Indoor Mobile Positioning system (MPS) classification in different wireless technology domain

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Indoor Mobile Positioning system (MPS) classification in different wireless

technology domain

Bahram Ghandchi, Taha Saleh

School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology

Karlskrona, Sweden 2018

Thesis submitted for completion of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering with Emphasis in Telecommunication Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden.

Abstract:The main purpose of this thesis work is to find and compare different network characteristics of MPS (Mobile Positioning System) in the different wireless technology domains. Since decades ago MNO’s (Mobile Network Operators) added many new services based on the geographical areas of subscribers and their needs. Here we define wireless networks and go through different types of technologies and do the

comparison when they collect different types of data for their location- based services and see if we could have the same accuracy with 2G (second generation) of mobile network as like as 3G (third generation) and higher.

Finally, we will come up with a proposal for new age technology.

Keywords: Mobile Positioning System – Indoor Positioning System – Software radio – Network characteristics

Supervisor: Dr. Kristian Nilsson Examiner: Dr. Sven Johansson

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Acknowledgments

It is our great pleasure to have a chance to work with our primary advisor and teacher Dr. Kristian Nilsson. He helped us to deliver this thesis with his support and continues follow-up during our thesis project. His guidance all the time help us to understand the main methods of analysis of our research questions and comes up with proper information. We would also like to thank our secondary advisor and examiner Dr. Sven Johansson for his encouragements that he has given us during the thesis project.

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Bahram Ghandchi Blekinge Institute of Technology June 2018

necessary to have a flexible platform to be able to support the different needs of society. The main challenge is that we face is the accuracy of the indoor mobile positioning system in different mobile technology generation like 2G without using any IP network and application. Mobile network technology is transforming in the context of the security system and public safety, in today’s network society and IoT it is necessary to have more reliable MPS to increase Quality of Services (QoS). [1]

Wireless positioning system gets high attention during the last decade. Several applications developed, and different methods used to improve that network feature during years, also offering tailored solutions is a key

advantage for MNOs to have

more revenue since mobility and location base service are key factors for opening a new horizon for business to consumer (B2C) and business to business (B2B) markets. [2]-[3]

For Global System of Mobile (GSM) network also called second generation or 2G network, that gives basic services like voice and SMS to the users, the main plan is to find out different ways of analyzing and developing indoor MPS in 2G network and see opportunities to have the same level of accuracy within IP network or 3G/4G network with help of different applications.

This research aims to identify the possibility of using physical layer network layer communication techniques to match their characteristics to the needs of LBS. [4]

In parallel with classification of wireless technologies for indoor positioning system applications we will consider the mobile tracking system for indoor usage to see how it possible to track cellphones with least 2G

technology as the bottom line of the mobile network technologies.

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2 - Indoor positioning system Technology & Trends

Positioning system is one the key enablers in wireless technology mainly for mobile networks. It helps mobile device to determine its position and make this position available to the NMS (Network Management System) software’s and to the related services like mobile navigation, monitoring system and tracking of cellphones in different areas. From network management perspective one of the usage of positioning system is to improve different network performance characteristics in different areas like drop call, error rate, latency, load balancing etc.

Indoor positioning system is part of positioning system technology and in mobile networks called LBS (Location Base Service). It is a system to track and locate objects or users inside any building or indoor areas that has coverage by radio waves, magnetic fields and other signal generator or sensors that provide information collected by

cellphone or any other devices that works active in that area.

1https://tinyurl.com/y93ygkrf

Technically there is no specific standards for the IPS but there are many wireless solutions that cover IPS in their domain. [5]-[6]

F^IGURE1-INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM¹

This technology is dependent on the ground wireless network like nodes with clear location inside the specific area. In contrast with GPS (Global Positioning System) There is no satellites connection works on IPS. [7]

FIGURE 2-IPS&GPS²

2http://www.raintank.info/thewiisc-indoor-positioning.html

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There is astonishing progress in IPS solutions in different domains but there are still many basics that stay common in all fields likes number of measurement devices which is minimum three to be able to have acceptable accuracy on the detected devices location.

F^IGURE3-THE PLANEZ = 0, SHOWING THE THREE SPHERE CENTERS, P1, P2, AND P3; THEIR X,Y-COORDINATES; AND THE THREE SPHERE RADII, R1, R2, ANDR3.THE TWO INTERSECTIONS OF THE THREE SPHERE SURFACES ARE DIRECTLY IN FRONT AND DIRECTLY BEHIND THE POINT DESIGNATED INTERSECTIONS IN THEZ = 0 PLANE.[8]

While majority of Indoor

positioning system can detect the device location but still lots of room to develop about detected device orientation or direction.

One of the key issue here is the technology cannot solve this problem stand alone and it is necessary to link different platform and technology to be able to have full unambiguity on the result.

Since decades ago wireless technology and specifically IPS/LBS developed and entered into different industrial areas like logistics, transport system and on top of that medical and public safety. Day by day the demand of higher accuracy of the IPS getting higher since wireless network coverage become global. There are two major types of related technologies here that is wireless radio and non-radio technology.

If the device uses wireless technologies, then the process of detection and identification called radiolocation or position location.

There are different types of technologies that can design for IPS and LBS like IR (infrared), WLAN (wireless local area network), Bluetooth, sensor network, UWB (ultra-wide band), magnetic signals etc. based on these technologies different IPS solution developed by different providers and they normally focused on specific characteristics of IPS technology. You can see the generic topology of the personal network in figure 18 in the Appendix one [9].

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So, it is not easy to find one complete solution of IPS or LBS in the commercial level.

LBS is one of the most used application in wireless network.

Their journey starts from 1989 when researchers start working infrared active badge system followed by Ericsson-Europolitan GSM LBS trial on 1995 and a master thesis by Nokia employee on 1995 too. The first application was found by teletrac system in Los Angeles California as first stolen vehicle recovery service in 1990. Later in 1996 US FCC (Federal Communication Commission) issued a rule with this context that MNO’s must have location-based service to locate emergency phone users. In 1997 Ericsson comes up with the level one of the LBS and joint ETSI (European

Telecommunication Standard Institute) and ANSI (American National Standard Institute) to define first complete solution available to the market on 1999. ³ On 2001

TeliaSonera launch first LBS services and in May 2002 AT&T launched first US location-based

service which used in

3www.wikipedia.com/ips

automatic location identification, friend zone on the zip code level.

[10]

Since then there are huge improvement in this area

happened and all the MNO’s and vertical markets are using these services to increase the QoS and user satisfaction. Some usage of IPS are but not limited to Navigation inside buildings like offices or industrial premises, time management alert, alarm application, store analytics and improvements, hotels, statistics, find fireman and museums.

omes up with the LBS and joint n

tion Standard NSI (American

rd Institute) to plete solution market on nch first

d in T S

used in

FIGURE 4- IPS TREND

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3 – Principals & Algorithms Different technologies have been developed to deliver IPS & LBS in various domains. Like IR, RFID, Bluetooth, UWB, WLAN, electromagnetic technology, etc.

each technology has its own advantage and disadvantage. The focus area of this part is one step before technology development and looking purely on the methods and principals of calculation and different characteristics of technologies that used on this area. [11]

It is not easy to design a network in indoor area because of many parameters like floor plan, LOS (Line of Sight), etc. but there are classic mathematical ways of calculating position like

triangulation, scene analysis and proximity. Therefore, using two or more types of algorithms will help to get better accurate result.

3.1 – Triangulation The usage of geometrics properties called triangulation.

This method used to determine the object location. Lateration and angulation are two derivatives of triangulation. Lateration calculate the location of a mobile device by

finding distance from different nominal points inside the area.

there are different techniques of Lateration that will be explained later in this thesis. Angulation track the mobile device by calculating angles relative to different nominal pints that already pre-defined on the indoor map and known by the system.

3.1.1 – Lateration Techniques:

3.1.1.a - TOA: Time of Arrival is one of the Lateration

techniques which is based on the distance calculation from the object to the antenna or measuring device and it is

adequate to the propagation time.

At least three antennas or measuring tools should be available to enable 2D tracking and positioning. [12]

FIGURE 5-TOA-RTOF MEASUREMENTS [8]

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For TOA once propagation time is calculated then distance between the object and antenna will be revealed. But there are two disadvantages could be found in TOA results. First all the devices must be synchronized completely to be able to be act as a network and another one is all transmitting signals must be labeled by time tamp to be able to measure the distance. TOA can use different signaling technique like DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) or UWB (ultra- wide band).

There are different major

algorithms to calculate TOA. One is geometric method that

minimize sum square of the function. It shows that mobile device located at (ݔ_଴ǡ ݕ_଴), transmit a signal at ݐ_଴ under the coverage on ܰ antenna at (ݔ_ଵǡ ݕ_ଵ),……,(ݔ_ேǡ ݕ_ே) receive signal at timeݐ. [12]-[13]

ܨሺݔሻ ൌ ෍ሺߙ_௜^ଶ݂_௜^ଶሺݔሻሻሺͳሻ

ே

௜ୀଵ

in this formula ߙ_௜ is reflection on reliability of the received signal at the antenna ݅. Function ݂_௜ሺݔሻ is given in below:

݂_௜ሺݔሻ

ൌ ܿሺݐ_௜െ ݐ_଴ሻ

െ ඥሺݔ_௜െ ݔ_଴ሻ^ଶ൅ ሺݕ_௜െ ݕ_଴ሻ^ଶሺʹሻ

Where ܿ is speed of light. This function designed and formed for all antennas and determine the device location by minimizing the main function F(x).

3.1.1.b - TDOA: Time difference on arrival

TDOA method calculate the position of the object by time difference of signals that comes out from all antennas in different times. For each measurement the transmitting device should align with hyperboloid with fixed distance with antenna or

measuring devices. Hyperboloid formula is presented here:

ܴ_௜ǡ௝ൌ

ඥሺݔ_௜െ ݔ_଴ሻ^ଶ൅ ሺݕ_௜െ ݕ_଴ሻ^ଶ൅ ሺݖ_௜െ ݖ_଴ሻ^ଶെ

ට൫ݔ_௝െ ݔ_଴൯^ଶ൅ ሺݕ_௝െ ݕ_଴ሻ^ଶ൅ ሺݖ_௝െ ݖ_଴ሻ^ଶሺ͵ሻ

݅ and ݆ are receivers and ሺݔǡ ݕǡ ݖሻ are coordinate of the device. Like TOA for calculating accurate location in indoor environment it is necessary to have two or more TDOA receiver units as shown in Fig. 7. There are three fixed antennas or measuring unit and track target point of P.

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Bahram Ghandchi Blekinge Institute of Technology June 2018 F^IGURE6-TDOA MEASUREMENTS [15]

3.1.1.c - RSS-Based (Received Signal Strength)

There are many difficulties at indoor environments detection, like no LOS between mobile device and antenna or time latency and signal lose. All of those will lead to lose accuracy.

RSS try to calculate the

propagation and draw the signal path. It is not possible to use RSS as a universal solution it depends on the indoor location that we are going to cover, and number of hardware devices will be increase if high accuracy needed. [14]-[15]

FIGURE 7-RSS POSITIONING -LS1,LS2,LS3 ARE MEASURED PATH LOSS [8]

3.1.1.d - RTOF (Roundtrip time of flight)

This method is like TOA from measurement perspective and moderate clock synchronization replace with TOA as explained before. RTOF is measuring time of signal traveling from mobile device to the antenna and return.

In this method it is still difficult to know the exact delay and processing time by the antenna. If the area is big then that delay could be ignored however for indoor positioning it is not possible to ignore it. There are solutions available for this problem like to use modulated reflection for indoor area. for RTOF same algorithm of TOA is usable. [2]-[4]

3.1.1.e - Received Signal Base Method

This method used phase difference. It also called POA (phase of arrival). The signals should have same frequency and phase difference should be calculated to be able to locate mobile device. It is very rare to use this method since it cannot be used alone and should be get together with TOA/TDOA or RSS to decrease errors in indoor environments.

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3.1.2 - Angulation techniques (AOA Estimation)

This method mobile device locates by intersection of several angle lines between antenna or measuring unit and mobile device. Here we just need at least two predefined points and two angles to be able to track devices.

The advantage is that 3D measuring also possible with same units for 2D. the disadvantage is this solution needs huge hardware and since it is dependent to the angle then in case of long distance between mobile device and antenna there is possibility of higher error rate because of angles inaccuracy.

[16]-[17]

FIGURE 8–ANGULATION [8]

3.2 - Scene Analysis

This algorithm collects the data from the scene which is called features or fingerprints [14] and then analyze it and calculate the mobile device coordinate on the indoor map through measuring the nearest fingerprint default

points. RSS based fingerprinting commonly used in this analysis.

This system shows the capability of matching fingerprint of some signals characteristics that the location depends on. Generally, this analysis happened in two different stage, online and offline.

When it works offline the signal strength from nearest antenna or measuring unit and last location coordinates and labels. When it works online or run time, the current signal strength recorded and compare with previously recorded one to be able to compute current location. The problem here is that RSS could be affected by different function of indoor area like diffraction, scattering and reflection of propagated signal. [18]

There are many methods that use location fingerprinting which we explain some of them in below.

3.2.1 - Probabilistic methods:

This method looks at indoor positioning as classification issue.

When you have many defined locations at indoor area with certain signal strength it always shows that probability of point A is greater than point B and in case of equality between two locations we have the result based on likelihood rule and define the

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device location based on signal vector received strength. [19]

3.2.2 - kNN: k Nearest Node:

Imagine we have multiple

location candidates on the indoor map of a specific location. This method searching for k nearest location in online stage that already available in current database of locations related to our target location in premises. It average new points with and without using distances and will use signal as a weights and new location will be defined by weighting kNN or even without.

3.2.3 – Neural Networks:

This method works offline and while it is in that mode, for training reason, RSS and target coordinates will be recorded.

After this part suitable weights are captured. Normally MLP (Multi-layer perceptron) network is suitable for neural network positioning solution also with one hidden layer. The input signal strength multiply by the weight that already obtained in training part. Then added to transfer function and again multiply by weight that calculated in hidden layer. The output could be in 2D or 3D for target location.

3.2.4 – SVM (Support Vertex Machine):

This is a new method for statistical computation and analysis. SVM also works in machine learning environments and has broader range in different industries like medical areas.

SVM is one of the most successful solutions till now.

[20]-[21]

3.2.5 – SMP (Smallest M-vertex Polygon):

SMP works in online mode and looking for device location distinctly by via received signal strength values. It chooses of location from each antenna and do averaging of nominal points of smallest polygon give us the location approximation. [22]

3.3 – Proximity

This algorithm offers relative location information. It is

dependent on fixed antenna inside the indoor area. if one antenna tracks the device it is measured to be positioned with it and if more than one antenna tracks the device it will be positioned with the one with stronger signal. It is easy to deploy this solution over different types of wireless network. Specifically, IR and RFID are works based on this method. Also, Cell-ID (Cell Identification) or COO (Cell of

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origin) are another example of using this algorithm. It shows how mobile network can identify the mobile phone location by identifying the cell identification.

4 – Performance Metrics It is necessary to have more performance metrics here is more accuracy for indoor positioning system is required. There is huge difference between indoor and outdoor positing system. That’s why we must use theses metrics to increase correctness and reliability of IPS. [23]

4.1 – Accuracy

It is the most important

characteristic and necessities of an IPS. Regularly to calculate the accuracy, average distance error is accepted as the performance metric which is the usual average distance between assessed

position and real position. Higher accuracy shows system functions better but there is a complex relation between accuracy and other metrics which needs to be considered.

4.2 – Precision

As explained earlier accuracy just focus on the average distance error in IPS performance but precision focusing on system reliability. The main factor that

gives precision calculation excellence is high resolution in the spreading of distance error between predictable location and correct mobile location.

Generally, for calculation precision of two positioning system the one with higher precision is preferred.

4.3 – Complexity

The mobile positioning system is an end to end solution with hardware, software and services on top. In each level of this system there are complexity with different functionality. For example, in software level it is important that which algorithm is using for calculation and how it connect to the hardware. Also, hardware capability is important because of calculation speed and targeting mobile device within the area and communicated with central server to define new location and see the difference with old locations.

4.4 – Robustness The key advantage of a positioning system with high robustness is to detect weak signal event. In reality sometimes signals blocked or cannot detect by antenna and it is not possible to have them in calculation unit.

So, the system should rely on

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previous information for detection and calculation.

4.5 – Scalability

This performance metric ensure that mobile positioning system works properly when system get pressure of having bigger scope.

Physical distance is one of the most important characteristic in the positioning system. The quality of the system performance is related to the distance between antenna and mobile device.

Another one is system density, that means number of antenna and mobile devices that are covered in that area in certain period. In complex system more, calculation is needed with high accuracy and precision to make sure positioning of correct location is calculated within the system. So, to avoid system failure it is necessary to have scalable system functionality in place.

4.6 – Cost

The system cost could be depending on many factors like time, energy, space, money and weight. The cost has direct relation to system scale and complexity. For example, system design and installation,

commissioning an integration are related to time. Also, energy consumption and sustainability are critical these days and antenna power usage and batteries for devices is important. There are many ways to calculate system costs and deliver it with acceptable performance.

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5 – Technology domains Different technologies are contributing in this area of wireless positioning system and here we are just talk about major technologies with high usage rate like GPS, UWB, RFID, Cellular, WLAN and Bluetooth. [24]-[25]-[26]-[7]

F^IGURE9- TECHNOLOGY DOMAINS⁴

These technologies could be implemented from the scratch or on top of existing wireless network. There are advantage and disadvantage of both approaches. When the mobile positioning system build up from scratch is to have better control on network design and performance and other network characteristics but when the system will implement on top of existing wireless network then we will have less cost on

4http://techsilva.com/Mobile_computing.php

hardware and less time on operations.

5.1 – Global Positioning System Global positioning system is one of the best solution for outdoor positioning. But unfortunately, GPS has limited footprint at indoor because it is dependent on satellite coverage.

FIGURE 10- GPS⁵

moreover because of necessity and requirements of indoor positioning system companies start to bring some solutions on top of GPS system to increase their footprint in that area. it connects indoor positioning server to the GPS receiver that will be detect by wireless network. This solution works with merger of GPS and mobile

5www.afb.org

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network to be able to detect mobile phone at indoor area⁶. [27]

5.2 – Radio Frequency Identification

Radio Frequency Identification has numerous components, like RFID readers, RFID tags and communication system among them. The reader can read data comes from tags through radio frequency and related protocols that already pre-defines in the system. The tags are in two types active or passive. The passive tags work independently without any power source like battery.

Passive tags are small and light, and It works in short distance around1-2m between tags and reader, but the readers cost is high for this system. Passive RFID system normally operate in LF, HF, UHF and MW frequency.

F^IGURE11-RFIDS^OLUTION⁷

In contrast active tags are like transceivers which can

communicate their data to readers. In the active system antenna size is smaller and cover

6www.qualcomm.com

7http://tracalogic.in/long-range-rfid-solutions/

longer and wider area compare to passive system. The frequency operates on UHF and MW frequency. It is typically used to track and identified objects moving around like big

warehouse. There are different technology providers with more details solution in this area. [28]

5.3 – Cellular Network Mobile network or cellular network is the biggest wireless network globally and lots of systems used them for positioning services. There are different technology generation within the cellular network like 2G or GSM (Global System of Mobile), 3G or CDMA (Code Division multiple access), 4G or LTE (Long Term Evolution). The accuracy in the network is not so high 50-200m when using Cell-ID methodology.

Normally in cities because of number of cell tower the accuracy is higher than country side.

F^IGURE12- C^ELLULARNETWORK TOPOLOGY⁸

8https://www.tandd.com/eu_it/product/rtr500mbs/function.html

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Since MNO’s are using indoor coverage solutions for big

buildings and similar areas, there is a possibility to use mobile network for indoor positioning system.

In 2G network if the system used wide signal strength fingerprints, then it is possible to have indoor positioning system also it is necessary to use mobile cell coverage and channels. The number of indoor antenna could help on higher accuracy. [29]- [30]-[31]

5.4 – Ultra Wide Band

Ultra-Wide Band communicates signals with low duty cycles.

UWB has some advantages against other technologies. This system could communicate with multiple band of frequencies in the range of 3.1 – 10.6 GHz. It transmits faster and use less energy and can operate in wider range of radio spectrum. The error rate and nosiness are too low because of different signal type. [32]

9https://locationbased-services.de/en/technologies/uwb/

F^IGURE13- UWB⁹

It is easy to filter UWB signals to determine if it is the right one or not. UWB signals easily pass through walls, clothing and equipment’s but iron and fluid materials will cause interference which could be solved by adding more UWB reader in different corner of indoor location. UWB is appropriate technology for

position accuracy in 2D and 3D with high quality.

5.5 – Wireless LAN

WLAN or wireless local area network is operating in 2.4 GHz – 5.2 GHz with IEEE 802.11

standard in different application like industrial, medical and scientific too. The network

characteristic of WLAN is easy to fit in indoor environment [10] and could be good solution for indoor positioning system by adding a location server to the local

network. The accuracy of WLAN is 3-30 m. another advantage is there on no line of sight needed to

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communicate between mobile device and antenna. [33]

FIGURE 14-WLAN¹⁰

5.6 – Bluetooth

Bluetooth is another wireless technology operate in 2.45 GHz under the IEEE 802.15 standard.

It works in short distance maximum 15m which limit the application usage in big indoor areas. But it is easy to use and most of the phones and PDA’s or smart cars has Bluetooth tags which is tiny transceivers.

F^IGURE15-B^LUETOOTH¹¹

There are different solutions in the market to track objects and moving device. With high

accuracy 2m with 95% reliability and 30s delay.¹²

10http://blog.mcp.ac.th/?p=17228

5.7 – More technologies There are more technologies in this area, but it is out of scope of this thesis report. We just mention their names like UHF systems [8], Multiple Media, Cordless phone system and wireless sensor network technique. Also show a simple comparison table of major technologies in table 1 in the Appendix one [8].

6 – Future solution of IPS and LBS and conclusion 6.1 – Software Define Radio SDR is a new technology that works as a hybrid radio and transceivers in that respective domain. The main functionality is to detect, collect and analyze the receiving signal of the signal generator device like a cellphone, personal digital assistant, speed cameras, GPS tracking device, hidden security cameras and all the devices which generate a signal within the listening range in different environments. Since 2G frequency range is from 870 MHz till 930 MHz so there is a high possibility to use these listeners to reach to that target.

There is a wide range of different

11https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/bluetooth-5-need- know-new-wireless-technology/

12www.tadlys.com

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radio listeners in this portfolio with different functionality and characteristics. There are two major types of the device available now, first, one is fixed devices that normally attached on the wall or on the sealings of the indoor area and the second type is mobile devices which you can used it within the location freely.

To be able to detect a cellphone at the indoor environment operate under 2G technology we need at least three devices to connect through a platform like Arduino or any other similar platforms that could create a network and web interface for the end to end

process of listening, detection and analysis. The commercial

generalized functional architecture of SDR will presented in figure 19 in the Appendix one [34].

As explained earlier since the technology and respective devices related to that are easily available and customizable for our second target it is necessary to design a small network of SDR’s to make sure it is possible to cover whole indoor area. In parallel with this indoor mapping and coordinates maps have an important role in

13www.jjndigital.com

14https://www.bvsystems.com/product/watchhound-cell-phone- detection-monitoring-software/

this process to make us sure it is possible to track the cellphone or other wireless devices with different communication protocol in that defines area.

There are different types of SDR available but there are two sample types of the device that explained in below: ¹³

FIGURE 16-1-CAM-105W¹⁴

This device can be used in

different places and detect mobile devices with all technologies 2G,3G and 4G in range of 50 m and can store up to 4000 events of detection.

FIGURE 17- WOLFHOUND™-PRO’S¹⁵

15https://www.bvsystems.com/product/watchhound-cell-phone- detection-monitoring-software/

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This device detects all mobile devices in active and standby mode event text message transmission.

On top of these functionalities there are some discussion about detecting mobiles in flight mode and It is still controversial to talk about flight mode tracking solution at this stage but one of the disadvantage of the SDR is that is not possible to track the phone while it is on flight mode since that re to send or receive of signal happened. because the mobile phone will totally stop communicating with any cell towers and you won't be able to receive any SMS and call or sending all other features will disable GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.

7 – Conclusion

After all those analytics about different wireless domain and based on our research question regarding the possibility to detect cell phones that using initial technology like second generation (2G) or in other language they just use radio frequency service over the voice. we come up with the idea of using SDR “Software Define Radio” as a vertical

16www.eugdpr.org

technology domain in wireless area. The main point here is to see if there is a possibility to detect 2G phone without using data service with high accuracy. As it was explained this technology couldn’t be a good fit into that area but there is a high possibility to meet our requirements about localization and detection of phone in indoor environments. In the figure below show that the software define radio is combination of radio function with hardware and software related to that operation. There are different types of devices like digital signal processors, field programmable gate arrays and general-purpose processors.

These technologies help SDR to be upgradable to the next level without any hardware upgrade needed just software upgrade required.Finally, the new EU regulation is another disadvantage of technologies likeSDR because still we don’t know what the future of tracking system will be at least in EU because of users’

rights and demand of no be tracked. This is one the untapped area and needs to work in deeply to see if the technology could survive from killing by new EU regulation.¹⁶

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Bahram Ghandchi Blekinge Institute of Technology June 2018 Taha Saleh

9 – Appendix 1

TABLE 1COMPARISON TABLE TECHNOLOGY DOMAINS [8]

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Bahram Ghandchi Blekinge Institute of Technology June 2018 FIGURE 18–PERSONALNETWORKS[9]

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Bahram Ghandchi Blekinge Institute of Technology June 2018 Taha Saleh

FIGURE 19-SDR GENERALIZEDFUNCTIONALARCHITECTURE– COMMERCIAL[34][35]

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Indoor Mobile Positioning system (MPS) classification in different wireless technology domain