJBH/Hv ;`22-Ǵ rBi? Rk `2bTQMb2b- Hi?Qm;? i?2 dz;`22Ǵ ?b  ?B;?2` +QmMi Q7 ke M/ i?2 dzL2mi`HǴ `2bTQMb2 HbQ ?b  ?B;?2` +QmMi Q7 RjX h?2 dzai`QM;Hv ;`22Ǵ `2bTQMb2 `i2 rb HQr i QMHv 3 `2bTQMb2bX h?2 K2/BM Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2b iQ i?2 bT2+B}+ [m2biBQMb `M;2/ 7`QK dzL2mi`HǴ iQ dz;`22Ǵ- i?2 `2bmHib `2 T`QpB/2/ BM h#H2 8XRX h?2`2 rb M 2[mBpH2Mi `M;2 Q7 Mbr2`b T`QpB/2/X h?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22b HbQ 72Hi  KQ/2`i2 iQ TQbBiBp2 TQb 7`QK i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMvX h?2 MmK#2` Q7 M2;iBp2 `2bTQMb2b- b+Q`BM; H2bb i?M 9 Q` dzL2mi`HǴ rb HbQ `2@ bQM#H2X  iQiH Q7 Rj `2bTQMb2b r2`2 M2;iBp2- 7Q`  iQiH Q7 RNW Q7 i?2 +QKTH2i2 `2bTQMb2bX >XR aT2+B}+ MHvbBb h?Bb b2+iBQM rBHH /2b+`B#2 B7 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBb >XR Bb 7QmM/ iQ #2 `2H2pMi M/ i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb +M #2 `2D2+i2/X 6Q` >XR iQ #2 `2H2pMi- i?2 K2/BM b+Q`2 Q7 i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 `2bTQMb2b b?QmH/ #2 i H2bi irQ `MFb ?B;?2` i?M i?2 `2bTQMb2b k9.

(43) Q7 i?2 b72 iQ ?Qbi +QKTMv `2bTQMb2bX h?Bb HBKBi Bb `#Bi``v- M/ Bb BM/B+iBp2 Q7 i?2 HM;m;2 Q7 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBb- dzH`;2 T`i ?B;?2`XǴ h?2 /i dz>Qbi *QKTMvǴ 7QmM/ BM h#H2 8XR `2 i?2 K2/BM +QKT`2/ #b2/ QM B7 i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi Bb  ?Qbi +QKTMv 2KTHQv22 Q` b72X "v BMbT2+iBQM- Mbr2`b iQ bT2+B}+ [m2biBQMb BM/B+i2 i?i i?2 K2/BM Q7 i?2 `2@ bTQMb2b `2 BM 7+i ?B;?2` 7Q` i?2 b72 i?M iQ i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22X hQ BM72` ;`2i2` /2iBH-  `MF bmK ivT2 i2bi- i?2 JMMĜq?BiM2vĜqBH+QtQM i2bi rb +QM/m+i2/ 7Q` i?2 b72 iQ ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 TB`2/ [m2biBQMb iQ /2i2`KBM2 B7 i?2 K2/BMb p2M/Q` +QKTMv `2bTQMb2 K2/BM rb /Bz2`2Mi- b `2[mB`2/ #v i?2 >XRX h?Bb MHvbBb Bb b?QrM QM h#H2 8XkX PM BM/BpB/mH [m2biBQMb i?2 K2/BMb +QmH/ MQi #2 7QmM/ iQ #2 2[mH 7`QK i?2 `2bmHi Q7 i?Bb i2bi- p < 0.05, n = 7X h?2 K2/BMb Q7 i?2 +QKTH2i2 bm`p2v r2`2 HbQ +QKT`2/- +QKT`BM; i?2 b72 ;;`2;i2 K2/BM b+Q`2 Q7 dz;`22/Ǵ Q7 i?2 TQb `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 iQ i?2 ;;`2;i2 K2/BM Q7 dzJBH/Hv ;`22/Ǵ iQ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX h?Bb +QKT`BbQM rb MQi 7QmM/ iQ #2 bB;MB}+Mi iQ p < 0.05, n = 48- QM2@iBH- mbBM; i?Bb `MFbmK K2i?Q/X 6`QK i?2b2 `2bmHib- >XR Bb MQi 7QmM/ iQ #2 `2H2pMi- i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb +MMQi #2 `2D2+i2/ b i?2 b72 `2bTQMb2b +QmH/ #2 7QmM/ iQ #2 2[mH iQ i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 `2bTQMb2bX >Xk aT2+B}+ MHvbBb h?Bb b2+iBQM rBHH /2b+`B#2 B7 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBb >Xk Bb 7QmM/ iQ #2 `2H2pMi M/ i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb +M #2 `2D2+i2/X 6Q` >Xk iQ #2 `2H2pMi- i?2 K2/BM b+Q`2 Q7 i?2 ?Qbi `2bTQMb2b b?QmH/ #2 i H2bi irQ `MFb HQr2` i?M i?2 `2bTQMb2b Q7 i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv [m2biBQMbX h?Bb HBKBi Bb HbQ BM/B+iBp2 Q7 i?2 HM;m;2 Q7 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBbdzH`;2 T`i ?B;?2`XǴ h?2 /i 7QmM/ BM h#H2 8XR `2 i?2 K2/BM Q7 i?2 [m2biBQMb `2;`/BM; TQb- r?2`2 i?2 `MFBM; Q7 i?2 [m2biBQMb T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 `2bTQM/2Mi BHHmbi`i2b i?2B` TQb 7`QK 2Bi?2` i?2 >Qbi *QKTMv Q` o2M/Q` *QKTMvX "v BMbT2+iBQM- Mbr2`b iQ bT2+B}+ [m2biBQMb BM/B+i2 i?i i?2 K2/BM Q7 i?2 `2@ bTQMb2b `2 BM 7+i ?B;?2` 7Q` i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv i?M iQ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX hQ BM72` ;`2i2` /2iBH-  `MFBM; ivT2 i2bi- i?2 JMMĜq?BiM2vĜqBH+QtQM i2bi rb +QM/m+i2/ 7Q` i?2 b72 TB`2/ [m2biBQMb iQ /2i2`KBM2 B7 i?2 K2/BMb p2M/Q` +QKTMv `2bTQMb2 K2/BM rb /Bz2`2Mi i?M ?Qbi +QKTMv `2bTQMb2 K2/BMb- b `2[mB`2/ #v i?2 >XkX h?Bb MHvbBb Bb b?QrM QM h#H2 8Xk#X PM BM/BpB/mH [m2biBQMb i?2 K2/BMb +QmH/ #2 7QmM/ iQ #2 2[mH 7`QK i?2 `2bmHi Q7 i?Bb i2bi- p > 0.05, n = 7X h?2 K2/BMb Q7 i?2 +QKTH2i2 bm`p2v r2`2 HbQ +QKT`2/- +QKT`BM; i?2 b72 ;@ ;`2;i2 K2/BM b+Q`2 Q7 dz;`22/Ǵ Q7 i?2 TQb `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv iQ i?2 ;;`2;i2 K2/BM Q7 dzJBH/Hv ;`22/Ǵ iQ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX h?Bb +QKT`BbQM k8.

(44) rb 7QmM/ iQ #2 bB;MB}+Mi iQ p < 0.05, n = 48- QM2@iBH- mbBM;  `MFbmK biiBbiB+H K2i?Q/X 6`QK i?2b2 `2bmHib- >Xk Bb MQi 7QmM/ iQ #2 `2H2pMi- bBM+2 i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb +MMQi #2 `2D2+i2/- b i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv b+Q`2/ ?B;?2` i?M i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX. 8XR. oHB/iBQM Q7 a61 /i.  ;`T?B+H MHvbBb rb T2`7Q`K2/ iQ pHB/i2 i?2 /i M/ iQ pBbmHBx2 B7 i?2`2 r2`2 Mv +Q``2HiBQMb #2ir22M i?2 bT2+B}+ b72 `2bTQM/2Mib iQ i?2 TB`2/ [m2biBQMbM/ T`QpB/2  [mHBiv +?2+F QM i?2 b72 `2bTQM/2Mi /iX Ai rb HbQ  +?2+F iQ /2i2`KBM2 B7 i?2 HQr TQb `2bTQM/2Mi iQ i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMv HbQ `MF2/ i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv HQr2`X q?BH2 i?Bb K2i?Q/ H+Fb biiBbiB+H +2`iBMiv- Bi T`2b2Mib  TB+im`2 Q7 i?2 #`Q/ i`2M/ BM i?2 /iX h?2 +Q``2HiBQM ;`T? Bb T`2b2Mi2/ BM 6B;m`2 *XR BM TT2M/Bt *X AM ;2M2`H- i?2 TQb b+Q`2 7`QK i?2 BM/BpB/mH `2bTQM/2Mib iQ 2Bi?2` i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv Q` p2M/Q` +QKTMv Bb TQbBiBp2 M/ `2Hi2/- r?2`2 KQbi Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2b `2 +Hmbi2`2/ M2` i?2 TB`2/ TQb b+Q`2 Q7 dz;`22- ;`22Ǵ h?2 bK2 MHvbBb +MMQi #2 ++QKTHBb?2/ QM i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 bm`p2v `2bmHib b i?2`2 Bb MQ TB`BM; iQ 2tTHQBiX. ke.

(45) oHm2b *QMi`B#miBQM aH`v 1[mBiv LQi 1tTHQBiiBp2 oHm2b PTBMBQMb oHm2b :QHb >2HT pBH#H2 a?Qrb *QM+2`M a?Qrb 6Q`;Bp2M2bb 1M;;BM; qQ`F. *QKTH2i2. J2/BM Q7 >Qbi 1KTHQv22 _2bTQM/Mi ;`2i2` i?M K2/BM Q7 b72 `2bTQM/Mi iQr`/b ?Qbi +QKTMv\ LQ @ LQ LQ LQ u2b u2b u2b LQ LQ. T UQM2 iBHV U_MF amKV. .Bz2`2Mi J2/BMb\ UT I yXy8V. yXRRRk @ yX9jk8 yXyRRN yXy8N9 yXkyNy yXkkee yXyNR3 yX98kk yXy3eN. LQ @ LQ u2b LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ. UV AM72`2MiBH aiiBbiB+b 7`QK bm`p2v- b72 iQ >Qbi 1KTHQv22. oHm2b *QMi`B#miBQM aH`v 1[mBiv LQi 1tTHQBiiBp2 oHm2b PTBMBQMb oHm2b :QHb >2HT pBH#H2 a?Qrb *QM+2`M a?Qrb 6Q`;Bp2M2bb 1M;;BM; qQ`F. *QKTH2i2. b72 iQ ?Qbi +QKTMv K2/BM ;`2i2` i?M b72 iQ p2M/Q` +QKTMv K2/BM\ u2b @ LQ u2b LQ LQ LQ u2b u2b u2b. T UQM2 iBHV U_MF amKV yXRjd3 @ yXj8RN yXy939 yXjd98 yXkyjk yXkeRR yXR3ed yXkeRR yXykN9. U#V AM72`2MiBH aiiBbiB+b 7`QK bm`p2v- b72. h#H2 8Xk, AM72`2MiBH aiiBbiB+b 7`QK bm`p2v. kd. .Bz2`2Mi J2/BMb\ UT I yXy8V LQ @ LQ u2b LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ u2b.

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(51) }MM+BH +`BbBb- Q` QmibQm`+BM; KQ/2HX h?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 `2bTQM/2Mib Bb T`Q@ pB/2/ #v 6B;m`2 *Xj M/ 6B;m`2 *Xj#- M/ BHHmbi`i2b i?2 +2Mi2`2/ `2bTQMb2 Q7 i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22b iQ i?2 bBimiBQMX JF2b i?2B` rQ`F BMi2`2biBM;, h?2 +Q`2 2KTHQv22b T2`+2Bp2 i?i i?2 Q`;MBxiBQM T`QpB/2b i?2K rBi? KQ`2 BMi2`2biBM; rQ`FX h?Bb Q`;MBxiBQMH /2+BbBQM iQ HBKBi QmibQm`+BM; Q7 rQ`F iQ `QmiBM2 ibFb +QmH/ z2+i i?2 `2bmHib BM ZXk, dzA7 (Q`;MBx@ iBQM) +QmH/ ?B`2 bQK2QM2 iQ `2TH+2 K2 i  HQr2` bH`v Bi rQmH/ /Q bQXǴ h?Bb Bb  i`/2@Qz M/ i?2`2 Kv #2  bK`i2` T`iM2`b?BT TQbbB#H2 rBi? i?2 QmibQm`+BM; Q7 +Q`2 ibF iQ b72bX h?2 b72b `2 ibF2/ rBi? MQM@+Q`2 `QmiBM2 ibFbX AM i?2B` `2bTQMb2- i?2v QMHv KBH/Hv ;`22 rBi? ZN- dz(P`;MBxiBQM) i`B2b iQ KF2 Kv DQ# b BMi2`2biBM; b TQb@ bB#H2XǴ h?Bb Bb T2`?Tb `2~2+iBp2 Q7 i?2 ivT2 Q7 rQ`F QmibQm`+2/X h?2 b72 `2 [mHB}2/ 2M;BM22`b rBi? bi`QM; 2/m+iBQMH #+F;`QmM/ M/ 2tT2`B2M+2 M/ i?2b2 `2bmHib bm;;2bi i?i i?2 b72 722Hb i?i bf?2 +M /Q KQ`2 M/ #2 ibF2/ KQ`2 i?`Qm;? i?2 T`QpBbBQM Q7 KQ`2 BMi2`2biBM; M/ +?HH2M;BM; rQ`FX AM i?Bb BMbiM+2i?2 +?HH2M;BM; M/ BMi2`2biBM; rQ`F HQM; rBi? i?2 b2MbBiBp2 M/ +`BiB+H Q`;MB@ xiBQM BM7Q`KiBQM Bb `2bi`B+i2/ iQ ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM 2KTHQv22bX h?2b2 `2bmHib bm;;2bi i?i i?2 b72 +QKKBiK2Mi Bb BM T`i KQ`2 +QMiBMmM+2 BM Mim`2 (k)X Hi?Qm;? i?2 rQ`F Bb MQi Qp2`Hv BMi2`2biBM;- i?2 b72 Kv 722H i?2v ?p2 MQ +?QB+2 #mi iQ `2KBM BM i?2B` `QH2bX h?2B` #BHBiv iQ bQm`+2 #2ii2` Hi2`MiBp2 rQ`F BM .2MK`F Kv #2 HBKBi2/ rBi?Qmi i?2B` p2M/Q` BMi`Q/m+iBQMX h?2 `2bTQMb2 iQ ZXN b?Qrb i?i i?2 b72 T2`+2Bp2 i?i i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM i`B2b iQ KF2 i?2B` `QH2 BMi2`2biBM; KQ`2 i?M i?2B` 2KTHQv2`- i?2 p2M/Q` Q`;MBxiBQMX h?2 p2M/Q` Q`;MBxiBQM ?b KBMBKH BMTmi BMiQ i?2B` 2KTHQv22Ƕb `QH2 M/ i?2 +QMi`QH Q7 rQ`F HB2b rBi? i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQMX Ai Kv HbQ #2  `2~2+iBQM Q7 i?2 ivT2b Q7 bbB;MK2Mib T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 p2M/Q` +QKTMvX *QM+2`M2/ rBi? i?2B` r2HH@#2BM;, "Qi? i?2 b72 M/ ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM 2KTHQv22b ;`22 BM i?2B` `2bTQMb2 iQ ZXd- dz(P`;MBxiBQM) b?Qrb p2`v HBiiH2 +QM+2`M 7Q` K2ǴX h?Bb `2bmHi `Bb2b  +QM+2`M 7Q` i?2 Q`;MBxiBQM ;Bp2M i?i b?QrBM;  +QM+2`M 7Q` i?2 2KTHQv22 r2HH@#2BM; ?b #22M B/2MiB}2/ #v 1Bb2M#2`;2` (RR) b QM2 Q7 i?2 TBHH`b Q7 TQbX h?2b2 `2bmHib +QMi`/B+i i?2 TQbBiBp2 `2bmHib b?QrM BM i?2 Qi?2` [m2biBQMb r?B+? `2 +QMbB/2`2/ rvb BM r?B+? i?2 Q`;MBxiBQM b?Qrb +QM+2`M 7Q` 2KTHQv22 r2HH@#2BM; BX2X ZX9 dz(P`;MBxiBQM) +`2b #Qmi Kv QTBMBQMǴ- ZX8 dz(P`;MBxiBQM) bi`QM;Hv +QMbB/2`b Kv ;QHb M/ pHm2b- ZXe dz>2HT Bb pBH#H2 7`QK (P`;MBxiBQM) r?2M A ?p2  T`Q#H2Kdz M/ ZX3 dz(_2bB/2Mi *QKTMv) rQmH/ 7Q`;Bp2 M ?QM2bi KBbiF2 QM Kv T`iǴX h?2 bmTTQ`i T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 bmT2`pBbQ` Bb M 2bb2MiBH /`Bp2` Q7 TQb rBi?BM Q`;MBxiBQMb b b?QrM #v EQFFi2 2i HX (kR- +Bi2/ #v (j9))- M/. jj.

(52) `2bTQM/2Mib Kv MQi `2+Q;MBx2 i?Bb QM2 iQ QM2 2M;;2K2Mi- +QM+2`M M/ bmTTQ`i b ǶQ`;MBxiBQMH +QM+2`MǶX Ai Bb BMi2`2biBM; iQ MQi2 i?i i?2 p2M/Q` Q`;MBxiBQM Bb T2`+2Bp2/ #2ii2` BM i?Bb BMbiM+2 r?2`2 `2bTQM/2Mib QMHv KBH/Hv ;`22 i?i i?2v `2 +QM+2`M2/ #Qmi i?2B` r2HH@#2BM;X h?Bb Kv #2  `2~2+iBp2 Q7 i?2 bmTTQ`i T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 p2M/Q` Q`;@ MBxiBQM BM i?2B` i`MbBiBQM iQ .2MK`F M/ #2BM; Q7 i?2 bK2 +mHim`2 M/ #+F@ ;`QmM/ Kv #2 KQ`2 2KTi?B+ iQ i?2 b72 2KTHQv22Ƕb bBimiBQM M/ #2ii2` 2[mBTT2/ iQ ?2HT i?2KX HbQ- b bm;;2bi2/ #v :FQpB+ M/ h2i`B+F (Rj)- ?B;? H2p2H Q7 TQb 7Q` bm#+QMi`+i2/ 2KTHQv22b +M #2 2tTHBM2/ #v i?2 7+i i?i i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv 2KTHQv22b Kv T2`@ +2Bp2 i?i i?2v KF2  ?B;?2` H2p2H Q7 b+`B}+2 /m2 iQ i?2B` HQM;@i2`K 2KTHQvK2Mi `2HiBQMb?BTX h?Bb Qp2` iBK2 +`2i2b ?B;?2` 2tT2+iiBQMb Q7 TQb M/ Q`;MBxiBQMH Q#HB;iBQM M/ i?mb HQr2`b i?2B` H2p2H Q7 TQbX a72b Kv HbQ ?p2 KQ`2 7pQ`#H2 iiBim/2b iQr`/b i?2 ?Qbi Q`;MBxiBQM #2+mb2 Q7 i?2B` HQr2` rQ`F 2tT2+iiBQMbX h?2`2 Bb  `BbF /m2 iQ bKHH bKTH2 bBx2 i?i i?2 `2bmHib `2 BM+Q``2+iX q?BH2 Bi Bb #2HB2p2/ i?i i?2 TQb Bb ?B;? 7`QK i?2 b72- M/ i?2 ?B;? bKTH2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 b72- i?2`2 Bb biBHH  `BbF i?i i?2 `2bmHib `2 MQM@`2T`Q/m+B#H2X 6Q` 2tKTH2M Hi2`Mi2 bKTH2 Q7 ?Qbi +QKTMv 2KTHQv22b +QmH/ T`QpB/2  ?B;?2` TQb b+Q`2M/ M Hi2`Mi2 `2bmHiX h?i bB/- i?2 #`2F/QrM Q7 i?2 `2bmHib mbBM; `MFbmK biiBbiB+H K2i?Q/- r?B+? Bb bT2+BHBx2/ 7Q` bKHH bKTH2 bBx2b- T`QpB/2b  K2bm`2 Q7 +QM}/2M+2 BM i?2 MHvbBbX h?2`2 Bb HbQ  `BbF i?i TQbBiBp2 `2bTQMb2b `2 #b2/ QM  +mHim`H #Bb- Q7 dzHrvb ;`22BM;-Ǵ  i`Bi /2b+`B#2/ BM Qm` HBi2`im`2 `2pB2rX h?2 7mHH `M;2 Q7 `2bTQMb2b- rBi? i?2 +QK#BMiBQM Q7 M2;iBp2 `2bTQMb2b /Q2b MQi TQBMi iQ i?Bb `BbFX h?2 ?B;?2` K2/BM TQb Q7 i?2 b72 iQ i?2 ?Qbi +QKTMv +QKT`2/ iQ 2Bi?2` i?2 b72 iQ p2M/Q` +QKTMv M/ ?Qbi 2KTHQv22 iQ ?Qbi +QKTMv Bb bm`T`BbBM;X AM i?2 `2pB2r2/ HBi2`im`2 i?2 K2M Q` K2/BM b+Q`2b BM +QMi`+i biimb bBimiBQMb r2`2 ;2M2`HHv HQr2`X *mHim`H .BbiM+2 b b?QrM #v >Q7bi2/2 (Rd)- i?2`2 Bb  #B; +mHim`H /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 irQ ;`QmTb Q7 i?Bb `2b2`+?X h?2b2 irQ ?vTQi?2b2b r2`2 7Q`KmHi2/ QM +mHim`H /BbiM+2 #2BM; bB;MB}+MiX *H2`Hv- bBM+2 #Qi? T`QTQb2/ ?vTQi?2b2b ?pBM; #22M 7QmM/ iQ #2 MQM@ `2H2pMi- +mHim`H /BbiM+2 /Q2b MQi b22K iQ #2 `2H2pMi BM i?Bb +b2X h?2 `2bmHib r2`2 bm`T`BbBM; M/ b?Qr i?i i?2 TQb Q7 i?2 b72 Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 ?Qbi 2KTHQv22X :Bp2M i?2 TQbBiBp2 TQb `2bmHib +`Qbb 2+? ;`QmT- i?2 +mHim`H /Bz2`2M+2b /Q MQi TT2` iQ BKT+i QM TQbX h?2 `2bmHib b?Qr i?i i?2 b72 ?p2 /Ti2/ r2HH BMiQ i?2 p2`v +mHim`HHv /Bz2`2Mi Q`;MBxiBQM M/ TT2` iQ TT`2+Bi2 i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi T`QpB/2/ r?2M rQ`FBM; 7Q`  .MBb? Q`;MBxiBQMX h?2 irQ ?vTQi?2b2b 7Q` i?Bb j9.

References

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